- Advanced Energy Storage 2026
- Annex B
Data appendix
The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.
Contents
- ·Edition home
- ·Executive summary
- 1Storage is grid infrastructure and a supply chain
- 2Key findings
- 3Systems and sectors at baseline
- 4Risks and capability
- 5Grid dependence on batteries while supply is restricted
- 6Readings from the other desks
- 7The 2027 agenda
- 8Systems in depth
- AMethodology
- BData appendix
- CReferences and record
- ·Complete edition, for print
B.1The indicator set
| Indicator | Value | Unit | Year | State | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Battery storage added worldwide | 108 | GW | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| Growth over 2024 | 40 | % | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| Utility-scale share of additions | ≈80 | % | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| Lithium iron phosphate share of deployments | ≈90 | % | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| Lithium iron phosphate share of new installations | ≈94 | % | 2025 | Reported | 2 |
| Installed cost, four-hour utility-scale battery | 140 | USD per kWh | 2025 | Reported | 2 |
| Turnkey price, four-hour system | 111 | USD per kWh | 2025 | Reported | 2 |
| Total installed cost, pumped storage | 153 | USD per kWh | 2025 | Reported | 2 |
| US utility-scale battery capacity, end of 2025 | 43.6 | GW | 2025 | Reported | 3 |
| US utility-scale battery capacity, mid-2026 | ≈52 | GW | 2026 | Reported | 3 |
| World lithium mine production | 290 | thousand tons | 2025 | Reported | 5 |
| Share of mined cobalt from the Democratic Republic of the Congo | 73 | % | 2025 | Reported | 6 |
| China share of natural graphite production | 82 | % | 2025 | Reported | 7 |
| Storage capacity needed for tripled renewables by 2030 | >1,500 | GW | 2030 outlook | Scenario | 9 |
| Battery additions 2024 to 2030, stated policies | >700 | GW | 2030 outlook | Scenario | 9 |
| Round-trip efficiency of pumped storage | 70 to 80 | % | 2025 | Reported | 17 |
B.2Global source register
The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.
Domains bound by the register
- ENE
- INF
- FIN
- MIN
- TRD
- CLI
- DAT
- AIC
- WAT
- HLT
| Source | Category | Coverage | Period | Cadence | Role |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IEA Global Energy Review 20261 | intergovernmental agency | global | 2025 | annual | deployment |
| IRENA cost report2 | intergovernmental agency | global | 2025 | annual | cost |
| EIA Today in Energy3 | national statistics agency | US | 2026 | periodic | capacity |
| Ember review4 | think tank | global | 2025 | annual | cost and solar shifting |
| USGS lithium, cobalt, graphite567 | national geological survey | global | 2025 | annual | minerals |
| IEA Critical Minerals Outlook8 | intergovernmental agency | global | 2025 | annual | concentration and controls |
| IEA batteries slides9 | intergovernmental agency | global | 2024 | one-off | outlook |
| EU regulation and Commission page1011 | EU institution | EU | 2023 to 2025 | continuous | policy |
| IEA Global EV Outlook slides12 | intergovernmental agency | global | 2025 | annual | context |
| Form Energy page13 | vendor | global | 2026 | continuous | vendor claim |
B.3Regional reading, energy storage across ten clusters
Regional plates follow with the regional editions. This page gives the regional reading of storage deployment and supply in table form and ranks no region.
| Region | Principal hazards | Systems most exposed | Baseline evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| North America | utility-scale build-out; the largest battery plant by energy capacity is in California; trade measures on graphite | deployment, supply | EIA3; USGS7; plant list23 |
| South America | solar shifting in Chile; lithium brine producers | deployment, supply | Ember4; USGS5 |
| Europe | battery regulation and passport | regulation | EU regulation1011 |
| Eurasia | regional evidence (not bound) | not bound | regional evidence (not bound) |
| Middle East and North Africa | growing deployment in parts of the Middle East | deployment | IEA1 |
| Africa | cobalt mining; lithium output in Zimbabwe and Mali | supply | USGS56 |
| South Asia | regional evidence (not bound) | not bound | regional evidence (not bound) |
| East Asia | about 60% of 2025 additions in China; graphite and refining | deployment, supply | IEA18; USGS7 |
| ASEAN | nickel and cobalt processing; regional evidence otherwise not bound | supply | USGS6 |
| Oceania-Pacific | nearly 8 GW added in Australia in 2025; lithium mining | deployment, supply | IRENA2; USGS5 |
B.4Cluster card: battery cell and graphite supply chain
- supply chain
- graphite
- cells
- single point
- Systems in view
- mining, refining, anode and cathode materials, cell manufacturing, storage projects
- Defining events
- China export controls of 9 October 20258
- Couplings
- MIN → ENE materials; TRD → MIN export controls
- Capability evidence
- processing projects outside China reported78
- Gaps
- cell capacity by country; recycling volumes; stocks
- Agenda items
- Q-02 · Q-04
China produced an estimated 82% of natural graphite in 2025, and imports of graphite anode material into the United States rose in 2025 [7].
SUPPLY
Graphite concentration
China announced export controls on lithium-ion battery supply chains on 9 October 2025; the IEA records that proposed controls on batteries were suspended until November 2026 [8].
