Skip to content

GCRI · Labs

قابلية إعادة الإنتاج والنتائج السلبية

Science corrects itself only when failures are recorded: replications that did not reproduce, experiments that found nothing, errors found after publication. Many of these records never appear, so the published literature overstates effects and certainty. This page sets out how irreproducibility arises, how replication and correction work, which records exist, and what editors, integrity offices and funders rely on when they correct or retract.

02السؤال

Reproducibility and negative results: how the risk develops.

Failure records and corrections. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

الآلية

Publication bias filters the record

Significant, novel results are more likely to be written up, accepted and cited than null ones. The literature then shows a biased sample of what was studied, and meta-analyses inherit the bias.

الآلية

Errors propagate through citation

A flawed or retracted paper keeps being cited, often without mention of its status. Reviews, guidelines and later studies that build on it carry the error forward, sometimes long after the notice.

الآلية

Reproduction fails for ordinary reasons

Missing code, undocumented software versions, unshared reagents, unclear methods and lost raw data stop others from repeating an analysis or experiment, even when the original work was honest.

الآلية

Correction is slow and uneven

Investigations take time, journals differ in how they flag problems, and retraction notices can be vague. Readers may not learn that a paper was corrected, and databases may not carry the notice forward.

03الرصد

لوحة البروتوكولات والتكرار.

الشاشة التي قد يستخدمها فريق لمتابعة هذا الموضوع: مقاييسه وحالاته وقراراته. والأسماء أمثلة والقيم توضيحية.

لوحة البروتوكولات والتكرار

Reproducibility and negative results · Labs · Quarter 1

تجربتا تكرار قيد التشغيلGCRI · Labs

البروتوكولات

PR-594 sensor driftتجربة ميدانيةنعممعتمدقيد التشغيل
PR-714 AI triageعشوائينعمالشروطالإعداد
PR-551 message recallتجربة مسحيةنعممعتمدمكتمل
PR-896 heat exposureالفوجلاقيد الانتظارمسودة

Replication R-20

الأثر الأصلي
0.3 SD
أثر التكرار
0.3 SD
الحكم
أصغر، بالإشارة نفسها
منشور
مع البيانات والشيفرة

توافر منصات الاختبار

Protocol and replication board: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Reproducibility and negative results.أسماء مثالية وقيم توضيحية؛ تصميم وليس سجلًا ولا نظامًا حيًا.
04In the five domains

Negative results matter in every domain.

05الأساليب والأدلة

How reproducibility and negative results is modelled, measured and tested.

النموذج وافتراضاته وبياناته وعدم اليقين فيه، بالصورة التي يفحصها بها عالم أو مهندس. وتتبع البنى أساليب منشورة. والقيم المرسومة توضيحية، وليست نتائج.

النموذج والمعادلات والافتراضات

The model structure used for reproducibility and negative results, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.

مخاطر العنصر iRi = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)الخطر والتعرّض وقابلية التأثر والقدرة على المواجهة
الخسارة السنوية المتوقعةEAL = ∑k pk · Lkعلى الأحداث k ذات الاحتمال السنوي p⁨k⁩
النظم المقترنةxt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error
افتراضلماذا أُعدّكيف يُختبر
الخطر والتعرّض مستقلان داخل الحدث الواحديُبقي تكامل الخسارة قابلًا للحسابقارن بمطابقة دالة ربط (⁨copula⁩) على السجلات المشتركة
تكون الروابط خطية قرب نقطة التشغيليسمح بانتشار الصدمات عبر ⁨A⁩ادفع خارج النطاق الخطي وقارن
منحنيات الهشاشة قابلة للنقل بين الأماكننادرًا ما تتوافر المنحنيات المحليةالتحقق مقابل الخسائر المرصودة حيثما وُجدت
المدخلات
مجموعات بيانات ذات إصدارات ومزودة ببيان المصدر
المخرجات
توزيعات، لا أرقام منفردة أبدا
الرمز
يُصدر مع بطاقة النموذج والاختبارات
إعادة الإنتاج
البيانات نفسها والشيفرة نفسها والبيئة نفسها والبذرة نفسها
صيغ معيارية للمخاطر وفضاء الحالة؛ والافتراضات المدرجة نموذجية للأسلوب ومعلنة للمراجعة، وليست نتائج.
مبادئ FAIR التوجيهية · GO FAIR وFORCE11⁨W3C PROV⁩ · اتحاد الشبكة العالميةإرشادات بشأن المعالجة المتسقة لأوجه عدم اليقين · الهيئة الحكومية الدولية المعنية بتغير المناخبيانات CEOS الجاهزة للتحليل · لجنة سواتل رصد الأرض
06المؤشرات الفرعية

ما الذي يُقاس، ومدى جودة قياسه.

يحمل كل مؤشر وحدته ووتيرته ونوع المصدر الذي يستند إليه ووسم الأدلة الذي ستحمله القيمة. ولا تُعرض أي قيم: فالبرنامج يقدّمها بموجب سلطته الخاصة.

المؤشرالوحدةوتيرة الإصدارنوع المصدرالوسم
Computational reproducibilitypercent of sampled studies regenerated from shared code and dataper auditReproducibility auditsمرصود
Replication outcomeproportion of replications meeting the prespecified criterionper programmeCoordinated replication projectsمرصود
Retraction noticescount by field and reasonسنويRetraction Watch database via Crossrefالإحصاءات المنشورة
Time from concern to correctionأشهرper caseJournal and integrity office recordsمُبلَّغ عنه
Post-retraction citationscitations per retracted articleسنويCitation data linked to retraction recordsمرصود
Null and negative results depositedcount of recordsسنويRepositories and registriesمُبلَّغ عنه
Data available on requestpercent of articles whose data could be obtainedper auditData request auditsمرصود
07المصادر

من أين تأتي الأدلة.

