Switzerland Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026

S.1Abstract

S.2Key messages

Six readings that frame the Switzerland baseline, and the eight questions this edition answers, each with its status and source.

1. 40.1 MtCO₂e in 2024, 27.3% below 1990. Later years are not bound.³

   Where do emissions stand?Reported

2. At least 65% below 1990 by 2035 as a 106.8 MtCO₂e budget for 2031–2035; net zero by 2050.⁴

   What is the climate target?Reported

3. Hydropower and nuclear gave 82.7% of domestic generation in 2025, and reservoirs were low in July 2026.⁶⁸

   How secure is power?Reported

4. The self-sufficiency rate is not bound. Drought aid of CHF 54 million was offered in 2026.³³⁵⁷

   How secure is food?Not bound

5. About one-fifth of stations hit record lows for the season in April to July 2026.¹⁹²⁰

   How exposed is water?Reported

6. A small glacier under load can destroy a village in minutes. Insured damage was CHF 255 million.¹⁴¹⁶

   What did Blatten show?Reported

7. Heat caused an estimated 326 deaths in 2024 and 542 in 2023, and people aged 65 or over now outnumber those under 20.¹⁷¹⁸

   Who carries the strain?Reported

8. A dry year with low reservoirs and river flows hitting hydropower, winter imports, farms and forests. SCN-CHE-DRT-01

   What will Q1 2027 test first?Expert input

S.3Headline finding

ReportedEQL 3NRF-COUNTRY-CHE-2026-BASELINE-WAT-005

Between 1 April and 31 July 2026 about one-fifth of Swiss monitoring stations recorded their lowest level for the period since measurements began, and the Rhine at Basel flowed less in July than in summer 2003.

Alpine hydropower and river flows carry electricity, farm water and river navigation at once. A dry year that lowers reservoirs and rivers together raises winter import dependence and farm and forest stress in the same season⁸¹⁹²⁰.

S.4At a glance

S.5What each steward reads in it

S.6What this edition is, and is not

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 1Federal Council (ed.), “Population growth slowed slightly in 2025”, release on final STATPOP results of the Federal Statistical Office (permanent resident population 9,127,100 on 31 December 2025, up 0.8%). Swiss Confederation, Neuchâtel, 20 August 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.admin.ch/en/newnsb/eHho7S2A2revQdhyPSYmt, accessed 2026-11-03.back
2. 2Federal Statistical Office (ed.), provisional population results 2025 (permanent resident population 9,124,300; 1,811,000 aged 65 or over and 1,802,000 under 20), as reported by Keystone-SDA on swissinfo.ch, 2 April 2026. FSO, Neuchâtel, 2026. Observation year 2025. https://swissinfo.ch/eng/demographics/population-the-proportion-of-seniors-exceeds-that-of-young-people-in-switzerland/91200057, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of the release; provisional figures.back
3. 12MeteoSwiss (ed.), national temperature for 2025 (1.2 °C above the 1991–2020 norm; fourth-warmest year since 1864), as reported by Keystone-SDA on swissinfo.ch, 19 December 2025. MeteoSwiss, Zurich, 2025. Observation year 2025. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/2025-is-the-fourth-warmest-year-in-switzerland-since-measurements-began/90668352, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; the final annual bulletin was not rendered.back
4. 13ETH Zurich (ed.), Swiss glaciers lost almost 3% of their volume in 2025 and about a quarter since 2015 (GLAMOS monitoring, Swiss Commission for Cryosphere Observation), as published by ScienceDaily, 2 October 2025. ETH Zurich, 2025. Observation year 2025. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251001092211.htm, accessed 2026-11-03.back
5. 14D. Farinotti, M. Huss, M. Jacquemart and M. Werder (eds.), Fact sheet for the now-collapsed Birchgletscher, Switzerland, document 88028-VAW-2025-06. VAW, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 2 June 2025. Observation year 2025. https://raonline.ch/pages/edu/pdfNW/VAW_BirchgletscherFS2025.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
6. 16Insurers’ natural hazard pool (ed.), annual financial statements: Blatten landslide, total insured damage CHF 255 million (CHF 240 million within the pool; more than 80% of insured sums for total losses paid after four months), as reported by swissinfo.ch, 26 May 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/various/blatten-landslide-caused-damage-totalling-255-million-francs/91473640, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of pool statements.back
7. 19FOEN (ed.), statement to Keystone-SDA on drought: historic lows at eleven stations in July 2026; about one-fifth of stations at a record low for the period from 1 April to 31 July. Published by blue News, 13 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/drought-causes-swiss-water-levels-to-drop-to-record-lows-li.3561545, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of a federal statement.back
8. 20L. Jorio (ed.), “Drought in Switzerland: Europe’s water tower runs dry” (Lake Zurich lowest since records began in 1951 on 19 August 2026; Lake Constance 394.97 m on 11 August, 27 cm below the previous 1991–2020 low; Rhine at Basel in July below summer 2003). swissinfo.ch, 21 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/drought-in-switzerland-europes-water-tower-runs-dry/91913797, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; FOEN is the cited data source.back
9. 8SRF and swissinfo.ch (eds.), “Swiss reservoir water levels lowest in 20 years” (46% full, 16.4 points below the 20-year average, per the SFOE weekly report; reservoirs cover about 20% of winter-half demand). swissinfo.ch, 17 July 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/swiss-reservoir-water-levels-lowest-in-20-years/91760665, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of SFOE figures.back
10. 3Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) (ed.), “Inventaire des gaz à effet de serre pour l’année 2024: légère baisse des émissions” (40.1 MtCO₂e, 27.3% below 1990; buildings 8.8, industry 8.9, transport 13.4 MtCO₂e; international aviation and maritime 5.5 MtCO₂e). Swiss Confederation, Bern, 13 April 2026. Observation year 2024. https://www.admin.ch/fr/newnsb/0x0fdVaborNCilTCosvky, accessed 2026-11-03.back
11. 4Switzerland (ed.), Switzerland’s second nationally determined contribution under the Paris Agreement 2031–2035. Federal Office for the Environment for the UNFCCC, Bern, January 2025. Observation years 2022–2035. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2025-01/Switzerland%20second%20NDC%202031-2035.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
12. 6Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) (ed.), Energy Consumption in Switzerland 2025, extract from the Swiss Overall Energy Statistics 2025 (ENSTAT). SFOE, Bern, June 2026. Observation year 2025. https://pubdb.bfe.admin.ch/en/publication/download/12648, accessed 2026-11-03.back
13. 33Federal Council (ed.), drought and heat aid package (CHF 54 million in interest-free operating loans for farm businesses in 2026; CHF 17.5 million more for forests in 2027), as reported by Keystone-SDA on blue News, 26 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/federal-council-puts-together-a-multi-million-aid-package-to-combat-drought-and-heat-li.3576293, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; Parliament decides on the funding.back
14. 57UNVERIFIED, not opened: Federal Office for Agriculture (FOAG) and Federal Statistical Office (eds.), Agrarbericht and food supply balance: self-sufficiency rate. Bern and Neuchâtel, 2025–2026. Observation year to be confirmed. Source that would fill the self-sufficiency gap; a press report of a 2023 gross rate was seen but not used.back
15. 17Swiss TPH (ed.), HiMOMO: Monitoring heat-related deaths (542 deaths May to September 2023, 95% interval 364 to 715; 326 deaths May to September 2024, 95% interval 171 to 471). Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, for the Federal Office for the Environment, 2023–2026. Observation years 2023–2024. https://www.swisstph.ch/en/projects/project-detail/project/monitoring-heat-related-deaths, accessed 2026-11-03.back
16. 18A. M. Vicedo-Cabrera, E. de Schrijver, D. L. Schumacher, M. S. Ragettli, E. M. Fischer and S. I. Seneviratne, heat-related mortality in Switzerland, summer 2022 (623 deaths, 3.5% of deaths; about 60% attributable to human-induced warming), Environmental Research Letters, 2023, as summarised in a University of Bern release, 4 July 2023. Observation year 2022. https://mediarelations.unibe.ch/media_releases/2023/media_releases_2023/global_warming_caused_60_percent_of_swiss_heat_deaths_in_the_summer_of_2022/index_eng.html, accessed 2026-11-03.back
17. 9Keystone-SDA (ed.), “Swiss reservoirs, which are relatively low, must hope for a wet autumn” (42.7% full, 15.1 points below the 20-year average per the SFOE; Valais holds about 45% of storage). swissinfo.ch, 9 July 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/swiss-reservoirs-which-are-relatively-low-must-hope-for-a-wet-autumn/91724015, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of SFOE figures.back
18. 25FOEN and WSL (eds.), Forest Report 2025: Development, Condition and Use of Swiss Forests (1.3 million hectares; 7% of forest area protected by 2022; goal of 10% by 2030). FOEN and WSL, Bern and Birmensdorf, 2025. Observation year 2022. https://www.bafu.admin.ch/dam/en/sd-web/VL0obw1MJTg3/waldbericht_2025.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03. Synthesis chapter read.back
19. 30State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) (ed.), GDP 2025 (growth 1.4%; fourth quarter +0.2%), as reported by swissinfo.ch, 16 February 2026. SECO, Bern, 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/global-trade/the-swiss-economy-grew-slightly-at-the-end-of-last-year/90949789, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of the release.back

1.1The questions this part answers

Key questions

• Where is Switzerland’s risk concentrated, and in which systems?
• Which couplings carry shocks from one system to the next?
• Which capabilities hold under compound stress, and which are only documented?
• What must the 2027 programme measure first?

In this part

• Narrative
• Headline finding
• Lead figure
• Five system chapters
• Twelve-domain reading
• Sector screens
• Dependency matrix
• Risk objects
• Capability ladder
• Scenario
• Three lenses
• Portfolio

1.2The argument

1.3Twenty couplings between five systems

The Switzerland matrix types the twenty couplings between the five core systems. Strengths are Nexus estimates from the cited evidence and analogue events; they set the starting graph that the Q1 2027 Foundry cut will test.

Transmission paths

1. 01

   CLI → WAT → ENE

   A snow-poor winter and dry spring lower rivers and reservoirs and cut hydropower.

   Reported 2025–2026⁶⁸²¹

2. 02

   CLI → WAT → FOO

   Drought strains pastures and farm liquidity.

   Reported 2026³³

3. 03

   CLI → INF

   Glacier and rock failure above a village destroys homes and roads.

   Reported Blatten 2025¹⁴

4. 04

   CLI → HLT

   Hot summers raise deaths among older people.

   Reported 2022–2024¹⁷¹⁸

5. 05

   ENE → FIN

   Low hydropower raises import needs and exposure to foreign supply.

   Inferred not bound for Switzerland

1.4Reinforcing loops

A shock entering either system of a loop can return amplified through the other.