CONTROLS
A 2025 control package
Companies are developing spherical graphite and cathode plants in several countries; none is documented at scale here [7] [8].
RESPONSE
Processing outside China
B.5How countries appear in the energy storage edition
Countries enter the storage edition through the readiness chapters of their own national editions, on one card grammar. They are read against peer distributions and thresholds, never ranked.
| Card field | What it shows | Source |
|---|---|---|
| WEFH+B state | each core system against peer distribution bands | national edition |
| Couplings | the national dependency matrix | national edition |
| Risk objects | the national risk portfolio | national edition |
| Capability rungs | the national capability ladder | national edition |
| Evidence age | oldest and newest source dates | national source register |
Editions in the 2026 Baseline programme
26national
countries and unions
10regional
clusters
16global
flagship and sector
20frontier
technology reports
How to read a country card
- Each system is shown against the distribution of its peers, with thresholds where they exist
- Couplings and risk objects come from the country’s own national edition
- Capability rungs record evidence, not a judgement of institutions
- Evidence age is printed, so older national data are visible as such
| Wave | Countries and unions | State |
|---|---|---|
| W0 | Canada | ISSUED |
| W1 | United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, European Union, Switzerland | PLANNED |
| W2 | Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Türkiye, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Senegal, Kenya, African Union, India, China, Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia | PLANNED |
B.6Licences
| Material | Licence |
|---|---|
| Text | CC BY 4.0 |
| Data | on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0 |
| Figures | Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited |
| Maps | boundary source and licence printed on each plate |
| Metadata | CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it |
| Third-party data, figures and text | The source’s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed |
| Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence. | |
B.7Formats and provenance
| Format | Kind | State | What it is | Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Web edition | HTML | On this site | Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source. | NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 |
| Print edition | At release | A4 portrait · screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release. | NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 | |
| Indicator data | CSV · JSON | On this site | 16 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release. | NR-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE data release v1 |
| Figures | SVG · PNG | On this site | 4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder. | FIG-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-* |
| Slides | Not recorded | No slide deck is recorded for this edition. | ||
| Evidence brief | HTML · PDF | Not recorded | No evidence brief is recorded for this edition. | |
| Dataset with DOI | DataCite | At release | Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet. |
Provenance
- Edition pack
- The edition’s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built
- Evidence cut
- DC-XTECH-STORAGE-GLOBAL-2026-B0, closed 30 September 2026
- Reproducibility
- sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters
- Self-check
- 14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release
- Review
- five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)
- Publisher of record
- The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium
- Corrections
- Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version
Notes
Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references
- 1IEA (ed.), Global Energy Review 2026, section Technology: Battery storage (108 GW of new battery storage deployed in 2025, 40% more than in 2024; about 80% utility-scale; lithium iron phosphate about 90% of deployments; China about 60% of additions; battery-based UPS additions up 30% to 45 GW). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 2IRENA (ed.), Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2025, 2026 (installed cost of four-hour utility-scale battery storage about USD 140 per kWh, down close to 30%; total installed cost by storage technology; solar paired with batteries). International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 3US Energy Information Administration (ed.), Battery storage capacity averaged 70% growth over the last three years, Today in Energy, 7 August 2026 (43.6 GW at the end of 2025; nearly 52 GW at mid-2026; planned additions to 2028). EIA, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 5USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Lithium (world mine production 2025, end uses, prices, reserves). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 6USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Cobalt (Democratic Republic of the Congo share, export quotas 2026 and 2027, import reliance). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 7USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Graphite (Natural) (China share of production, anode material imports, preliminary duties). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 9Wanner, B. (IEA), Batteries and Secure Energy Transitions, presentation slides, Energy Storage Summit, London, 18 February 2025 (slides summarising the IEA special report of 2024; storage capacity needed for tripled renewables; stated policies battery additions to 2030; lithium demand measures). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 17Wikipedia contributors (eds.), Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (round-trip efficiency of 70 to 80%; world capacity about 200 GW in 2025 attributed to the hydropower association). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 4Ember (ed.), Global Electricity Review 2026, 21 April 2026 (battery costs down 45% in 2025 after 20% in 2024; deployment up 46% to an estimated 250 GWh; 14% of new solar generation shifted). Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 8IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026; concentration of refining, lithium price rise from January 2025 to April 2026, China export controls of 9 October 2025, LFP share of battery energy storage). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 10European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries (full text; battery passport from 18 February 2027; safety of stationary battery energy storage systems, Article 12; recycled content targets). Official Journal of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 11European Commission (ed.), Batteries (policy page; Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 in force 17 August 2023, applies from 18 February 2024; Delegated Regulation (EU) 2025/606 of 4 July 2025 on recycling efficiency). Directorate-General for Environment, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 12IEA (ed.), Global EV Outlook 2026, launch webinar slides, 20 May 2026 (electric cars 25% of sales in 2025, 28% forecast for 2026; battery pack price declines in China). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 13Form Energy (ed.), Battery technology page (iron-air system described as able to discharge for up to 100 hours). Vendor statement, weak evidence, not independently tested. Form Energy, Somerville. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 23Wikipedia contributors (eds.), List of energy storage power plants (largest battery plants by energy capacity). Secondary summary, weak evidence. Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back