References and record
Every source the edition rests on, the publication record, the corrections log and the open record.
Contents
- ·Edition home
- ·Executive summary
- 1Additive manufacturing is production infrastructure that is still being qualified
- 2Key findings
- 3Systems and sectors at baseline
- 4Risks and capability
- 5Defence demand outruns part acceptance and supply
- 6Readings from the other desks
- 7The 2027 agenda
- 8Systems in depth
- AMethodology
- BData appendix
- CReferences and record
- ·Complete edition, for print
C.142 sources
NR-CIT-1, editor first. A DOI is linked where the source has one; Nexus records carry a UNI once the catalogue allocates it (NS-1).
- 1Voulpiotis, F. (3Dnatives), Wohlers Report 2025: 9.1% growth for the global additive manufacturing market (trade article, 14 April 2025; weak evidence: a trade summary of a commercial report; reports 2024 market about USD 21.9 billion, machine sales down about 26%, services 47% of revenue). 3Dnatives, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6
- 2Voulpiotis, F. (3Dnatives), Wohlers Report 2026: growth continues, but caution defines the AM market (trade article, 17 February 2026; weak evidence: a trade summary of a commercial report; reports 2025 revenue USD 24.231 billion, up 10.9%, services up 15.5% with 48% share, machine sales up 3.6%, Asia-Pacific up 19.8%, Europe and the Americas up 9%). 3Dnatives, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8
- 3Stratasys Ltd. (ed.), Stratasys releases fourth quarter and full year 2025 financial results (company release, 5 March 2026; revenue USD 551.1 million against USD 572.5 million in 2024; GAAP net loss USD 104.3 million). Stratasys, Rehovot and Eden Prairie. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 43D Systems Corporation (ed.), 3D Systems reports fourth quarter and full year 2025 financial results (company release, 9 March 2026; revenue USD 386.9 million, down 12%; Healthcare Solutions USD 179.6 million; Industrial Solutions USD 207.3 million). 3D Systems, Rock Hill. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 5Nano Dimension Ltd. (ed.), Annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended 31 December 2025 (first 100,000 characters read; Desktop Metal Chapter 11 filing on 28 July 2025; Markforged acquisition closed 25 April 2025; revenue tables not read). Nano Dimension, Waltham. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8
- 6GE Aerospace (ed.), Manufacturing milestone: 30,000 additive fuel nozzles (company article, 4 October 2018; Auburn, Alabama; one piece replacing about 20; about 25% lighter; more than 40 printers; vendor announcement, weak evidence). GE Aerospace, Evendale. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 8
- 7Jones, M. (NAVSUP Weapon Systems Support), Shattering bottlenecks: NAVSUP WSS partners with DLA and NAVSEA on submarine advanced manufacturing (official release via the Defense Visual Information Distribution Service, 30 June 2026; nearly 120 additive parts in development, 20 installed, more than 1,400 cumulative days of delay removed, lead times cut by up to 70% for some components; not independently audited). US Navy, Mechanicsburg. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8
- 8Maritime Industrial Base Program (ed.), Maritime Industrial Base Program highlights workforce mission at Virginia Tech (official release via the Defense Visual Information Distribution Service, event 18 September 2025; need for 250,000 skilled workers over a decade; Columbia-class and Virginia-class output goals for 2028). US Navy, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 9AML3D Limited (ed.), AML3D signs initial production parts order for US Navy submarines (ASX release, 17 September 2026; about AU$0.5 million; three copper-nickel components; 16 systems deployed; company forecast of up to 100 systems and 1,600 components by 2030 attributed to Navy forecasts; vendor announcement, weak evidence). AML3D, Adelaide. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8
- 10OSD ManTech Program Office (ed.), DoD additive manufacturing strategy (article page of the Defense Systems Information Analysis Center dated 1 March 2021; strategy released January 2021 by the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering; the page lists no figures; the strategy document itself was not opened). Defense Systems Information Analysis Center, Belcamp. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 11NIST (ed.), Additive manufacturing standards (program page, updated 6 August 2026; ASTM F42, ISO/TC 261; ISO/ASTM 52911-1 and 52911-2 of 2019; ISO/ASTM 52922; work items WK72938, WK75184, WK78224, WK83109 in development). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 12NIST (ed.), AM-Bench (program page; 2025 benchmarks 8 metal and 1 polymer sets; 85 challenge submissions; conference November 2025; AM Bench 2028 in planning). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 13Gibbons, D.W. and Witherell, P.W., A reference activity model for additive manufacturing: powder bed fusion, NIST AMS 100-60, July 2024 (front matter and abstract read). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6