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 1Federal Council (ed.), “Population growth slowed slightly in 2025”, release on final STATPOP results of the Federal Statistical Office (permanent resident population 9,127,100 on 31 December 2025, up 0.8%). Swiss Confederation, Neuchâtel, 20 August 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.admin.ch/en/newnsb/eHho7S2A2revQdhyPSYmt, accessed 2026-11-03.back
2. 4Switzerland (ed.), Switzerland’s second nationally determined contribution under the Paris Agreement 2031–2035. Federal Office for the Environment for the UNFCCC, Bern, January 2025. Observation years 2022–2035. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2025-01/Switzerland%20second%20NDC%202031-2035.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
3. 12MeteoSwiss (ed.), national temperature for 2025 (1.2 °C above the 1991–2020 norm; fourth-warmest year since 1864), as reported by Keystone-SDA on swissinfo.ch, 19 December 2025. MeteoSwiss, Zurich, 2025. Observation year 2025. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/2025-is-the-fourth-warmest-year-in-switzerland-since-measurements-began/90668352, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; the final annual bulletin was not rendered.back
4. 13ETH Zurich (ed.), Swiss glaciers lost almost 3% of their volume in 2025 and about a quarter since 2015 (GLAMOS monitoring, Swiss Commission for Cryosphere Observation), as published by ScienceDaily, 2 October 2025. ETH Zurich, 2025. Observation year 2025. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251001092211.htm, accessed 2026-11-03.back
5. 14D. Farinotti, M. Huss, M. Jacquemart and M. Werder (eds.), Fact sheet for the now-collapsed Birchgletscher, Switzerland, document 88028-VAW-2025-06. VAW, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 2 June 2025. Observation year 2025. https://raonline.ch/pages/edu/pdfNW/VAW_BirchgletscherFS2025.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
6. 15Wikipedia contributors, 2025 Blatten glacier collapse (28 May 2025; evacuations from 17 and 19 May; one death outside the evacuation zone). Wikimedia Foundation, 2025–2026. Observation year 2025. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Blatten_glacier_collapse, accessed 2026-11-03. Reference compilation, not a primary source; used for the casualty and evacuation facts only.back
7. 16Insurers’ natural hazard pool (ed.), annual financial statements: Blatten landslide, total insured damage CHF 255 million (CHF 240 million within the pool; more than 80% of insured sums for total losses paid after four months), as reported by swissinfo.ch, 26 May 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/various/blatten-landslide-caused-damage-totalling-255-million-francs/91473640, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of pool statements.back
8. 21WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF (ed.), “The heat is gone, but the drought remains” (interview with M. Brunner; Rhine, Aare and Lake Constance at record lows; snowpack at most half the long-term average in the Dischma Valley). SLF, Davos, 12 June 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.slf.ch/en/news/the-heat-is-gone-but-the-drought-remains/, accessed 2026-11-03.back
9. 19FOEN (ed.), statement to Keystone-SDA on drought: historic lows at eleven stations in July 2026; about one-fifth of stations at a record low for the period from 1 April to 31 July. Published by blue News, 13 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/drought-causes-swiss-water-levels-to-drop-to-record-lows-li.3561545, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of a federal statement.back
10. 20L. Jorio (ed.), “Drought in Switzerland: Europe’s water tower runs dry” (Lake Zurich lowest since records began in 1951 on 19 August 2026; Lake Constance 394.97 m on 11 August, 27 cm below the previous 1991–2020 low; Rhine at Basel in July below summer 2003). swissinfo.ch, 21 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/drought-in-switzerland-europes-water-tower-runs-dry/91913797, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; FOEN is the cited data source.back
11. 22K. F. Brandt and S. Pasino (eds.), “How much water is left under Switzerland? Nobody can say yet” (more than 80% of drinking water from larger underground sources; 42 monitored springs; whole country at the highest drought danger level on 6 August 2026). swissinfo.ch, 24 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-solutions/how-much-water-is-left-under-switzerland-nobody-can-say-yet/91915172, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; the federal environment office is the cited source.back
12. 6Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) (ed.), Energy Consumption in Switzerland 2025, extract from the Swiss Overall Energy Statistics 2025 (ENSTAT). SFOE, Bern, June 2026. Observation year 2025. https://pubdb.bfe.admin.ch/en/publication/download/12648, accessed 2026-11-03.back
13. 8SRF and swissinfo.ch (eds.), “Swiss reservoir water levels lowest in 20 years” (46% full, 16.4 points below the 20-year average, per the SFOE weekly report; reservoirs cover about 20% of winter-half demand). swissinfo.ch, 17 July 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/swiss-reservoir-water-levels-lowest-in-20-years/91760665, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of SFOE figures.back
14. 3Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) (ed.), “Inventaire des gaz à effet de serre pour l’année 2024: légère baisse des émissions” (40.1 MtCO₂e, 27.3% below 1990; buildings 8.8, industry 8.9, transport 13.4 MtCO₂e; international aviation and maritime 5.5 MtCO₂e). Swiss Confederation, Bern, 13 April 2026. Observation year 2024. https://www.admin.ch/fr/newnsb/0x0fdVaborNCilTCosvky, accessed 2026-11-03.back
15. 2Federal Statistical Office (ed.), provisional population results 2025 (permanent resident population 9,124,300; 1,811,000 aged 65 or over and 1,802,000 under 20), as reported by Keystone-SDA on swissinfo.ch, 2 April 2026. FSO, Neuchâtel, 2026. Observation year 2025. https://swissinfo.ch/eng/demographics/population-the-proportion-of-seniors-exceeds-that-of-young-people-in-switzerland/91200057, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of the release; provisional figures.back
16. 18A. M. Vicedo-Cabrera, E. de Schrijver, D. L. Schumacher, M. S. Ragettli, E. M. Fischer and S. I. Seneviratne, heat-related mortality in Switzerland, summer 2022 (623 deaths, 3.5% of deaths; about 60% attributable to human-induced warming), Environmental Research Letters, 2023, as summarised in a University of Bern release, 4 July 2023. Observation year 2022. https://mediarelations.unibe.ch/media_releases/2023/media_releases_2023/global_warming_caused_60_percent_of_swiss_heat_deaths_in_the_summer_of_2022/index_eng.html, accessed 2026-11-03.back
17. 17Swiss TPH (ed.), HiMOMO: Monitoring heat-related deaths (542 deaths May to September 2023, 95% interval 364 to 715; 326 deaths May to September 2024, 95% interval 171 to 471). Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, for the Federal Office for the Environment, 2023–2026. Observation years 2023–2024. https://www.swisstph.ch/en/projects/project-detail/project/monitoring-heat-related-deaths, accessed 2026-11-03.back
18. 28International Monetary Fund (ed.), Press Release No. 26/281: IMF Executive Board concludes 2026 Article IV consultation with Switzerland (2025 growth 1.4% unadjusted; inflation 0.2%; current account 6.4% of GDP). IMF, Washington, DC, 1 September 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/09/01/pr26281-switzerland-imf-executive-board-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation, accessed 2026-11-03.back
19. 29Federal Council (ed.), “International Monetary Fund praises the resilience of the Swiss economy” (debt brake appropriate; spending pressure from pensions, health and the low-carbon transition). Swiss Confederation, Bern, 25 June 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.admin.ch/en/newnsb/9CnjDEMpjWvY_tyiCF7az, accessed 2026-11-03.back
20. 24Federal Office for Civil Protection (BABS) (ed.), Katastrophen und Notlagen Schweiz 2025: Bericht zur nationalen Risikoanalyse (KNS 2025; 44 hazard dossiers; pandemic and prolonged power shortage the largest risks). BABS, Bern, February 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.babs.admin.ch/dam/de/sd-web/PpZZg4eroKXo/KNS-2025-Risikobericht-final_de.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03. Report read in part (summary and results chapter).back
21. 5Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Switzerland: 2035 NDC assessment (rating insufficient; share of the target met abroad not disclosed; submission on 29 January 2025). Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute, February 2025. Observation year 2025. https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/switzerland/2035-ndc/, accessed 2026-11-03.back
22. 33Federal Council (ed.), drought and heat aid package (CHF 54 million in interest-free operating loans for farm businesses in 2026; CHF 17.5 million more for forests in 2027), as reported by Keystone-SDA on blue News, 26 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/federal-council-puts-together-a-multi-million-aid-package-to-combat-drought-and-heat-li.3576293, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; Parliament decides on the funding.back

2.1Headline finding

ReportedEQL 3NRF-COUNTRY-CHE-2026-BASELINE-WAT-005

Between 1 April and 31 July 2026 about one-fifth of Swiss monitoring stations recorded their lowest level for the period since measurements began, and the Rhine at Basel flowed less in July than in summer 2003.

Implication

Alpine hydropower and river flows carry electricity, farm water and river navigation at once. A dry year that lowers reservoirs and rivers together raises winter import dependence and farm and forest stress in the same season⁸¹⁹²⁰.

What would move it

Winter snow depth, spring and summer rainfall, reservoir fill reported weekly by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy and Rhine flow at Basel would each move this finding.

2.2Climate forcing

1. ReportedEQL 4NRF-COUNTRY-CHE-2026-BASELINE-CLI-001

   Greenhouse-gas emissions were 40.1 MtCO₂e in 2024, 27.3% below 1990 and 22.3% below when land use is included; transport emitted 13.4 MtCO₂e and international aviation and maritime a further 5.5 MtCO₂e outside the 2030 target.³

2. ReportedEQL 4NRF-COUNTRY-CHE-2026-BASELINE-CLI-002

   The second contribution sets a cut of at least 65% by 2035 on 1990 as a 2031–2035 budget of 106.8 MtCO₂e, and the Climate and Innovation Act, adopted by 59.07% of voters in 2023, sets net zero by 2050.⁴⁵³¹

3. ReportedEQL 3NRF-COUNTRY-CHE-2026-BASELINE-CLI-007

   On 28 May 2025 the Birch Glacier collapsed under about 3 million m³ of rock debris, buried most of Blatten and caused one death; insured damage was put at CHF 255 million.¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶

4. ReportedEQL 3NRF-COUNTRY-CHE-2026-BASELINE-CLI-008

   Glaciers lost almost 3% of their volume in 2025 and about a quarter since 2015, and the contribution states that glaciers have lost over 65% of their volume since 1850.¹³⁴

2.3Energy

1. ReportedEQL 4NRF-COUNTRY-CHE-2026-BASELINE-ENE-003

   In 2025 hydropower supplied 55.5% of domestic electricity generation, nuclear power 27.2% and photovoltaics 11.8%, and final electricity consumption was 57,970 GWh.⁶

2. ReportedEQL 3NRF-COUNTRY-CHE-2026-BASELINE-ENE-004

   Hydropower output fell 22.5% in 2025 after a record 2024, and reservoirs stood at 46% in mid-July 2026, 16.4 points below the 20-year average; reservoirs can cover about 20% of winter-half demand.⁶⁸⁹

2.4Water

1. ReportedEQL 3NRF-COUNTRY-CHE-2026-BASELINE-WAT-005

   Between 1 April and 31 July 2026 about one-fifth of monitoring stations recorded their lowest level for the period since measurements began, and Lake Zurich reached its lowest level since 1951 on 19 August 2026.¹⁹²⁰²¹

2.5Food

1. ReportedEQL 3NRF-COUNTRY-CHE-2026-BASELINE-FOO-006

   The Federal Council offered CHF 54 million in interest-free operating loans to farm businesses after the 2026 drought, and the contribution text sets a goal that domestic production covers at least 50% of food needs.³³⁴

2.6Health

1. ReportedEQL 3NRF-COUNTRY-CHE-2026-BASELINE-HLT-009

   Heat-attributable deaths were 623 in June to August 2022, 542 in May to September 2023 and 326 in May to September 2024.¹⁷¹⁸

2.7Finance

1. ReportedEQL 4NRF-COUNTRY-CHE-2026-BASELINE-FIN-010

   GDP grew 1.4% in 2025 and inflation was 0.2%, and the IMF assessed the debt brake as appropriate while noting that the shift to a low-carbon economy will raise spending needs.²⁸²⁹³⁰

2.8Biodiversity

1. ReportedEQL 3NRF-COUNTRY-CHE-2026-BASELINE-BIO-011

   About a third of species and nearly half of habitat types are threatened, and 7% of forest area was protected by 2022 against a federal goal of 10% by 2030.²⁵²⁷

2.9Systemic

1. Expert inputEQL 2NRF-COUNTRY-CHE-2026-BASELINE-SYS-012

   The leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is a dry year with low reservoirs and low river flows that cuts hydropower and raises winter import dependence at the same time as farm and forest stress. §9.3

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 8SRF and swissinfo.ch (eds.), “Swiss reservoir water levels lowest in 20 years” (46% full, 16.4 points below the 20-year average, per the SFOE weekly report; reservoirs cover about 20% of winter-half demand). swissinfo.ch, 17 July 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/swiss-reservoir-water-levels-lowest-in-20-years/91760665, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of SFOE figures.back
2. 9Keystone-SDA (ed.), “Swiss reservoirs, which are relatively low, must hope for a wet autumn” (42.7% full, 15.1 points below the 20-year average per the SFOE; Valais holds about 45% of storage). swissinfo.ch, 9 July 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/swiss-reservoirs-which-are-relatively-low-must-hope-for-a-wet-autumn/91724015, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of SFOE figures.back
3. 19FOEN (ed.), statement to Keystone-SDA on drought: historic lows at eleven stations in July 2026; about one-fifth of stations at a record low for the period from 1 April to 31 July. Published by blue News, 13 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/drought-causes-swiss-water-levels-to-drop-to-record-lows-li.3561545, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of a federal statement.back
4. 20L. Jorio (ed.), “Drought in Switzerland: Europe’s water tower runs dry” (Lake Zurich lowest since records began in 1951 on 19 August 2026; Lake Constance 394.97 m on 11 August, 27 cm below the previous 1991–2020 low; Rhine at Basel in July below summer 2003). swissinfo.ch, 21 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/drought-in-switzerland-europes-water-tower-runs-dry/91913797, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; FOEN is the cited data source.back
5. 3Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) (ed.), “Inventaire des gaz à effet de serre pour l’année 2024: légère baisse des émissions” (40.1 MtCO₂e, 27.3% below 1990; buildings 8.8, industry 8.9, transport 13.4 MtCO₂e; international aviation and maritime 5.5 MtCO₂e). Swiss Confederation, Bern, 13 April 2026. Observation year 2024. https://www.admin.ch/fr/newnsb/0x0fdVaborNCilTCosvky, accessed 2026-11-03.back
6. 4Switzerland (ed.), Switzerland’s second nationally determined contribution under the Paris Agreement 2031–2035. Federal Office for the Environment for the UNFCCC, Bern, January 2025. Observation years 2022–2035. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2025-01/Switzerland%20second%20NDC%202031-2035.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
7. 5Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Switzerland: 2035 NDC assessment (rating insufficient; share of the target met abroad not disclosed; submission on 29 January 2025). Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute, February 2025. Observation year 2025. https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/switzerland/2035-ndc/, accessed 2026-11-03.back
8. 31Swissvotes, University of Bern (ed.), Vote 663: Federal Act on Climate Protection Targets, Innovation and Strengthening Energy Security, popular vote of 18 June 2023 (59.07% yes; turnout 42.54%). Swissvotes, Bern, 2023. Observation year 2023. https://swissvotes.ch/vote/663.00, accessed 2026-11-03.back
9. 14D. Farinotti, M. Huss, M. Jacquemart and M. Werder (eds.), Fact sheet for the now-collapsed Birchgletscher, Switzerland, document 88028-VAW-2025-06. VAW, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 2 June 2025. Observation year 2025. https://raonline.ch/pages/edu/pdfNW/VAW_BirchgletscherFS2025.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
10. 15Wikipedia contributors, 2025 Blatten glacier collapse (28 May 2025; evacuations from 17 and 19 May; one death outside the evacuation zone). Wikimedia Foundation, 2025–2026. Observation year 2025. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Blatten_glacier_collapse, accessed 2026-11-03. Reference compilation, not a primary source; used for the casualty and evacuation facts only.back
11. 16Insurers’ natural hazard pool (ed.), annual financial statements: Blatten landslide, total insured damage CHF 255 million (CHF 240 million within the pool; more than 80% of insured sums for total losses paid after four months), as reported by swissinfo.ch, 26 May 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/various/blatten-landslide-caused-damage-totalling-255-million-francs/91473640, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of pool statements.back
12. 13ETH Zurich (ed.), Swiss glaciers lost almost 3% of their volume in 2025 and about a quarter since 2015 (GLAMOS monitoring, Swiss Commission for Cryosphere Observation), as published by ScienceDaily, 2 October 2025. ETH Zurich, 2025. Observation year 2025. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251001092211.htm, accessed 2026-11-03.back
13. 6Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) (ed.), Energy Consumption in Switzerland 2025, extract from the Swiss Overall Energy Statistics 2025 (ENSTAT). SFOE, Bern, June 2026. Observation year 2025. https://pubdb.bfe.admin.ch/en/publication/download/12648, accessed 2026-11-03.back
14. 21WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF (ed.), “The heat is gone, but the drought remains” (interview with M. Brunner; Rhine, Aare and Lake Constance at record lows; snowpack at most half the long-term average in the Dischma Valley). SLF, Davos, 12 June 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.slf.ch/en/news/the-heat-is-gone-but-the-drought-remains/, accessed 2026-11-03.back
15. 33Federal Council (ed.), drought and heat aid package (CHF 54 million in interest-free operating loans for farm businesses in 2026; CHF 17.5 million more for forests in 2027), as reported by Keystone-SDA on blue News, 26 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/federal-council-puts-together-a-multi-million-aid-package-to-combat-drought-and-heat-li.3576293, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; Parliament decides on the funding.back
16. 17Swiss TPH (ed.), HiMOMO: Monitoring heat-related deaths (542 deaths May to September 2023, 95% interval 364 to 715; 326 deaths May to September 2024, 95% interval 171 to 471). Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, for the Federal Office for the Environment, 2023–2026. Observation years 2023–2024. https://www.swisstph.ch/en/projects/project-detail/project/monitoring-heat-related-deaths, accessed 2026-11-03.back
17. 18A. M. Vicedo-Cabrera, E. de Schrijver, D. L. Schumacher, M. S. Ragettli, E. M. Fischer and S. I. Seneviratne, heat-related mortality in Switzerland, summer 2022 (623 deaths, 3.5% of deaths; about 60% attributable to human-induced warming), Environmental Research Letters, 2023, as summarised in a University of Bern release, 4 July 2023. Observation year 2022. https://mediarelations.unibe.ch/media_releases/2023/media_releases_2023/global_warming_caused_60_percent_of_swiss_heat_deaths_in_the_summer_of_2022/index_eng.html, accessed 2026-11-03.back
18. 28International Monetary Fund (ed.), Press Release No. 26/281: IMF Executive Board concludes 2026 Article IV consultation with Switzerland (2025 growth 1.4% unadjusted; inflation 0.2%; current account 6.4% of GDP). IMF, Washington, DC, 1 September 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/09/01/pr26281-switzerland-imf-executive-board-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation, accessed 2026-11-03.back
19. 29Federal Council (ed.), “International Monetary Fund praises the resilience of the Swiss economy” (debt brake appropriate; spending pressure from pensions, health and the low-carbon transition). Swiss Confederation, Bern, 25 June 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.admin.ch/en/newnsb/9CnjDEMpjWvY_tyiCF7az, accessed 2026-11-03.back
20. 30State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) (ed.), GDP 2025 (growth 1.4%; fourth quarter +0.2%), as reported by swissinfo.ch, 16 February 2026. SECO, Bern, 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/global-trade/the-swiss-economy-grew-slightly-at-the-end-of-last-year/90949789, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of the release.back
21. 25FOEN and WSL (eds.), Forest Report 2025: Development, Condition and Use of Swiss Forests (1.3 million hectares; 7% of forest area protected by 2022; goal of 10% by 2030). FOEN and WSL, Bern and Birmensdorf, 2025. Observation year 2022. https://www.bafu.admin.ch/dam/en/sd-web/VL0obw1MJTg3/waldbericht_2025.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03. Synthesis chapter read.back
22. 27FOEN (ed.), Biodiversity: state of biodiversity (about a third of species and nearly half of habitat types threatened). Swiss Confederation, Bern, page current February 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bafu.admin.ch/en/biodiversity, accessed 2026-11-03.back