مجموعات بيانات عامة مسمّاة وسجلات مؤسسية، لكلٍّ منها فئة ترخيصها. ولا تُستخدم المصادر المتاحة بموجب اتفاق إلا وفق شروطها، ولا يُعاد نشرها أبدًا.

المصدرما يقدّمهفئة الترخيص
Retraction Watch database (Crossref)Retractions, corrections and expressions of concern with reasonsمفتوح، مع الإسناد
Crossref metadata and Crossmark updatesLinks from articles to their corrections and retractionsOpen metadata, no restrictions
OpenAlexWorks, citations, authors and institutions across disciplinesمفتوح، CC0
FORRT Replication DatabaseReplication attempts and outcomes, mostly in the social and behavioural sciencesمفتوح، مع الإسناد
OSF projects of coordinated replication programmesProtocols, data and code of large-scale replicationsOpen, licence per project
PubPeerPost-publication comments identifying possible problems in papersFree access, terms of use
Zenodo (CERN)Citable deposits for null results, data and codeOpen, licence per record
08القرارات

من يقرر، وما الذي تخدمه الأدلة.

⁨Labs⁩ prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

من يقررالسؤالالأدلة التي تخدمها هذه الصفحة
Journal editors and publishersWhether to correct, retract or issue an expression of concernEvidence of error or misconduct, author response, COPE guidance, reproduction attempts
Research integrity officesWhether an allegation is substantiated and what followsRaw data, records, code, interviews and an independent analysis
ممولو البحوثWhether to fund replications and require data and code sharingReproducibility audit results, replication evidence by field, cost of sharing
Guideline developers and systematic reviewersWhether to rely on a study that has been questioned or correctedRetraction and correction status, replication evidence, risk-of-bias assessment

المخرجات التي يُنتجها هذا الموضوع

  • Replication protocols registered before data collection, with success criteria fixed
  • Reproducibility records listing code, data, environment and the outcome of each rerun
  • Deposits of null and negative results with full methods
  • Correction logs that link each notice to the works affected
09الأسئلة الجوهرية

What experts ask about reproducibility.

  • Can an independent team re-run the analysis from the published data and code?
  • Has the finding been replicated with new data, in a new setting or by a different team?
  • Which null or negative results exist, and where are they recorded?
  • When an error is found, how is it corrected and how are users of the result told?
  • Which parts of a workflow, such as software versions or random seeds, could change the answer?
10الآليات والمحرّكات

Why results fail to reproduce.

Many published findings in several disciplines have proved difficult to replicate. The causes are well understood: small samples, flexible analysis, selective reporting, undocumented data processing and incentives that favour novel positive findings. In computational work, results can also depend on software versions, hardware, random seeds and data that change after publication.

Negative results are under-reported because they are harder to publish and seem less interesting. This distorts the evidence base: if only successful trials of an intervention are visible, the intervention looks more effective than it is. Systematic reviews and models built on that evidence inherit the bias.

Corrections matter for the same reason. An error in a widely used dataset or model can propagate into many downstream analyses before it is found.

11المناهج والبيانات

Practices that support reproducibility.

  1. 01

    Open data and code

    Sharing the materials needed to re-run an analysis, within privacy and licensing limits. Some data cannot be shared and must be described instead.

  2. 02

    Computational environments

    Recording software versions and environments, a practice developed with النمذجة القابلة لإعادة الإنتاج. Long-term preservation remains hard.

  3. 03

    Registered reports

    Peer review of the protocol before results exist, so publication does not depend on the outcome.

  4. 04

    Correction records

    Dated, visible corrections linked to the original result, rather than silent replacement.

A failed replication does not by itself show the original was wrong; differences in setting, sample or method must be examined before conclusions are drawn.

12الأساليب

كيف يُدرس، وما لا تستطيع المناهج قوله.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

الهيئات والوثائق التي تُقرأ هذه الصفحة في ضوئها. وتتغير الحالات والإصدارات؛ ويقود كل رابط إلى الهيئة المُصدِرة.

14أسئلة

أسئلة وأجوبة.

What is the difference between reproducibility and replicability?
In the usage of the US National Academies, reproducibility means obtaining the same results from the same data and code, and replicability means obtaining consistent results from new data. Usage varies by field, so definitions should be stated.
Why publish negative results?
They show what did not work, prevent wasted repetition and correct the bias that makes effects look larger than they are. A well-designed study with a null result is a finding.
Does retraction always mean misconduct?
No. Papers are also retracted for honest error, irreproducible results or publisher problems. COPE guidance asks that each notice states the reason.
Can a retracted paper still be cited?
It can be cited as retracted, for example in studies of the literature. Citing it as valid evidence is an error that reviewers and editors should catch.
Will Labs publish a study that found nothing?
Yes. A well-conducted study with a null result is designed to be recorded with the same detail as a positive one.
How do I report an error in a Labs result?
Use the correction routes on the Labs trust page. يتضمن الإقرار بالاستلام رقمًا مرجعيًا ويسمّي الخطوة التالية.
Are corrected results removed?
No. The original stays visible with a dated correction, so anyone who used it can see what changed.
التقاريرساهم

ساهم بأدلة من هذه الصفحة.

التقارير is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRI⁨Labs⁩أدلة Labsالأساليب والجوانب التقنية
⁨Labs⁩

قدّم منهجية أو مجموعة بيانات أو سؤالا.

المعلومات والاستفسارات متاحة اليوم. ويحصل الاستفسار على رقم مرجعي ويحدد الخطوة التالية؛ ولا تُفتح الطلبات والمدفوعات وتخصيصات الحوسبة والتسجيلات إلا حين يتوافر فريقها وشروطها وقدرة المراجعة.