- 14Baumers, M., Tuck, C. and Hague, R., Selective heat sintering versus laser sintering: comparison of deposition rate, process energy consumption and cost performance, Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium proceedings, University of Texas at Austin (full text read; the year is inferred from the cited 2015 sources). Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 15Chen, L. et al., In-situ process monitoring and adaptive quality enhancement in laser additive manufacturing: a critical review, arXiv:2404.13673, submitted 21 April 2024 (abstract page read; accepted to the Journal of Manufacturing Systems). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 16Bhagat, K. and Rudraraju, S., A numerical investigation of dimensionless numbers characterising meltpool morphology of the laser powder bed fusion process, arXiv:2211.06312, submitted 11 November 2022 (abstract page read; simulation study). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 17Hong, G., Cho, J. and Cho, H., Neuro-symbolic closed-loop control of laser powder bed fusion with an in-loop ontology, arXiv:2608.05773, submitted 6 August 2026 (abstract page read; preprint, simulation only, not peer reviewed). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8
- 18Baumers, M. and Ozcan, E., Scope for machine learning in digital manufacturing, arXiv:1609.05835, submitted 19 September 2016 (abstract page read; position paper with no figures). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 19NIOSH (ed.), Additive manufacturing (manufacturing sector page, dated 16 July 2026; hazards named: inhalation of powders, skin contact, fire and explosion, mechanical and ergonomic injury). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 20American Industrial Hygiene Association (ed.), NIOSH evaluates metals exposures at manufacturing facility (news item, 11 September 2025, on a NIOSH health hazard evaluation dated February 2025 with visits in March and May 2023; secondary summary, the evaluation itself was not opened). AIHA, Falls Church. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 21Brockmann, K. and Bauer, S., 3D printing and missile technology controls, SIPRI Background Paper, November 2017 (summary page read; machines, feedstock and digital build files). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Stockholm. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 223DPrint.com (ed.), US Department of Commerce issues new export controls on metal additive manufacturing (trade article, 18 September 2024; interim final rule; ECCN 2B910; comments due 5 November 2024; author analysis on scope; secondary source, weak evidence). 3DPrint.com, Chicago. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 23UNVERIFIED, not opened: Wohlers Associates and ASTM International (eds.), Wohlers Report 2025, 30th edition (market size and growth as given in trade summaries; the publisher page returned an access error). Wohlers Associates, Fort Collins. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.
- 24UNVERIFIED, not opened: Wohlers Associates and ASTM International (eds.), Wohlers Report 2026 (released 17 February 2026; segment shares of 48%, 26%, 20% and 6% taken from search-result summaries; the publisher page returned an access error). Wohlers Associates, Fort Collins. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 25UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (July 2026; export controls and price moves for tungsten and other minerals, taken from search-result summaries that differ on some details; no figure used in copy). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 26UNVERIFIED, not opened: USNI News (ed.), The Navy’s big 3-D printing bet (feature, 23 June 2026; taken from a search summary; the page returned an access error). US Naval Institute, Annapolis. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 27UNVERIFIED, not opened: Food and Drug Administration (ed.), Technical considerations for additive manufactured medical devices, guidance of 5 December 2017, taken from a search summary; the agency pages returned access errors. FDA, Silver Spring. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 28UNVERIFIED, not opened: Bureau of Industry and Security (ed.), interim final rule on export controls for metal additive manufacturing equipment, ECCN 2B910, September 2024, known from a trade article only; the Federal Register text was not read. BIS, Washington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 29UNVERIFIED, not opened: Department of Defense (ed.), DoD Instruction 5000.93, Use of additive manufacturing in the DoD, 10 June 2021, taken from a search summary. DoD, Washington. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 30UNVERIFIED, not opened: Metal Additive Manufacturing (ed.), GE Aerospace annual report highlights slow adoption of AM and the importance of Colibrium Additive (trade article on a 2024 impairment charge; the page returned an access error; no figure used). Inovar Communications, Shrewsbury. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.