3.1Where each system stood at evidence close

3.2Domain posture

Each of the twelve coupled domains is read in words, not scored. The coupling column names the dependency that carries risk into other systems.

3.3Sector screens

All sixteen sectors are screened on the same grammar, so that later editions can say what changed. The evidence column describes coverage of the baseline evidence, not the performance of the sector.

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 19FOEN (ed.), statement to Keystone-SDA on drought: historic lows at eleven stations in July 2026; about one-fifth of stations at a record low for the period from 1 April to 31 July. Published by blue News, 13 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/drought-causes-swiss-water-levels-to-drop-to-record-lows-li.3561545, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of a federal statement.back
2. 20L. Jorio (ed.), “Drought in Switzerland: Europe’s water tower runs dry” (Lake Zurich lowest since records began in 1951 on 19 August 2026; Lake Constance 394.97 m on 11 August, 27 cm below the previous 1991–2020 low; Rhine at Basel in July below summer 2003). swissinfo.ch, 21 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/drought-in-switzerland-europes-water-tower-runs-dry/91913797, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; FOEN is the cited data source.back
3. 6Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) (ed.), Energy Consumption in Switzerland 2025, extract from the Swiss Overall Energy Statistics 2025 (ENSTAT). SFOE, Bern, June 2026. Observation year 2025. https://pubdb.bfe.admin.ch/en/publication/download/12648, accessed 2026-11-03.back
4. 33Federal Council (ed.), drought and heat aid package (CHF 54 million in interest-free operating loans for farm businesses in 2026; CHF 17.5 million more for forests in 2027), as reported by Keystone-SDA on blue News, 26 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/federal-council-puts-together-a-multi-million-aid-package-to-combat-drought-and-heat-li.3576293, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; Parliament decides on the funding.back
5. 57UNVERIFIED, not opened: Federal Office for Agriculture (FOAG) and Federal Statistical Office (eds.), Agrarbericht and food supply balance: self-sufficiency rate. Bern and Neuchâtel, 2025–2026. Observation year to be confirmed. Source that would fill the self-sufficiency gap; a press report of a 2023 gross rate was seen but not used.back
6. 17Swiss TPH (ed.), HiMOMO: Monitoring heat-related deaths (542 deaths May to September 2023, 95% interval 364 to 715; 326 deaths May to September 2024, 95% interval 171 to 471). Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, for the Federal Office for the Environment, 2023–2026. Observation years 2023–2024. https://www.swisstph.ch/en/projects/project-detail/project/monitoring-heat-related-deaths, accessed 2026-11-03.back
7. 25FOEN and WSL (eds.), Forest Report 2025: Development, Condition and Use of Swiss Forests (1.3 million hectares; 7% of forest area protected by 2022; goal of 10% by 2030). FOEN and WSL, Bern and Birmensdorf, 2025. Observation year 2022. https://www.bafu.admin.ch/dam/en/sd-web/VL0obw1MJTg3/waldbericht_2025.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03. Synthesis chapter read.back
8. 16Insurers’ natural hazard pool (ed.), annual financial statements: Blatten landslide, total insured damage CHF 255 million (CHF 240 million within the pool; more than 80% of insured sums for total losses paid after four months), as reported by swissinfo.ch, 26 May 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/various/blatten-landslide-caused-damage-totalling-255-million-francs/91473640, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of pool statements.back
9. 14D. Farinotti, M. Huss, M. Jacquemart and M. Werder (eds.), Fact sheet for the now-collapsed Birchgletscher, Switzerland, document 88028-VAW-2025-06. VAW, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 2 June 2025. Observation year 2025. https://raonline.ch/pages/edu/pdfNW/VAW_BirchgletscherFS2025.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
10. 8SRF and swissinfo.ch (eds.), “Swiss reservoir water levels lowest in 20 years” (46% full, 16.4 points below the 20-year average, per the SFOE weekly report; reservoirs cover about 20% of winter-half demand). swissinfo.ch, 17 July 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/swiss-reservoir-water-levels-lowest-in-20-years/91760665, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of SFOE figures.back
11. 2Federal Statistical Office (ed.), provisional population results 2025 (permanent resident population 9,124,300; 1,811,000 aged 65 or over and 1,802,000 under 20), as reported by Keystone-SDA on swissinfo.ch, 2 April 2026. FSO, Neuchâtel, 2026. Observation year 2025. https://swissinfo.ch/eng/demographics/population-the-proportion-of-seniors-exceeds-that-of-young-people-in-switzerland/91200057, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of the release; provisional figures.back
12. 28International Monetary Fund (ed.), Press Release No. 26/281: IMF Executive Board concludes 2026 Article IV consultation with Switzerland (2025 growth 1.4% unadjusted; inflation 0.2%; current account 6.4% of GDP). IMF, Washington, DC, 1 September 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/09/01/pr26281-switzerland-imf-executive-board-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation, accessed 2026-11-03.back
13. 23UN-Water (ed.), SDG 6 data portal: Switzerland (safely managed drinking water 97% and sanitation 100% in 2024; water stress 6.5% in 2023). UN-Water, 2025. Observation year 2024. https://sdg6data.org/country-or-area/Switzerland, accessed 2026-11-03. The portal does not name the source agency for each indicator.back
14. 4Switzerland (ed.), Switzerland’s second nationally determined contribution under the Paris Agreement 2031–2035. Federal Office for the Environment for the UNFCCC, Bern, January 2025. Observation years 2022–2035. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2025-01/Switzerland%20second%20NDC%202031-2035.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
15. 12MeteoSwiss (ed.), national temperature for 2025 (1.2 °C above the 1991–2020 norm; fourth-warmest year since 1864), as reported by Keystone-SDA on swissinfo.ch, 19 December 2025. MeteoSwiss, Zurich, 2025. Observation year 2025. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/2025-is-the-fourth-warmest-year-in-switzerland-since-measurements-began/90668352, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; the final annual bulletin was not rendered.back
16. 13ETH Zurich (ed.), Swiss glaciers lost almost 3% of their volume in 2025 and about a quarter since 2015 (GLAMOS monitoring, Swiss Commission for Cryosphere Observation), as published by ScienceDaily, 2 October 2025. ETH Zurich, 2025. Observation year 2025. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251001092211.htm, accessed 2026-11-03.back
17. 24Federal Office for Civil Protection (BABS) (ed.), Katastrophen und Notlagen Schweiz 2025: Bericht zur nationalen Risikoanalyse (KNS 2025; 44 hazard dossiers; pandemic and prolonged power shortage the largest risks). BABS, Bern, February 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.babs.admin.ch/dam/de/sd-web/PpZZg4eroKXo/KNS-2025-Risikobericht-final_de.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03. Report read in part (summary and results chapter).back
18. 27FOEN (ed.), Biodiversity: state of biodiversity (about a third of species and nearly half of habitat types threatened). Swiss Confederation, Bern, page current February 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bafu.admin.ch/en/biodiversity, accessed 2026-11-03.back
19. 21WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF (ed.), “The heat is gone, but the drought remains” (interview with M. Brunner; Rhine, Aare and Lake Constance at record lows; snowpack at most half the long-term average in the Dischma Valley). SLF, Davos, 12 June 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.slf.ch/en/news/the-heat-is-gone-but-the-drought-remains/, accessed 2026-11-03.back
20. 37UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) (ed.), Annual Report 2025. Swiss Confederation, Bern, 16 February 2026. Observation year 2025. Named in search results only; no figure is used. Source that would fill the cyber-incident gap.back
21. 31Swissvotes, University of Bern (ed.), Vote 663: Federal Act on Climate Protection Targets, Innovation and Strengthening Energy Security, popular vote of 18 June 2023 (59.07% yes; turnout 42.54%). Swissvotes, Bern, 2023. Observation year 2023. https://swissvotes.ch/vote/663.00, accessed 2026-11-03.back
22. 10Swiss Federal Office of Energy (ed.), Electricity agreement Switzerland–EU (signed 2 March 2026; dispatch to Parliament March 2026). SFOE, Bern, 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bfe.admin.ch/en/electricity-agreement-switzerland-eu, accessed 2026-11-03.back
23. 18A. M. Vicedo-Cabrera, E. de Schrijver, D. L. Schumacher, M. S. Ragettli, E. M. Fischer and S. I. Seneviratne, heat-related mortality in Switzerland, summer 2022 (623 deaths, 3.5% of deaths; about 60% attributable to human-induced warming), Environmental Research Letters, 2023, as summarised in a University of Bern release, 4 July 2023. Observation year 2022. https://mediarelations.unibe.ch/media_releases/2023/media_releases_2023/global_warming_caused_60_percent_of_swiss_heat_deaths_in_the_summer_of_2022/index_eng.html, accessed 2026-11-03.back

4.1Risk objects

Each risk is read across the chain from hazard to consequence, with its status and evidence-quality level.

1. ReportedEQL 4RSK-CHE-CLI-001

   Dry year with low reservoirs and low river flows

   Driver

   snow deficit, dry spring and heat across the Plateau and the Alps

   Exposure

   hydropower, river and lake levels, pastures, forests

   Vulnerability

   winter import dependence; thin groundwater monitoring²²

   Capacity

   reservoir storage reported weekly⁸; reserve status not bound

   Cascade

   CLI → WAT → ENE, FOO, BIO, FIN

   Horizon

   1–5 years

2. ReportedEQL 3RSK-CHE-CLI-002

   Rock, ice or debris avalanche above a settlement

   Driver

   rock failure, glacier load and permafrost change

   Exposure

   Alpine villages, roads, rail and power lines

   Vulnerability

   settlements in the run-out zone; a scenario of 5 million m³ is analysed²⁴

   Capacity

   monitoring and evacuation worked at Blatten; one death outside the zone¹⁴¹⁵

   Cascade

   CLI → WAT → INF, FIN

   Horizon

   annual

3. ReportedEQL 3RSK-CHE-HLT-003

   Heatwave load on health services and older residents

   Driver

   hotter summers and tropical nights

   Exposure

   cities and Ticino, which was particularly affected in 2024¹⁷

   Vulnerability

   ageing population²

   Capacity

   heat-mortality monitoring runs to July 2026¹⁷

   Cascade

   CLI → HLT → ENE peak

   Horizon

   seasonal

4. InferredEQL 2RSK-CHE-ENE-004

   Prolonged winter power shortage

   Driver

   low reservoirs, import limits and plant outages

   Exposure

   households, industry, rail, health facilities

   Vulnerability

   winter demand above domestic generation

   Capacity

   national risk analysis treats a 30% shortfall for 12 weeks²⁴

   Cascade

   ENE → all

   Horizon

   seasonal

4.2Capability ladder

Existence is not readiness. Each of the fifteen capability functions is placed on the ladder by the strongest public evidence at baseline.

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 22K. F. Brandt and S. Pasino (eds.), “How much water is left under Switzerland? Nobody can say yet” (more than 80% of drinking water from larger underground sources; 42 monitored springs; whole country at the highest drought danger level on 6 August 2026). swissinfo.ch, 24 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-solutions/how-much-water-is-left-under-switzerland-nobody-can-say-yet/91915172, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; the federal environment office is the cited source.back
2. 8SRF and swissinfo.ch (eds.), “Swiss reservoir water levels lowest in 20 years” (46% full, 16.4 points below the 20-year average, per the SFOE weekly report; reservoirs cover about 20% of winter-half demand). swissinfo.ch, 17 July 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/swiss-reservoir-water-levels-lowest-in-20-years/91760665, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of SFOE figures.back
3. 24Federal Office for Civil Protection (BABS) (ed.), Katastrophen und Notlagen Schweiz 2025: Bericht zur nationalen Risikoanalyse (KNS 2025; 44 hazard dossiers; pandemic and prolonged power shortage the largest risks). BABS, Bern, February 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.babs.admin.ch/dam/de/sd-web/PpZZg4eroKXo/KNS-2025-Risikobericht-final_de.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03. Report read in part (summary and results chapter).back
4. 14D. Farinotti, M. Huss, M. Jacquemart and M. Werder (eds.), Fact sheet for the now-collapsed Birchgletscher, Switzerland, document 88028-VAW-2025-06. VAW, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 2 June 2025. Observation year 2025. https://raonline.ch/pages/edu/pdfNW/VAW_BirchgletscherFS2025.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
5. 15Wikipedia contributors, 2025 Blatten glacier collapse (28 May 2025; evacuations from 17 and 19 May; one death outside the evacuation zone). Wikimedia Foundation, 2025–2026. Observation year 2025. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Blatten_glacier_collapse, accessed 2026-11-03. Reference compilation, not a primary source; used for the casualty and evacuation facts only.back
6. 17Swiss TPH (ed.), HiMOMO: Monitoring heat-related deaths (542 deaths May to September 2023, 95% interval 364 to 715; 326 deaths May to September 2024, 95% interval 171 to 471). Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, for the Federal Office for the Environment, 2023–2026. Observation years 2023–2024. https://www.swisstph.ch/en/projects/project-detail/project/monitoring-heat-related-deaths, accessed 2026-11-03.back
7. 2Federal Statistical Office (ed.), provisional population results 2025 (permanent resident population 9,124,300; 1,811,000 aged 65 or over and 1,802,000 under 20), as reported by Keystone-SDA on swissinfo.ch, 2 April 2026. FSO, Neuchâtel, 2026. Observation year 2025. https://swissinfo.ch/eng/demographics/population-the-proportion-of-seniors-exceeds-that-of-young-people-in-switzerland/91200057, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of the release; provisional figures.back
8. 4Switzerland (ed.), Switzerland’s second nationally determined contribution under the Paris Agreement 2031–2035. Federal Office for the Environment for the UNFCCC, Bern, January 2025. Observation years 2022–2035. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2025-01/Switzerland%20second%20NDC%202031-2035.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
9. 38UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Confederation (ed.), Federal Act on Climate Protection Targets, Innovation and Strengthening Energy Security (Climate and Innovation Act), SR 814.310. Fedlex, Bern, adopted 30 September 2022; in force 1 January 2025 per [4]. Observation year 2022. Bibliographic details from memory; check against the Fedlex text.back
10. 13ETH Zurich (ed.), Swiss glaciers lost almost 3% of their volume in 2025 and about a quarter since 2015 (GLAMOS monitoring, Swiss Commission for Cryosphere Observation), as published by ScienceDaily, 2 October 2025. ETH Zurich, 2025. Observation year 2025. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251001092211.htm, accessed 2026-11-03.back
11. 19FOEN (ed.), statement to Keystone-SDA on drought: historic lows at eleven stations in July 2026; about one-fifth of stations at a record low for the period from 1 April to 31 July. Published by blue News, 13 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/drought-causes-swiss-water-levels-to-drop-to-record-lows-li.3561545, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of a federal statement.back
12. 16Insurers’ natural hazard pool (ed.), annual financial statements: Blatten landslide, total insured damage CHF 255 million (CHF 240 million within the pool; more than 80% of insured sums for total losses paid after four months), as reported by swissinfo.ch, 26 May 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/various/blatten-landslide-caused-damage-totalling-255-million-francs/91473640, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of pool statements.back
13. 32POST-CLOSE, context only: Federal Council (ed.), “Le Conseil fédéral adopte la nouvelle stratégie d’adaptation et des mesures relatives à la canicule et à la sécheresse” (strategy 2026–2031; 30 areas of action; 56 measures). Swiss Confederation, Bern, 28 October 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.admin.ch/fr/newnsb/fb6zlfWM0Cst, accessed 2026-11-03. Published after evidence close.back
14. 21WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF (ed.), “The heat is gone, but the drought remains” (interview with M. Brunner; Rhine, Aare and Lake Constance at record lows; snowpack at most half the long-term average in the Dischma Valley). SLF, Davos, 12 June 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.slf.ch/en/news/the-heat-is-gone-but-the-drought-remains/, accessed 2026-11-03.back

5.1Assumptions

Scenario SCN-CHE-DRT-01: what is assumed, and what is held constant.

Baseline

the 2026 reference state in this edition

Drivers

a snow-poor winter followed by a dry spring and summer, with low reservoir fill and low Rhine flow into the autumn

Analogues

the 2026 drought¹⁹²⁰⁸; summer 2003 Rhine flow at Basel²⁰

Interventions

none modelled; the specification describes the unmitigated case

Run state

narrative specification; quantified Foundry run scheduled for Q1 2027

5.2The cascade, step by step

1. 1

   CLI → WAT

   snow deficit and dry spring lower rivers, lakes and groundwater

   2026

2. 2

   WAT → ENE

   hydropower falls; 2025 output was down 22.5%

   2025 · 2026

3. 3

   ENE → FIN

   import needs and exposure to foreign supply rise in winter

   not bound

4. 4

   WAT → FOO

   pastures and farm liquidity strained; CHF 54 million in loans offered

   2026

5. 5

   CLI → BIO

   forests and streams under stress; dead trees were 7.2% to 15.4% of trees by region

   2018–2022²⁶

6. 6

   CLI → HLT

   hot, dry summers raise heat deaths

   2022–2024

5.3The scenario as a table of steps

How the shock in scenario SCN-CHE-DRT-01 would travel through Switzerland’s coupled systems, step by step, under the assumptions the edition states.

A teaching model of a conditional scenario under the edition’s stated assumptions: not a forecast, not a prediction and not a warning. Sources: Switzerland 2026, scenario SCN-CHE-DRT-01 (2026); Switzerland 2026, references (NR-CIT-1) (2026).

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 19FOEN (ed.), statement to Keystone-SDA on drought: historic lows at eleven stations in July 2026; about one-fifth of stations at a record low for the period from 1 April to 31 July. Published by blue News, 13 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/drought-causes-swiss-water-levels-to-drop-to-record-lows-li.3561545, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of a federal statement.back
2. 20L. Jorio (ed.), “Drought in Switzerland: Europe’s water tower runs dry” (Lake Zurich lowest since records began in 1951 on 19 August 2026; Lake Constance 394.97 m on 11 August, 27 cm below the previous 1991–2020 low; Rhine at Basel in July below summer 2003). swissinfo.ch, 21 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/drought-in-switzerland-europes-water-tower-runs-dry/91913797, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; FOEN is the cited data source.back
3. 8SRF and swissinfo.ch (eds.), “Swiss reservoir water levels lowest in 20 years” (46% full, 16.4 points below the 20-year average, per the SFOE weekly report; reservoirs cover about 20% of winter-half demand). swissinfo.ch, 17 July 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/swiss-reservoir-water-levels-lowest-in-20-years/91760665, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of SFOE figures.back
4. 26FOEN and WSL (eds.), Swiss National Forest Inventory, fifth survey (LFI5), interim results for survey years 2018–2022 (dead trees 7.2% to 15.4% of trees by region). Bern and Birmensdorf, 9 September 2024. Observation years 2018–2022. https://www.bafu.admin.ch/de/schweizerisches-landesforstinventar-lfi, accessed 2026-11-03.back

6.1The other desks’ editions of this subject

Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.

6.2Three lenses

One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.

6.3Standards, Academy and steward contributions

How the Nexus Standards drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for Switzerland. The standards are preparatory working drafts (October 2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.

6.4GCRI reading: the model card

GCRI’s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. Annex A, methodology

6.5Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays

Four signed essays by the Reports editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.

6.6Global Risks Alliance reading: q1 2027 readiness pack

The registers that open the first operational quarter. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.

Publication dispositions

• Publish
• Hold
• Needs evidence
• Restricted
• Superseded

6.7Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch

Instruments that shape the systems in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one’s compliance.

• IN FORCE
• ADOPTED
• SUBMITTED
• UNDER REVIEW
• PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY

6.8Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments

The review behind this edition covers peer-reviewed science, national and international assessments and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Full systematic reviews begin in Q1 2027 for each agenda item.

Review protocol

Question

What does the published evidence establish about Switzerland’s coupled water, energy, food, health and biodiversity risks?

Sources searched

peer-reviewed literature; national and international assessments; official releases; industry loss data