- 31UNVERIFIED, not opened: Kota, N. et al., energy model for powder bed fusion and specific energy consumption benchmarks, Cleaner and Responsible Consumption, September 2024, taken from a search summary; the page returned an access error. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.
- 32UNVERIFIED, not opened: Gee, S. and Hart, A.J., specific energy consumption of laser powder bed fusion of AlSi10Mg (reported 20.3 to 30.5 MJ/kg), conference paper, 2024, taken from a search summary. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.
- 33UNVERIFIED, not opened: Continuum Powders (ed.), blog on powder supply bottlenecks for advanced manufacturing, October 2025, taken from a search summary; supplier commentary, weak evidence. Continuum Powders, Houston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 34UNVERIFIED, not opened: Alexander Daniels Global (ed.), 2026 AM Salary Survey, 10th edition, taken from a search summary of a trade article. Alexander Daniels Global, London. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 35UNVERIFIED, not opened: PostProcess Technologies (ed.), 2026 additive post-processing survey, taken from a search summary of a trade article; vendor survey, weak evidence. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.
- 36UNVERIFIED, not opened: Kirchain, R., Moore, E. and Field, F., occupation and skills demand in the 3D and additive manufacturing industry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2022, taken from a search summary. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.
- 37UNVERIFIED, not opened: Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China and National Bureau of Statistics (eds.), additive manufacturing equipment output, 2025, taken from secondary reports that disagree; no figure used. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.
- 38UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO and ASTM International (eds.), ISO/ASTM 52900:2021, Additive manufacturing, general principles, fundamentals and vocabulary, cited from memory. ISO, Geneva. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 39UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO and ASTM International (eds.), ISO/ASTM 52920, Additive manufacturing, part acceptance principles, requirements for industrial additive manufacturing sites, cited from memory. ISO, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 40UNVERIFIED, not opened: Gebler, M., Schoot Uiterkamp, A.J.M. and Visser, C., A global sustainability perspective on 3D printing technologies, Energy Policy 74, 158 to 167, 2014, cited from memory. Observation year 2014. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 41UNVERIFIED, not opened: DebRoy, T. et al., Additive manufacturing of metallic components: process, structure and properties, Progress in Materials Science 92, 112 to 224, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 42UNVERIFIED, not opened: Herzog, D. et al., Additive manufacturing of metals, Acta Materialia 117, 371 to 392, 2016, cited from memory. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
C.2Publication record
Publication
- Title
- Exponential Technology Report 2026: Additive and Advanced Manufacturing, Baseline Edition
- Series
- Reports · Exponential Technology Series XT-13
- Edition
- Baseline Edition 2026 · inaugural annual
- Version
- v1.0.0 · draft for stewardship review
- Publication ID
- NR-XTECH-MANUFACTURING-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
- Evidence close
- 30 September 2026
- Publication date
- October 2026
- DOI
- concept and version DOI at deposit
Publisher
- Publisher of record
- The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), for the Nexus Consortium
- Place
- Toronto
- Editor
- Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor
- Stewards
- GCRI · technical truth · the Global Risks Forum (GRF) · public meaning · the Global Risks Alliance (GRA) · capital meaning
- Licence
- text CC BY 4.0; data on the terms of each source
- Copyright
- © 2026 GCRI · Nexus Consortium
- Language
- English (en-GB) source edition
- Correspondence
- Registry correction pathway · editorial office
Colophon
- Format
- A4 portrait · screen, print and archival PDF
- Typefaces
- Space Grotesk (display) · Geist (text) · IBM Plex Sans Italic (standfirsts) · IBM Plex Mono (data)
- Design standard
- Reports Foundational Edition, Volume I, Part VII
- Accessibility
- tagged PDF and HTML targets; text alternatives for every figure
- Production
- Reports editorial team, GCRI
Release path for this version