Window

releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026

Selection

sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition

Next step

systematic reviews for agenda items A-01 to A-05 in Q1 2027

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 16Insurers’ natural hazard pool (ed.), annual financial statements: Blatten landslide, total insured damage CHF 255 million (CHF 240 million within the pool; more than 80% of insured sums for total losses paid after four months), as reported by swissinfo.ch, 26 May 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/various/blatten-landslide-caused-damage-totalling-255-million-francs/91473640, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of pool statements.back
2. 28International Monetary Fund (ed.), Press Release No. 26/281: IMF Executive Board concludes 2026 Article IV consultation with Switzerland (2025 growth 1.4% unadjusted; inflation 0.2%; current account 6.4% of GDP). IMF, Washington, DC, 1 September 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/09/01/pr26281-switzerland-imf-executive-board-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation, accessed 2026-11-03.back
3. 4Switzerland (ed.), Switzerland’s second nationally determined contribution under the Paris Agreement 2031–2035. Federal Office for the Environment for the UNFCCC, Bern, January 2025. Observation years 2022–2035. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2025-01/Switzerland%20second%20NDC%202031-2035.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
4. 49UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNFCCC (ed.), Paris Agreement. United Nations, Paris, 2015. Observation year 2015. From memory.back
5. 38UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Confederation (ed.), Federal Act on Climate Protection Targets, Innovation and Strengthening Energy Security (Climate and Innovation Act), SR 814.310. Fedlex, Bern, adopted 30 September 2022; in force 1 January 2025 per [4]. Observation year 2022. Bibliographic details from memory; check against the Fedlex text.back
6. 39UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Confederation (ed.), Federal Act on the Reduction of CO₂ Emissions (CO₂ Act), SR 641.71, as revised for the period to 2030. Fedlex, Bern, 2011 and later revisions. Observation year 2024. Bibliographic details from memory; revision status not verified.back
7. 40UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Confederation (ed.), Federal Act on a Secure Electricity Supply from Renewable Energy Sources, accepted in the popular vote of 9 June 2024. Fedlex, Bern, 2024. Observation year 2024. Date and vote from search results only; the SFOE page opened gave no result figure.back
8. 41UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Confederation (ed.), Nuclear Energy Act, SR 732.1. Fedlex, Bern, 2003 and later amendments. Observation year 2003. Bibliographic details from memory.back
9. 61UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Parliament (ed.), proceedings on the counter-proposal to the “Blackout stoppen” initiative and the lifting of the ban on new nuclear plants, 2026. Bern, 2026. Observation year 2026. Press reports seen in search results conflicted on the latest vote; no status is asserted.back
10. 42UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Confederation (ed.), Federal Act on the Protection of Waters (Water Protection Act), SR 814.20. Fedlex, Bern, 1991. Observation year 1991. Bibliographic details from memory.back
11. 43UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Confederation (ed.), Federal Act on Forest (Forest Act), SR 921.0. Fedlex, Bern, 1991. Observation year 1991. Bibliographic details from memory.back
12. 44UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Confederation (ed.), Federal Act on the Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage, SR 451. Fedlex, Bern, 1966. Observation year 1966. Bibliographic details from memory.back
13. 45UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Confederation (ed.), Federal Act on Hydraulic Engineering, SR 721.100. Fedlex, Bern, 1991. Observation year 1991. Bibliographic details from memory.back
14. 59UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Federal Council (ed.), Switzerland’s Long-Term Climate Strategy 2050. Swiss Confederation, Bern, 2021. Observation year 2021. From memory.back
15. 48UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention on Biological Diversity (ed.), Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Decision 15/4. CBD Secretariat, Montreal, 2022. Observation year 2022. From memory.back
16. 47UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. UNDRR, Geneva, 2015. Observation year 2015. From memory.back
17. 10Swiss Federal Office of Energy (ed.), Electricity agreement Switzerland–EU (signed 2 March 2026; dispatch to Parliament March 2026). SFOE, Bern, 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bfe.admin.ch/en/electricity-agreement-switzerland-eu, accessed 2026-11-03.back
18. 32POST-CLOSE, context only: Federal Council (ed.), “Le Conseil fédéral adopte la nouvelle stratégie d’adaptation et des mesures relatives à la canicule et à la sécheresse” (strategy 2026–2031; 30 areas of action; 56 measures). Swiss Confederation, Bern, 28 October 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.admin.ch/fr/newnsb/fb6zlfWM0Cst, accessed 2026-11-03. Published after evidence close.back
19. 24Federal Office for Civil Protection (BABS) (ed.), Katastrophen und Notlagen Schweiz 2025: Bericht zur nationalen Risikoanalyse (KNS 2025; 44 hazard dossiers; pandemic and prolonged power shortage the largest risks). BABS, Bern, February 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.babs.admin.ch/dam/de/sd-web/PpZZg4eroKXo/KNS-2025-Risikobericht-final_de.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03. Report read in part (summary and results chapter).back
20. 34A. Rösti, head of the Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications, interview statements on the 2030 climate target and a new CO₂ Act for 2030 to 2040, as reported by blue News, 6 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/rosti-switzerland-will-likely-not-meet-its-2030-climate-target-li.3553896, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of a ministerial statement.back
21. 33Federal Council (ed.), drought and heat aid package (CHF 54 million in interest-free operating loans for farm businesses in 2026; CHF 17.5 million more for forests in 2027), as reported by Keystone-SDA on blue News, 26 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/federal-council-puts-together-a-multi-million-aid-package-to-combat-drought-and-heat-li.3576293, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; Parliament decides on the funding.back
22. 46UNVERIFIED, not opened: H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.), Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. IPCC, Geneva, 2023. Observation year 2023. From memory.back
23. 50UNVERIFIED, not opened: P. D. McElwee, P. A. Harrison, T. L. van Huysen et al. (eds.), Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, 2024. Observation year 2024. From memory.back
24. 51UNVERIFIED, not opened: J. Zscheischler, S. Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk et al., “Future climate risk from compound events,” Nature Climate Change, vol. 8, pp. 469–477, 2018. Observation year 2018. From memory.back
25. 35World Meteorological Organization and ECMWF Copernicus (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025 (Europe the fastest-warming continent; net glacier mass loss in all European regions), press release of 29 April 2026. WMO, Geneva, 2026. Observation year 2025. https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/european-state-of-climate-2025-record-heatwaves-from-mediterranean-arctic-while-glaciers-shrink-and, accessed 2026-11-03.back
26. 18A. M. Vicedo-Cabrera, E. de Schrijver, D. L. Schumacher, M. S. Ragettli, E. M. Fischer and S. I. Seneviratne, heat-related mortality in Switzerland, summer 2022 (623 deaths, 3.5% of deaths; about 60% attributable to human-induced warming), Environmental Research Letters, 2023, as summarised in a University of Bern release, 4 July 2023. Observation year 2022. https://mediarelations.unibe.ch/media_releases/2023/media_releases_2023/global_warming_caused_60_percent_of_swiss_heat_deaths_in_the_summer_of_2022/index_eng.html, accessed 2026-11-03.back
27. 52S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Reports: The Foundational Edition, Volumes I and II. Reports series, Edition 2026–2030, V1.0. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026.back
28. 53S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Global Systems Risk & Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026.back
29. 5Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Switzerland: 2035 NDC assessment (rating insufficient; share of the target met abroad not disclosed; submission on 29 January 2025). Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute, February 2025. Observation year 2025. https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/switzerland/2035-ndc/, accessed 2026-11-03.back
30. 60UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Energy Agency (ed.), Switzerland 2023 Energy Policy Review. IEA, Paris, 2023. Observation year 2023. From memory. Source for the winter import and flexibility context.back
31. 62UNVERIFIED, not opened: FOEN (ed.), Climate Risk Analysis for Switzerland (UW-2502-E). FOEN, Bern, 2025. Observation year 2025. Named in search results only; used as context for the 2026–2031 adaptation strategy.back
32. 25FOEN and WSL (eds.), Forest Report 2025: Development, Condition and Use of Swiss Forests (1.3 million hectares; 7% of forest area protected by 2022; goal of 10% by 2030). FOEN and WSL, Bern and Birmensdorf, 2025. Observation year 2022. https://www.bafu.admin.ch/dam/en/sd-web/VL0obw1MJTg3/waldbericht_2025.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03. Synthesis chapter read.back
33. 1Federal Council (ed.), “Population growth slowed slightly in 2025”, release on final STATPOP results of the Federal Statistical Office (permanent resident population 9,127,100 on 31 December 2025, up 0.8%). Swiss Confederation, Neuchâtel, 20 August 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.admin.ch/en/newnsb/eHho7S2A2revQdhyPSYmt, accessed 2026-11-03.back
34. 3Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) (ed.), “Inventaire des gaz à effet de serre pour l’année 2024: légère baisse des émissions” (40.1 MtCO₂e, 27.3% below 1990; buildings 8.8, industry 8.9, transport 13.4 MtCO₂e; international aviation and maritime 5.5 MtCO₂e). Swiss Confederation, Bern, 13 April 2026. Observation year 2024. https://www.admin.ch/fr/newnsb/0x0fdVaborNCilTCosvky, accessed 2026-11-03.back
35. 6Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) (ed.), Energy Consumption in Switzerland 2025, extract from the Swiss Overall Energy Statistics 2025 (ENSTAT). SFOE, Bern, June 2026. Observation year 2025. https://pubdb.bfe.admin.ch/en/publication/download/12648, accessed 2026-11-03.back
36. 17Swiss TPH (ed.), HiMOMO: Monitoring heat-related deaths (542 deaths May to September 2023, 95% interval 364 to 715; 326 deaths May to September 2024, 95% interval 171 to 471). Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, for the Federal Office for the Environment, 2023–2026. Observation years 2023–2024. https://www.swisstph.ch/en/projects/project-detail/project/monitoring-heat-related-deaths, accessed 2026-11-03.back
37. 14D. Farinotti, M. Huss, M. Jacquemart and M. Werder (eds.), Fact sheet for the now-collapsed Birchgletscher, Switzerland, document 88028-VAW-2025-06. VAW, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 2 June 2025. Observation year 2025. https://raonline.ch/pages/edu/pdfNW/VAW_BirchgletscherFS2025.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
38. 19FOEN (ed.), statement to Keystone-SDA on drought: historic lows at eleven stations in July 2026; about one-fifth of stations at a record low for the period from 1 April to 31 July. Published by blue News, 13 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/drought-causes-swiss-water-levels-to-drop-to-record-lows-li.3561545, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of a federal statement.back
39. 20L. Jorio (ed.), “Drought in Switzerland: Europe’s water tower runs dry” (Lake Zurich lowest since records began in 1951 on 19 August 2026; Lake Constance 394.97 m on 11 August, 27 cm below the previous 1991–2020 low; Rhine at Basel in July below summer 2003). swissinfo.ch, 21 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/drought-in-switzerland-europes-water-tower-runs-dry/91913797, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; FOEN is the cited data source.back
40. 22K. F. Brandt and S. Pasino (eds.), “How much water is left under Switzerland? Nobody can say yet” (more than 80% of drinking water from larger underground sources; 42 monitored springs; whole country at the highest drought danger level on 6 August 2026). swissinfo.ch, 24 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-solutions/how-much-water-is-left-under-switzerland-nobody-can-say-yet/91915172, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; the federal environment office is the cited source.back
41. 8SRF and swissinfo.ch (eds.), “Swiss reservoir water levels lowest in 20 years” (46% full, 16.4 points below the 20-year average, per the SFOE weekly report; reservoirs cover about 20% of winter-half demand). swissinfo.ch, 17 July 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/swiss-reservoir-water-levels-lowest-in-20-years/91760665, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of SFOE figures.back
42. 9Keystone-SDA (ed.), “Swiss reservoirs, which are relatively low, must hope for a wet autumn” (42.7% full, 15.1 points below the 20-year average per the SFOE; Valais holds about 45% of storage). swissinfo.ch, 9 July 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/swiss-reservoirs-which-are-relatively-low-must-hope-for-a-wet-autumn/91724015, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of SFOE figures.back
43. 11Federal Council (ed.), “Climate change particularly pronounced in Switzerland”, release on the Swiss Climate Scenarios CH2025 with MeteoSwiss and ETH Zurich (about +4.9 °C locally at 3 °C global warming; summer drought 44% more intense; zero-degree line up 550 m). Swiss Confederation, Bern, 4 November 2025. Observation year 2025. https://www.admin.ch/de/newnsb/COnEkDbkoyff3Q632k9kk, accessed 2026-11-03.back
44. 13ETH Zurich (ed.), Swiss glaciers lost almost 3% of their volume in 2025 and about a quarter since 2015 (GLAMOS monitoring, Swiss Commission for Cryosphere Observation), as published by ScienceDaily, 2 October 2025. ETH Zurich, 2025. Observation year 2025. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251001092211.htm, accessed 2026-11-03.back

7.1Questions for the operational series

1. A-01

   How would a dry year with low reservoirs and low river flows cut hydropower, raise winter imports and strain farms and forests together?

   INI-CHE-WAT-01 · dry-year, reservoir and winter test; first output: dependency graph for the Rhine and Rhône basins.

2. A-02

   How does winter electricity supply hold when reservoirs start low and nuclear and import options change?

   INI-CHE-ENE-02 · winter supply; first output: generation, storage and import register.

3. A-03

   How exposed are farms and pastures to drought and heat, and how much of the food supply is domestic?

   INI-CHE-FOO-03 · farm exposure; first output: self-sufficiency and drought-loss table.

4. A-04

   How much surge capacity do health services hold for heat, and who among older residents is most exposed?

   INI-CHE-HLT-04 · heat and ageing; first output: surge baseline for five cantons.

5. A-05

   Where do rock avalanches, floods and storms fall on uninsured losses and public budgets?

   INI-CHE-FIN-05 · protection gap; first output: peril-by-canton loss table.

6. A-06

   How do glacier loss and permafrost change slope hazard above villages and lifelines?

   INI-CHE-CLI-01 · glaciers and slopes; first output: slope-hazard exposure note.

7. A-07

   How would the electricity agreement with the European Union or a change to the nuclear ban alter system risk?

   To be admitted in Q1 2027; first output: scoping note.

8. A-08

   Which capabilities have been tested in real events, and which are only listed?

   National capability register; first output: rung evidence for 15 functions.

7.2Portfolio proposed for the Q1 2027 alignment

Five initiatives and one Universe mission candidate are proposed for admission at the Q1 2027 alignment. They are programme objects, no partner, funder or member is attached to them in this edition.

7.3The pathway

Switzerland is the national pathway through which the Nexus operating system will run in Switzerland from 2027. At baseline the pathway is designed and its records are prepared. Its councils and working groups are constituted from Q1 2027. This page states what exists today and what comes next, and nothing more.

1. 01

   One National Agenda

   bounded national questions for the year

   DRAFT 2027 · agenda review at the Q1 alignment

2. 02

   National Desk

   coordination, records, routing and continuity

   DESIGNED · constituted in Q1 2027

3. 03

   National Model

   the country as a system of systems

   v0 SPECIFIED · v1 with the first Foundry cut

4. 04

   National Portfolio

   risks, capabilities, initiatives, projects, missions

   7 PROPOSED · admission at the Q1 alignment

5. 05

   Foundry

   continuous computational environment

   PREPARED · first sealed cut NQ-CHE-2027-Q1

6. 06

   Reports

   quarterly and annual publication

   BASELINE ISSUED · Q1 2027 · State & Agenda

7. 07

   Universe

   annual proving environment

   CANDIDATE MISSION · mandate set in 2027

8. 08

   Evidence and correction

   after-action, correction and renewal

   OPEN · first correction cycle in Q2 2027

7.4Universe 2027, evidence pack for the candidate mission

1. 01

   Mandate

2. 02

   Core Build · 1 month

3. 03

   Action · 1 week

4. 04

   Evidence seal

5. 05

   Portfolio correction

6. 06

   Next mandate

Mission

ID

MSN-CHE-2027-01 · Dry-year and winter supply Universe mission

Role spine

Leadership sponsor (NLC) · Institutional anchor (NNC) · Mission lead (NWG)

Receiving actors

to be identified with the mandate

7.5Handoffs and routing

Where the baseline’s findings go next. A handoff routes a finding for awareness, review or work; it transfers no authority.

7.6Feeds and signal register

Escalation routes

• none · keep monitoring
• research question
• project
• risk object
• quarterly publication
• signal report

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 20L. Jorio (ed.), “Drought in Switzerland: Europe’s water tower runs dry” (Lake Zurich lowest since records began in 1951 on 19 August 2026; Lake Constance 394.97 m on 11 August, 27 cm below the previous 1991–2020 low; Rhine at Basel in July below summer 2003). swissinfo.ch, 21 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/drought-in-switzerland-europes-water-tower-runs-dry/91913797, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; FOEN is the cited data source.back
2. 8SRF and swissinfo.ch (eds.), “Swiss reservoir water levels lowest in 20 years” (46% full, 16.4 points below the 20-year average, per the SFOE weekly report; reservoirs cover about 20% of winter-half demand). swissinfo.ch, 17 July 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/swiss-reservoir-water-levels-lowest-in-20-years/91760665, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of SFOE figures.back
3. 17Swiss TPH (ed.), HiMOMO: Monitoring heat-related deaths (542 deaths May to September 2023, 95% interval 364 to 715; 326 deaths May to September 2024, 95% interval 171 to 471). Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, for the Federal Office for the Environment, 2023–2026. Observation years 2023–2024. https://www.swisstph.ch/en/projects/project-detail/project/monitoring-heat-related-deaths, accessed 2026-11-03.back

8.1Water, the baseline system chapter

Switzerland is the source of Alpine rivers, and 2026 showed what a dry year does to them. Record-low rivers and lakes, thin groundwater monitoring and the absence of a national water law on measurement are the binding water risks. Drinking-water coverage is high.

8.2Energy, the baseline system chapter

Hydropower supplied 55.5% of domestic generation in 2025 and nuclear power 27.2%, and reservoirs ran low in the 2026 summer. All natural gas is imported. Winter balance and the import position were not bound.

8.3Food and agrifood, the baseline system chapter

Swiss farms and pastures felt the 2026 drought, and the federal response was a loan package. The self-sufficiency rate was not bound at evidence close, and the contribution text sets a goal of at least 50% domestic production.

8.4Health and One Health, the baseline system chapter

Switzerland is an ageing country, and heat is a recorded cause of death in summer. Monitoring runs for the federal government, and a figure for the 2025 season was not bound at evidence close.

8.5Biodiversity and ecosystems, the baseline system chapter

About a third of species and nearly half of habitat types are threatened, and forests face drought and dieback. Protected-area coverage of national territory was not bound at evidence close.