| Step | What happens | When |
|---|---|---|
| Draft | editorial self-check complete at evidence close | October 2026 |
| Steward review | five passes on the exact draft (keys T · M · F · N) | Q4 2026 |
| Approval | publication authority approves the exact digest | before release |
| Deposit | concept and version DOI minted; registry pointer set | at release |
| Succession | the 2027 additive manufacturing edition reports changes against this baseline | 2027 |
- Current version
- v1.0.0 draft, stewardship review
- Previous edition
- none, first edition of the series
- Next edition
- NR-XTECH-MANUFACTURING-GLOBAL-2027-v1.0.0
- Latest version
- resolve the concept DOI or the registry record
- Correction route
- Registry correction pathway
- Notice types
- erratum · addendum · supersession · withdrawal
C.3Corrections log
0correction notices. No edition has been released yet, so none can be corrected; the log below lists each edition’s current version.
| Edition | Version | Date | State | Change | Notice |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| XT-13 | NR-XTECH-MANUFACTURING-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 | October 2026 | Draft | Baseline Edition 2026, inaugural annual edition, | None |
Notice types: erratum, addendum, supersession, withdrawal. A correction is a new version with a published notice; the earlier version stays resolvable, and no edition is ever edited in silence.
C.4Open record
This edition’s open record
- Publication ID
- NR-XTECH-MANUFACTURING-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
- Desk identifier and series alias
- NR-XTC-XT-13-2026-BL
- Collection
- None
- DOI
- Concept and version DOI at deposit, on Zenodo with DataCite metadata
- Versions
- Each correction is a new version (isNewVersionOf); the concept DOI resolves to the latest
- Bundle
- RO-Crate 1.2 with CITATION.cff, CodeMeta and PROV-O provenance; a signed manifest
- Licence
- CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0
Credit and identity
- ORCID
- Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record
- ROR
- Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone
- CRediT
- Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing
- Account
- None needed to contribute; never a password
Find and follow
Search the open indexes for Additive and Advanced Manufacturing; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage, and a quantified scenario run is preregistered on OSF before it is run. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.
Mirrors and harvest
The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.
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}C.5Where this edition sits among the six pillars
Foundry seals the evidence and Universe tests it; Reports publishes it; Standards takes its corrections and Academy teaches from it.
- F03 Sealed observations and indicator series Foundry Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).
- F04 After-action and scenario findings for Universe After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).
- F05 National Portfolio movement for chapter Foundry National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).
- Applied in editions Standards Nexus Standards: applied in editions.
- XT-13 edition Reports Additive and Advanced Manufacturing 2026, published in every format with its sources, citation and corrections.
- F06 Method and correction findings as change Standards Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).
- F12 Q4 synthesis informs the next-year Universe Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).
- Taught in the open Academy Risk Academy: taught in the open.
What Foundry and Universe hand to this edition, and what it hands to Standards, Universe and Academy. From the programme spine; XT-13 is a drafted Baseline Edition, so these handoffs run from its first operational quarter.
| Handoff | Between | What crosses, and when |
|---|---|---|
| F03 | Foundry to Reports | Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout). |
| F04 | Universe to Reports | After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review). |
| F05 | Foundry to Reports | National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review). |
| Ring | Nexus Standards to Reports | Nexus Standards: applied in editions. |
| F06 | Reports to Nexus Standards | Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction). |
| F12 | Reports to Universe | Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal). |
| Ring | Reports to Risk Academy | Risk Academy: taught in the open. |