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 19FOEN (ed.), statement to Keystone-SDA on drought: historic lows at eleven stations in July 2026; about one-fifth of stations at a record low for the period from 1 April to 31 July. Published by blue News, 13 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/drought-causes-swiss-water-levels-to-drop-to-record-lows-li.3561545, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of a federal statement.back
2. 23UN-Water (ed.), SDG 6 data portal: Switzerland (safely managed drinking water 97% and sanitation 100% in 2024; water stress 6.5% in 2023). UN-Water, 2025. Observation year 2024. https://sdg6data.org/country-or-area/Switzerland, accessed 2026-11-03. The portal does not name the source agency for each indicator.back
3. 22K. F. Brandt and S. Pasino (eds.), “How much water is left under Switzerland? Nobody can say yet” (more than 80% of drinking water from larger underground sources; 42 monitored springs; whole country at the highest drought danger level on 6 August 2026). swissinfo.ch, 24 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-solutions/how-much-water-is-left-under-switzerland-nobody-can-say-yet/91915172, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; the federal environment office is the cited source.back
4. 20L. Jorio (ed.), “Drought in Switzerland: Europe’s water tower runs dry” (Lake Zurich lowest since records began in 1951 on 19 August 2026; Lake Constance 394.97 m on 11 August, 27 cm below the previous 1991–2020 low; Rhine at Basel in July below summer 2003). swissinfo.ch, 21 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/drought-in-switzerland-europes-water-tower-runs-dry/91913797, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; FOEN is the cited data source.back
5. 6Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) (ed.), Energy Consumption in Switzerland 2025, extract from the Swiss Overall Energy Statistics 2025 (ENSTAT). SFOE, Bern, June 2026. Observation year 2025. https://pubdb.bfe.admin.ch/en/publication/download/12648, accessed 2026-11-03.back
6. 8SRF and swissinfo.ch (eds.), “Swiss reservoir water levels lowest in 20 years” (46% full, 16.4 points below the 20-year average, per the SFOE weekly report; reservoirs cover about 20% of winter-half demand). swissinfo.ch, 17 July 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/swiss-reservoir-water-levels-lowest-in-20-years/91760665, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of SFOE figures.back
7. 60UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Energy Agency (ed.), Switzerland 2023 Energy Policy Review. IEA, Paris, 2023. Observation year 2023. From memory. Source for the winter import and flexibility context.back
8. 33Federal Council (ed.), drought and heat aid package (CHF 54 million in interest-free operating loans for farm businesses in 2026; CHF 17.5 million more for forests in 2027), as reported by Keystone-SDA on blue News, 26 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/federal-council-puts-together-a-multi-million-aid-package-to-combat-drought-and-heat-li.3576293, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; Parliament decides on the funding.back
9. 4Switzerland (ed.), Switzerland’s second nationally determined contribution under the Paris Agreement 2031–2035. Federal Office for the Environment for the UNFCCC, Bern, January 2025. Observation years 2022–2035. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2025-01/Switzerland%20second%20NDC%202031-2035.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
10. 57UNVERIFIED, not opened: Federal Office for Agriculture (FOAG) and Federal Statistical Office (eds.), Agrarbericht and food supply balance: self-sufficiency rate. Bern and Neuchâtel, 2025–2026. Observation year to be confirmed. Source that would fill the self-sufficiency gap; a press report of a 2023 gross rate was seen but not used.back
11. 17Swiss TPH (ed.), HiMOMO: Monitoring heat-related deaths (542 deaths May to September 2023, 95% interval 364 to 715; 326 deaths May to September 2024, 95% interval 171 to 471). Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, for the Federal Office for the Environment, 2023–2026. Observation years 2023–2024. https://www.swisstph.ch/en/projects/project-detail/project/monitoring-heat-related-deaths, accessed 2026-11-03.back
12. 2Federal Statistical Office (ed.), provisional population results 2025 (permanent resident population 9,124,300; 1,811,000 aged 65 or over and 1,802,000 under 20), as reported by Keystone-SDA on swissinfo.ch, 2 April 2026. FSO, Neuchâtel, 2026. Observation year 2025. https://swissinfo.ch/eng/demographics/population-the-proportion-of-seniors-exceeds-that-of-young-people-in-switzerland/91200057, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of the release; provisional figures.back
13. 18A. M. Vicedo-Cabrera, E. de Schrijver, D. L. Schumacher, M. S. Ragettli, E. M. Fischer and S. I. Seneviratne, heat-related mortality in Switzerland, summer 2022 (623 deaths, 3.5% of deaths; about 60% attributable to human-induced warming), Environmental Research Letters, 2023, as summarised in a University of Bern release, 4 July 2023. Observation year 2022. https://mediarelations.unibe.ch/media_releases/2023/media_releases_2023/global_warming_caused_60_percent_of_swiss_heat_deaths_in_the_summer_of_2022/index_eng.html, accessed 2026-11-03.back
14. 27FOEN (ed.), Biodiversity: state of biodiversity (about a third of species and nearly half of habitat types threatened). Swiss Confederation, Bern, page current February 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bafu.admin.ch/en/biodiversity, accessed 2026-11-03.back
15. 25FOEN and WSL (eds.), Forest Report 2025: Development, Condition and Use of Swiss Forests (1.3 million hectares; 7% of forest area protected by 2022; goal of 10% by 2030). FOEN and WSL, Bern and Birmensdorf, 2025. Observation year 2022. https://www.bafu.admin.ch/dam/en/sd-web/VL0obw1MJTg3/waldbericht_2025.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03. Synthesis chapter read.back
16. 26FOEN and WSL (eds.), Swiss National Forest Inventory, fifth survey (LFI5), interim results for survey years 2018–2022 (dead trees 7.2% to 15.4% of trees by region). Bern and Birmensdorf, 9 September 2024. Observation years 2018–2022. https://www.bafu.admin.ch/de/schweizerisches-landesforstinventar-lfi, accessed 2026-11-03.back
17. 58UNVERIFIED, not opened: FOEN (ed.), Biodiversity indicators and action plan 2025–2030: protected areas as a share of national territory. FOEN, Bern, 2025. Observation year to be confirmed. Source that would fill the protected-area gap.back

A.1Methods

The baseline uses published values and four simple derivations. Each is shown in full so that any reader can reproduce it.

A.2Model card, National Model v0

Model ID

MDL-CHE-NATIONAL · v0.1

Purpose

represent Switzerland as coupled water, energy, food, health and biodiversity systems with forcing and transmission layers

Family

graph-based system of systems

Inputs

the cited sources of this edition; no proprietary data

Method

expert-specified coupling strengths (STRONG · MODERATE · WEAK) from evidence and analogue events

Validation

none yet, first validation against Q1 2027 Foundry evidence

Uncertainty

qualitative; strengths are hypotheses, not measurements

Domain of validity

national scale; not for canton or asset-level use

Reproducibility

strength table and sources published in this edition

A.3The baseline evidence cut

Every Nexus edition is published from a frozen evidence cut. The baseline cut is documentary: it pins the exact edition of every source cited. Model runs begin with the first Foundry cut in Q1 2027.

Cut ID

NQ-CHE-2026-Q0-1

Type

baseline documentary cut

Resolution policy

pinned · as of 30 September 2026

Sources pinned

62 cited sources, each at the edition and retrieval date in the references

Model runs

none at baseline, analytical values are stated with their method

Digest

computed at freeze and recorded in the publication record

Supersedes

nothing, first cut of the series

Superseded by

NQ-CHE-2027-Q1-1 at the Q1 2027 close

Lineage

1. 01

   source edition

2. 02

   pinned citation

3. 03

   finding

4. 04

   page

5. 05

   publication record

A.4Evidence age and coverage

A 2026 edition rests on evidence observed in many different years. This page shows each time base, so that no single year label hides older evidence.

A.5Evidence cards, two anchor sources

Evidence cards to follow in Q1 2027

• FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2025⁵⁴, forest area and loss
• WHO and UNICEF JMP⁵⁵, drinking-water and sanitation coverage
• WSL damage database⁵⁶, weather damage for 2025
• Federal Office for Agriculture report and food balance⁵⁷, self-sufficiency rate
• MeteoSwiss annual climate bulletin³⁶, national precipitation for 2025

A.6Publication acceptance record

Editorial self-check at evidence close. Every applicable item carries a disposition; the remaining items are review, approval and deposit.

A.7Status words

A.8How the edition is made, released and corrected

Every edition is built from a sealed evidence cut, reviewed under three keys, signed and deposited before any site shows it as published; corrections go to Nexus Standards as change proposals and feed the next cut.

A teaching model of the process, not a forecast and not a record of any run; dates and counts on this page come from the programme record. Sources: Reports governance at GCRI Canada (2026); Zenodo, repository of record for Reports deposits (2026).

Lifecycle, one state at a time: Draft, Computed, Evidence bound, Reviewed, Approved for release, Published, Corrected, Superseded. This edition is a draft.

A.9Glossary and abbreviations

A.10Technical annex

A.1 · indicator definition, greenhouse-gas emissions in the national inventory

Construct

annual emissions of greenhouse gases reported in the national inventory, excluding land use and international aviation and maritime transport

Unit

MtCO₂e

Scope

calendar year, national

Source

Federal Office for the Environment release³

Revision

updated each April with data from the year before last

Known limits

differs from the contribution basis, which includes land use and reductions abroad

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 6Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) (ed.), Energy Consumption in Switzerland 2025, extract from the Swiss Overall Energy Statistics 2025 (ENSTAT). SFOE, Bern, June 2026. Observation year 2025. https://pubdb.bfe.admin.ch/en/publication/download/12648, accessed 2026-11-03.back
2. 24Federal Office for Civil Protection (BABS) (ed.), Katastrophen und Notlagen Schweiz 2025: Bericht zur nationalen Risikoanalyse (KNS 2025; 44 hazard dossiers; pandemic and prolonged power shortage the largest risks). BABS, Bern, February 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.babs.admin.ch/dam/de/sd-web/PpZZg4eroKXo/KNS-2025-Risikobericht-final_de.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03. Report read in part (summary and results chapter).back
3. 54UNVERIFIED, not opened: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), Global Forest Resources Assessment 2025: Switzerland country report. FAO, Rome, 2025. Observation year 2025. Source that would fill the official forest-area gap.back
4. 55UNVERIFIED, not opened: WHO and UNICEF (eds.), Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene: Switzerland country file. WHO and UNICEF, Geneva and New York, 2025. Observation year 2024. Source that would cross-check the UN-Water portal values.back
5. 56UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL (ed.), Unwetterschadens-Datenbank: annual weather damage for 2025. WSL, Birmensdorf, 2026. Observation year 2025. Source that would fill the weather-damage gap.back
6. 57UNVERIFIED, not opened: Federal Office for Agriculture (FOAG) and Federal Statistical Office (eds.), Agrarbericht and food supply balance: self-sufficiency rate. Bern and Neuchâtel, 2025–2026. Observation year to be confirmed. Source that would fill the self-sufficiency gap; a press report of a 2023 gross rate was seen but not used.back
7. 36UNVERIFIED, not opened: MeteoSwiss (ed.), Klimabulletin Jahr 2025. MeteoSwiss, Zurich, 2026. Observation year 2025. The page was reached but its text did not render; the national precipitation total for 2025 is therefore not bound. Source that would fill that gap.back
8. 3Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) (ed.), “Inventaire des gaz à effet de serre pour l’année 2024: légère baisse des émissions” (40.1 MtCO₂e, 27.3% below 1990; buildings 8.8, industry 8.9, transport 13.4 MtCO₂e; international aviation and maritime 5.5 MtCO₂e). Swiss Confederation, Bern, 13 April 2026. Observation year 2024. https://www.admin.ch/fr/newnsb/0x0fdVaborNCilTCosvky, accessed 2026-11-03.back

B.1The indicator set

B.2National source register

The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.

Domains bound by the register

• WAT
• ENE
• FOO
• HLT
• BIO
• CLI
• INF
• FIN
• TRD
• MIN

B.3Regional reading, Switzerland by canton

Map plates for every canton follow in Q2 2027, when boundary sources and public-safe resolutions are bound. This page gives the regional reading in table form.

Selected regional figures^9171920

B.4Atlas card, Blatten (canton of Valais)

• village
• Lötschental
• glacier collapse
• rock and ice avalanche

Systems in view

roads, power, housing, water and farms

Defining event

collapse of the Birch Glacier on 28 May 2025 under about 3 million m³ of rock debris¹⁴

Couplings

CLI → WAT → INF; INF → FIN

Capability evidence

restoration and reconstruction records not bound

Gaps

public reconstruction cost; recovery time; share of cost not insured

Agenda items

A-05

B.5Switzerland system card

The card through which Switzerland appears in the Europe regional edition and the global series. It summarises; it does not rank.

Context

Archetype

federal, mountainous, high-income economy with Alpine hydropower and large electricity trade

Population

9.13 million (2025)¹

Trade

electricity imports and exports were nearly equal in 2025⁶

Hazard

glacier and rock collapse, Blatten 2025¹⁴

B.6Licences

B.7Formats and provenance

Provenance

Edition pack

The edition’s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built

Evidence cut

NQ-CHE-2026-Q0-1, closed 30 September 2026

Reproducibility

sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters

Self-check

14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release

Review

five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)

Publisher of record

GCRI for the Nexus Consortium

Corrections

Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

1. 1Federal Council (ed.), “Population growth slowed slightly in 2025”, release on final STATPOP results of the Federal Statistical Office (permanent resident population 9,127,100 on 31 December 2025, up 0.8%). Swiss Confederation, Neuchâtel, 20 August 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.admin.ch/en/newnsb/eHho7S2A2revQdhyPSYmt, accessed 2026-11-03.back
2. 2Federal Statistical Office (ed.), provisional population results 2025 (permanent resident population 9,124,300; 1,811,000 aged 65 or over and 1,802,000 under 20), as reported by Keystone-SDA on swissinfo.ch, 2 April 2026. FSO, Neuchâtel, 2026. Observation year 2025. https://swissinfo.ch/eng/demographics/population-the-proportion-of-seniors-exceeds-that-of-young-people-in-switzerland/91200057, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of the release; provisional figures.back
3. 3Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) (ed.), “Inventaire des gaz à effet de serre pour l’année 2024: légère baisse des émissions” (40.1 MtCO₂e, 27.3% below 1990; buildings 8.8, industry 8.9, transport 13.4 MtCO₂e; international aviation and maritime 5.5 MtCO₂e). Swiss Confederation, Bern, 13 April 2026. Observation year 2024. https://www.admin.ch/fr/newnsb/0x0fdVaborNCilTCosvky, accessed 2026-11-03.back
4. 4Switzerland (ed.), Switzerland’s second nationally determined contribution under the Paris Agreement 2031–2035. Federal Office for the Environment for the UNFCCC, Bern, January 2025. Observation years 2022–2035. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2025-01/Switzerland%20second%20NDC%202031-2035.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
5. 6Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) (ed.), Energy Consumption in Switzerland 2025, extract from the Swiss Overall Energy Statistics 2025 (ENSTAT). SFOE, Bern, June 2026. Observation year 2025. https://pubdb.bfe.admin.ch/en/publication/download/12648, accessed 2026-11-03.back
6. 8SRF and swissinfo.ch (eds.), “Swiss reservoir water levels lowest in 20 years” (46% full, 16.4 points below the 20-year average, per the SFOE weekly report; reservoirs cover about 20% of winter-half demand). swissinfo.ch, 17 July 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/swiss-reservoir-water-levels-lowest-in-20-years/91760665, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of SFOE figures.back
7. 12MeteoSwiss (ed.), national temperature for 2025 (1.2 °C above the 1991–2020 norm; fourth-warmest year since 1864), as reported by Keystone-SDA on swissinfo.ch, 19 December 2025. MeteoSwiss, Zurich, 2025. Observation year 2025. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/2025-is-the-fourth-warmest-year-in-switzerland-since-measurements-began/90668352, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; the final annual bulletin was not rendered.back
8. 13ETH Zurich (ed.), Swiss glaciers lost almost 3% of their volume in 2025 and about a quarter since 2015 (GLAMOS monitoring, Swiss Commission for Cryosphere Observation), as published by ScienceDaily, 2 October 2025. ETH Zurich, 2025. Observation year 2025. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251001092211.htm, accessed 2026-11-03.back
9. 17Swiss TPH (ed.), HiMOMO: Monitoring heat-related deaths (542 deaths May to September 2023, 95% interval 364 to 715; 326 deaths May to September 2024, 95% interval 171 to 471). Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, for the Federal Office for the Environment, 2023–2026. Observation years 2023–2024. https://www.swisstph.ch/en/projects/project-detail/project/monitoring-heat-related-deaths, accessed 2026-11-03.back
10. 23UN-Water (ed.), SDG 6 data portal: Switzerland (safely managed drinking water 97% and sanitation 100% in 2024; water stress 6.5% in 2023). UN-Water, 2025. Observation year 2024. https://sdg6data.org/country-or-area/Switzerland, accessed 2026-11-03. The portal does not name the source agency for each indicator.back
11. 25FOEN and WSL (eds.), Forest Report 2025: Development, Condition and Use of Swiss Forests (1.3 million hectares; 7% of forest area protected by 2022; goal of 10% by 2030). FOEN and WSL, Bern and Birmensdorf, 2025. Observation year 2022. https://www.bafu.admin.ch/dam/en/sd-web/VL0obw1MJTg3/waldbericht_2025.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03. Synthesis chapter read.back
12. 30State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) (ed.), GDP 2025 (growth 1.4%; fourth quarter +0.2%), as reported by swissinfo.ch, 16 February 2026. SECO, Bern, 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/global-trade/the-swiss-economy-grew-slightly-at-the-end-of-last-year/90949789, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of the release.back
13. 57UNVERIFIED, not opened: Federal Office for Agriculture (FOAG) and Federal Statistical Office (eds.), Agrarbericht and food supply balance: self-sufficiency rate. Bern and Neuchâtel, 2025–2026. Observation year to be confirmed. Source that would fill the self-sufficiency gap; a press report of a 2023 gross rate was seen but not used.back
14. 58UNVERIFIED, not opened: FOEN (ed.), Biodiversity indicators and action plan 2025–2030: protected areas as a share of national territory. FOEN, Bern, 2025. Observation year to be confirmed. Source that would fill the protected-area gap.back
15. 5Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Switzerland: 2035 NDC assessment (rating insufficient; share of the target met abroad not disclosed; submission on 29 January 2025). Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute, February 2025. Observation year 2025. https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/switzerland/2035-ndc/, accessed 2026-11-03.back
16. 7Keystone-SDA (ed.), “Swiss energy consumption rose slightly in 2025”, reporting SFOE figures (final energy consumption 777,870 TJ; renewables 27.5% of final energy consumption). swissinfo.ch, 18 June 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/various/energy-consumption-in-switzerland-rose-slightly-in-2025/91610187, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; the renewable share differs from another reported basis and is not used as a finding.back
17. 9Keystone-SDA (ed.), “Swiss reservoirs, which are relatively low, must hope for a wet autumn” (42.7% full, 15.1 points below the 20-year average per the SFOE; Valais holds about 45% of storage). swissinfo.ch, 9 July 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/swiss-reservoirs-which-are-relatively-low-must-hope-for-a-wet-autumn/91724015, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of SFOE figures.back
18. 19FOEN (ed.), statement to Keystone-SDA on drought: historic lows at eleven stations in July 2026; about one-fifth of stations at a record low for the period from 1 April to 31 July. Published by blue News, 13 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/drought-causes-swiss-water-levels-to-drop-to-record-lows-li.3561545, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of a federal statement.back
19. 20L. Jorio (ed.), “Drought in Switzerland: Europe’s water tower runs dry” (Lake Zurich lowest since records began in 1951 on 19 August 2026; Lake Constance 394.97 m on 11 August, 27 cm below the previous 1991–2020 low; Rhine at Basel in July below summer 2003). swissinfo.ch, 21 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/drought-in-switzerland-europes-water-tower-runs-dry/91913797, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; FOEN is the cited data source.back
20. 21WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF (ed.), “The heat is gone, but the drought remains” (interview with M. Brunner; Rhine, Aare and Lake Constance at record lows; snowpack at most half the long-term average in the Dischma Valley). SLF, Davos, 12 June 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.slf.ch/en/news/the-heat-is-gone-but-the-drought-remains/, accessed 2026-11-03.back
21. 22K. F. Brandt and S. Pasino (eds.), “How much water is left under Switzerland? Nobody can say yet” (more than 80% of drinking water from larger underground sources; 42 monitored springs; whole country at the highest drought danger level on 6 August 2026). swissinfo.ch, 24 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-solutions/how-much-water-is-left-under-switzerland-nobody-can-say-yet/91915172, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; the federal environment office is the cited source.back
22. 14D. Farinotti, M. Huss, M. Jacquemart and M. Werder (eds.), Fact sheet for the now-collapsed Birchgletscher, Switzerland, document 88028-VAW-2025-06. VAW, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 2 June 2025. Observation year 2025. https://raonline.ch/pages/edu/pdfNW/VAW_BirchgletscherFS2025.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
23. 16Insurers’ natural hazard pool (ed.), annual financial statements: Blatten landslide, total insured damage CHF 255 million (CHF 240 million within the pool; more than 80% of insured sums for total losses paid after four months), as reported by swissinfo.ch, 26 May 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/various/blatten-landslide-caused-damage-totalling-255-million-francs/91473640, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of pool statements.back
24. 18A. M. Vicedo-Cabrera, E. de Schrijver, D. L. Schumacher, M. S. Ragettli, E. M. Fischer and S. I. Seneviratne, heat-related mortality in Switzerland, summer 2022 (623 deaths, 3.5% of deaths; about 60% attributable to human-induced warming), Environmental Research Letters, 2023, as summarised in a University of Bern release, 4 July 2023. Observation year 2022. https://mediarelations.unibe.ch/media_releases/2023/media_releases_2023/global_warming_caused_60_percent_of_swiss_heat_deaths_in_the_summer_of_2022/index_eng.html, accessed 2026-11-03.back
25. 26FOEN and WSL (eds.), Swiss National Forest Inventory, fifth survey (LFI5), interim results for survey years 2018–2022 (dead trees 7.2% to 15.4% of trees by region). Bern and Birmensdorf, 9 September 2024. Observation years 2018–2022. https://www.bafu.admin.ch/de/schweizerisches-landesforstinventar-lfi, accessed 2026-11-03.back
26. 27FOEN (ed.), Biodiversity: state of biodiversity (about a third of species and nearly half of habitat types threatened). Swiss Confederation, Bern, page current February 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bafu.admin.ch/en/biodiversity, accessed 2026-11-03.back
27. 24Federal Office for Civil Protection (BABS) (ed.), Katastrophen und Notlagen Schweiz 2025: Bericht zur nationalen Risikoanalyse (KNS 2025; 44 hazard dossiers; pandemic and prolonged power shortage the largest risks). BABS, Bern, February 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.babs.admin.ch/dam/de/sd-web/PpZZg4eroKXo/KNS-2025-Risikobericht-final_de.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03. Report read in part (summary and results chapter).back

C.162 sources

NR-CIT-1, editor first. A DOI is linked where the source has one; Nexus records carry a UNI once the catalogue allocates it (NS-1).

1. 1Federal Council (ed.), “Population growth slowed slightly in 2025”, release on final STATPOP results of the Federal Statistical Office (permanent resident population 9,127,100 on 31 December 2025, up 0.8%). Swiss Confederation, Neuchâtel, 20 August 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.admin.ch/en/newnsb/eHho7S2A2revQdhyPSYmt, accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 6
2. 2Federal Statistical Office (ed.), provisional population results 2025 (permanent resident population 9,124,300; 1,811,000 aged 65 or over and 1,802,000 under 20), as reported by Keystone-SDA on swissinfo.ch, 2 April 2026. FSO, Neuchâtel, 2026. Observation year 2025. https://swissinfo.ch/eng/demographics/population-the-proportion-of-seniors-exceeds-that-of-young-people-in-switzerland/91200057, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of the release; provisional figures. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 8
3. 3Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) (ed.), “Inventaire des gaz à effet de serre pour l’année 2024: légère baisse des émissions” (40.1 MtCO₂e, 27.3% below 1990; buildings 8.8, industry 8.9, transport 13.4 MtCO₂e; international aviation and maritime 5.5 MtCO₂e). Swiss Confederation, Bern, 13 April 2026. Observation year 2024. https://www.admin.ch/fr/newnsb/0x0fdVaborNCilTCosvky, accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6
4. 4Switzerland (ed.), Switzerland’s second nationally determined contribution under the Paris Agreement 2031–2035. Federal Office for the Environment for the UNFCCC, Bern, January 2025. Observation years 2022–2035. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2025-01/Switzerland%20second%20NDC%202031-2035.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
5. 5Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Switzerland: 2035 NDC assessment (rating insufficient; share of the target met abroad not disclosed; submission on 29 January 2025). Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute, February 2025. Observation year 2025. https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/switzerland/2035-ndc/, accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6
6. 6Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) (ed.), Energy Consumption in Switzerland 2025, extract from the Swiss Overall Energy Statistics 2025 (ENSTAT). SFOE, Bern, June 2026. Observation year 2025. https://pubdb.bfe.admin.ch/en/publication/download/12648, accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8
7. 7Keystone-SDA (ed.), “Swiss energy consumption rose slightly in 2025”, reporting SFOE figures (final energy consumption 777,870 TJ; renewables 27.5% of final energy consumption). swissinfo.ch, 18 June 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/various/energy-consumption-in-switzerland-rose-slightly-in-2025/91610187, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; the renewable share differs from another reported basis and is not used as a finding.
8. 8SRF and swissinfo.ch (eds.), “Swiss reservoir water levels lowest in 20 years” (46% full, 16.4 points below the 20-year average, per the SFOE weekly report; reservoirs cover about 20% of winter-half demand). swissinfo.ch, 17 July 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/swiss-reservoir-water-levels-lowest-in-20-years/91760665, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of SFOE figures. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8
9. 9Keystone-SDA (ed.), “Swiss reservoirs, which are relatively low, must hope for a wet autumn” (42.7% full, 15.1 points below the 20-year average per the SFOE; Valais holds about 45% of storage). swissinfo.ch, 9 July 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/swiss-reservoirs-which-are-relatively-low-must-hope-for-a-wet-autumn/91724015, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of SFOE figures. Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 6
10. 10Swiss Federal Office of Energy (ed.), Electricity agreement Switzerland–EU (signed 2 March 2026; dispatch to Parliament March 2026). SFOE, Bern, 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bfe.admin.ch/en/electricity-agreement-switzerland-eu, accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 6
11. 11Federal Council (ed.), “Climate change particularly pronounced in Switzerland”, release on the Swiss Climate Scenarios CH2025 with MeteoSwiss and ETH Zurich (about +4.9 °C locally at 3 °C global warming; summer drought 44% more intense; zero-degree line up 550 m). Swiss Confederation, Bern, 4 November 2025. Observation year 2025. https://www.admin.ch/de/newnsb/COnEkDbkoyff3Q632k9kk, accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
12. 12MeteoSwiss (ed.), national temperature for 2025 (1.2 °C above the 1991–2020 norm; fourth-warmest year since 1864), as reported by Keystone-SDA on swissinfo.ch, 19 December 2025. MeteoSwiss, Zurich, 2025. Observation year 2025. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/2025-is-the-fourth-warmest-year-in-switzerland-since-measurements-began/90668352, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; the final annual bulletin was not rendered. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 3
13. 13ETH Zurich (ed.), Swiss glaciers lost almost 3% of their volume in 2025 and about a quarter since 2015 (GLAMOS monitoring, Swiss Commission for Cryosphere Observation), as published by ScienceDaily, 2 October 2025. ETH Zurich, 2025. Observation year 2025. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/10/251001092211.htm, accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6
14. 14D. Farinotti, M. Huss, M. Jacquemart and M. Werder (eds.), Fact sheet for the now-collapsed Birchgletscher, Switzerland, document 88028-VAW-2025-06. VAW, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 2 June 2025. Observation year 2025. https://raonline.ch/pages/edu/pdfNW/VAW_BirchgletscherFS2025.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6
15. 15Wikipedia contributors, 2025 Blatten glacier collapse (28 May 2025; evacuations from 17 and 19 May; one death outside the evacuation zone). Wikimedia Foundation, 2025–2026. Observation year 2025. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Blatten_glacier_collapse, accessed 2026-11-03. Reference compilation, not a primary source; used for the casualty and evacuation facts only. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 4
16. 16Insurers’ natural hazard pool (ed.), annual financial statements: Blatten landslide, total insured damage CHF 255 million (CHF 240 million within the pool; more than 80% of insured sums for total losses paid after four months), as reported by swissinfo.ch, 26 May 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/various/blatten-landslide-caused-damage-totalling-255-million-francs/91473640, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of pool statements. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6
17. 17Swiss TPH (ed.), HiMOMO: Monitoring heat-related deaths (542 deaths May to September 2023, 95% interval 364 to 715; 326 deaths May to September 2024, 95% interval 171 to 471). Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, for the Federal Office for the Environment, 2023–2026. Observation years 2023–2024. https://www.swisstph.ch/en/projects/project-detail/project/monitoring-heat-related-deaths, accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8
18. 18A. M. Vicedo-Cabrera, E. de Schrijver, D. L. Schumacher, M. S. Ragettli, E. M. Fischer and S. I. Seneviratne, heat-related mortality in Switzerland, summer 2022 (623 deaths, 3.5% of deaths; about 60% attributable to human-induced warming), Environmental Research Letters, 2023, as summarised in a University of Bern release, 4 July 2023. Observation year 2022. https://mediarelations.unibe.ch/media_releases/2023/media_releases_2023/global_warming_caused_60_percent_of_swiss_heat_deaths_in_the_summer_of_2022/index_eng.html, accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8
19. 19FOEN (ed.), statement to Keystone-SDA on drought: historic lows at eleven stations in July 2026; about one-fifth of stations at a record low for the period from 1 April to 31 July. Published by blue News, 13 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/drought-causes-swiss-water-levels-to-drop-to-record-lows-li.3561545, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of a federal statement. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 8
20. 20L. Jorio (ed.), “Drought in Switzerland: Europe’s water tower runs dry” (Lake Zurich lowest since records began in 1951 on 19 August 2026; Lake Constance 394.97 m on 11 August, 27 cm below the previous 1991–2020 low; Rhine at Basel in July below summer 2003). swissinfo.ch, 21 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-adaptation/drought-in-switzerland-europes-water-tower-runs-dry/91913797, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; FOEN is the cited data source. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8
21. 21WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF (ed.), “The heat is gone, but the drought remains” (interview with M. Brunner; Rhine, Aare and Lake Constance at record lows; snowpack at most half the long-term average in the Dischma Valley). SLF, Davos, 12 June 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.slf.ch/en/news/the-heat-is-gone-but-the-drought-remains/, accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4
22. 22K. F. Brandt and S. Pasino (eds.), “How much water is left under Switzerland? Nobody can say yet” (more than 80% of drinking water from larger underground sources; 42 monitored springs; whole country at the highest drought danger level on 6 August 2026). swissinfo.ch, 24 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-solutions/how-much-water-is-left-under-switzerland-nobody-can-say-yet/91915172, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; the federal environment office is the cited source. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
23. 23UN-Water (ed.), SDG 6 data portal: Switzerland (safely managed drinking water 97% and sanitation 100% in 2024; water stress 6.5% in 2023). UN-Water, 2025. Observation year 2024. https://sdg6data.org/country-or-area/Switzerland, accessed 2026-11-03. The portal does not name the source agency for each indicator. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 8
24. 24Federal Office for Civil Protection (BABS) (ed.), Katastrophen und Notlagen Schweiz 2025: Bericht zur nationalen Risikoanalyse (KNS 2025; 44 hazard dossiers; pandemic and prolonged power shortage the largest risks). BABS, Bern, February 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.babs.admin.ch/dam/de/sd-web/PpZZg4eroKXo/KNS-2025-Risikobericht-final_de.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03. Report read in part (summary and results chapter). Cited in chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6
25. 25FOEN and WSL (eds.), Forest Report 2025: Development, Condition and Use of Swiss Forests (1.3 million hectares; 7% of forest area protected by 2022; goal of 10% by 2030). FOEN and WSL, Bern and Birmensdorf, 2025. Observation year 2022. https://www.bafu.admin.ch/dam/en/sd-web/VL0obw1MJTg3/waldbericht_2025.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03. Synthesis chapter read. Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8
26. 26FOEN and WSL (eds.), Swiss National Forest Inventory, fifth survey (LFI5), interim results for survey years 2018–2022 (dead trees 7.2% to 15.4% of trees by region). Bern and Birmensdorf, 9 September 2024. Observation years 2018–2022. https://www.bafu.admin.ch/de/schweizerisches-landesforstinventar-lfi, accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 5, chapter 8
27. 27FOEN (ed.), Biodiversity: state of biodiversity (about a third of species and nearly half of habitat types threatened). Swiss Confederation, Bern, page current February 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bafu.admin.ch/en/biodiversity, accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 8
28. 28International Monetary Fund (ed.), Press Release No. 26/281: IMF Executive Board concludes 2026 Article IV consultation with Switzerland (2025 growth 1.4% unadjusted; inflation 0.2%; current account 6.4% of GDP). IMF, Washington, DC, 1 September 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2026/09/01/pr26281-switzerland-imf-executive-board-concludes-2026-article-iv-consultation, accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6
29. 29Federal Council (ed.), “International Monetary Fund praises the resilience of the Swiss economy” (debt brake appropriate; spending pressure from pensions, health and the low-carbon transition). Swiss Confederation, Bern, 25 June 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.admin.ch/en/newnsb/9CnjDEMpjWvY_tyiCF7az, accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2
30. 30State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO) (ed.), GDP 2025 (growth 1.4%; fourth quarter +0.2%), as reported by swissinfo.ch, 16 February 2026. SECO, Bern, 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/global-trade/the-swiss-economy-grew-slightly-at-the-end-of-last-year/90949789, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of the release. Cited in the summary, chapter 2
31. 31Swissvotes, University of Bern (ed.), Vote 663: Federal Act on Climate Protection Targets, Innovation and Strengthening Energy Security, popular vote of 18 June 2023 (59.07% yes; turnout 42.54%). Swissvotes, Bern, 2023. Observation year 2023. https://swissvotes.ch/vote/663.00, accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3
32. 32POST-CLOSE, context only: Federal Council (ed.), “Le Conseil fédéral adopte la nouvelle stratégie d’adaptation et des mesures relatives à la canicule et à la sécheresse” (strategy 2026–2031; 30 areas of action; 56 measures). Swiss Confederation, Bern, 28 October 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.admin.ch/fr/newnsb/fb6zlfWM0Cst, accessed 2026-11-03. Published after evidence close. Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6
33. 33Federal Council (ed.), drought and heat aid package (CHF 54 million in interest-free operating loans for farm businesses in 2026; CHF 17.5 million more for forests in 2027), as reported by Keystone-SDA on blue News, 26 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/federal-council-puts-together-a-multi-million-aid-package-to-combat-drought-and-heat-li.3576293, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report; Parliament decides on the funding. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8
34. 34A. Rösti, head of the Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications, interview statements on the 2030 climate target and a new CO₂ Act for 2030 to 2040, as reported by blue News, 6 August 2026. Observation year 2026. https://www.bluewin.ch/en/news/rosti-switzerland-will-likely-not-meet-its-2030-climate-target-li.3553896, accessed 2026-11-03. Press report of a ministerial statement. Cited in chapter 6
35. 35World Meteorological Organization and ECMWF Copernicus (eds.), European State of the Climate 2025 (Europe the fastest-warming continent; net glacier mass loss in all European regions), press release of 29 April 2026. WMO, Geneva, 2026. Observation year 2025. https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/european-state-of-climate-2025-record-heatwaves-from-mediterranean-arctic-while-glaciers-shrink-and, accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
36. 36UNVERIFIED, not opened: MeteoSwiss (ed.), Klimabulletin Jahr 2025. MeteoSwiss, Zurich, 2026. Observation year 2025. The page was reached but its text did not render; the national precipitation total for 2025 is therefore not bound. Source that would fill that gap.
37. 37UNVERIFIED, not opened: National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) (ed.), Annual Report 2025. Swiss Confederation, Bern, 16 February 2026. Observation year 2025. Named in search results only; no figure is used. Source that would fill the cyber-incident gap. Cited in chapter 3
38. 38UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Confederation (ed.), Federal Act on Climate Protection Targets, Innovation and Strengthening Energy Security (Climate and Innovation Act), SR 814.310. Fedlex, Bern, adopted 30 September 2022; in force 1 January 2025 per [4]. Observation year 2022. Bibliographic details from memory; check against the Fedlex text. Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6
39. 39UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Confederation (ed.), Federal Act on the Reduction of CO₂ Emissions (CO₂ Act), SR 641.71, as revised for the period to 2030. Fedlex, Bern, 2011 and later revisions. Observation year 2024. Bibliographic details from memory; revision status not verified. Cited in chapter 6
40. 40UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Confederation (ed.), Federal Act on a Secure Electricity Supply from Renewable Energy Sources, accepted in the popular vote of 9 June 2024. Fedlex, Bern, 2024. Observation year 2024. Date and vote from search results only; the SFOE page opened gave no result figure. Cited in chapter 6
41. 41UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Confederation (ed.), Nuclear Energy Act, SR 732.1. Fedlex, Bern, 2003 and later amendments. Observation year 2003. Bibliographic details from memory. Cited in chapter 6
42. 42UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Confederation (ed.), Federal Act on the Protection of Waters (Water Protection Act), SR 814.20. Fedlex, Bern, 1991. Observation year 1991. Bibliographic details from memory. Cited in chapter 6
43. 43UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Confederation (ed.), Federal Act on Forest (Forest Act), SR 921.0. Fedlex, Bern, 1991. Observation year 1991. Bibliographic details from memory. Cited in chapter 6
44. 44UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Confederation (ed.), Federal Act on the Protection of Nature and Cultural Heritage, SR 451. Fedlex, Bern, 1966. Observation year 1966. Bibliographic details from memory. Cited in chapter 6
45. 45UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Confederation (ed.), Federal Act on Hydraulic Engineering, SR 721.100. Fedlex, Bern, 1991. Observation year 1991. Bibliographic details from memory. Cited in chapter 6
46. 46UNVERIFIED, not opened: H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.), Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. IPCC, Geneva, 2023. Observation year 2023. From memory. Cited in chapter 6
47. 47UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. UNDRR, Geneva, 2015. Observation year 2015. From memory. Cited in chapter 6
48. 48UNVERIFIED, not opened: Convention on Biological Diversity (ed.), Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Decision 15/4. CBD Secretariat, Montreal, 2022. Observation year 2022. From memory. Cited in chapter 6
49. 49UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNFCCC (ed.), Paris Agreement. United Nations, Paris, 2015. Observation year 2015. From memory. Cited in chapter 6
50. 50UNVERIFIED, not opened: P. D. McElwee, P. A. Harrison, T. L. van Huysen et al. (eds.), Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, 2024. Observation year 2024. From memory. Cited in chapter 6
51. 51UNVERIFIED, not opened: J. Zscheischler, S. Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk et al., “Future climate risk from compound events,” Nature Climate Change, vol. 8, pp. 469–477, 2018. Observation year 2018. From memory. Cited in chapter 6
52. 52S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Reports: The Foundational Edition, Volumes I and II. Reports series, Edition 2026–2030, V1.0. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. Cited in chapter 6
53. 53S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Global Systems Risk & Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. Cited in chapter 6
54. 54UNVERIFIED, not opened: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), Global Forest Resources Assessment 2025: Switzerland country report. FAO, Rome, 2025. Observation year 2025. Source that would fill the official forest-area gap.
55. 55UNVERIFIED, not opened: WHO and UNICEF (eds.), Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene: Switzerland country file. WHO and UNICEF, Geneva and New York, 2025. Observation year 2024. Source that would cross-check the UN-Water portal values.
56. 56UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL (ed.), Unwetterschadens-Datenbank: annual weather damage for 2025. WSL, Birmensdorf, 2026. Observation year 2025. Source that would fill the weather-damage gap.
57. 57UNVERIFIED, not opened: Federal Office for Agriculture (FOAG) and Federal Statistical Office (eds.), Agrarbericht and food supply balance: self-sufficiency rate. Bern and Neuchâtel, 2025–2026. Observation year to be confirmed. Source that would fill the self-sufficiency gap; a press report of a 2023 gross rate was seen but not used. Cited in the summary, chapter 3, chapter 8
58. 58UNVERIFIED, not opened: FOEN (ed.), Biodiversity indicators and action plan 2025–2030: protected areas as a share of national territory. FOEN, Bern, 2025. Observation year to be confirmed. Source that would fill the protected-area gap. Cited in chapter 8
59. 59UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Federal Council (ed.), Switzerland’s Long-Term Climate Strategy 2050. Swiss Confederation, Bern, 2021. Observation year 2021. From memory. Cited in chapter 6
60. 60UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Energy Agency (ed.), Switzerland 2023 Energy Policy Review. IEA, Paris, 2023. Observation year 2023. From memory. Source for the winter import and flexibility context. Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8
61. 61UNVERIFIED, not opened: Swiss Parliament (ed.), proceedings on the counter-proposal to the “Blackout stoppen” initiative and the lifting of the ban on new nuclear plants, 2026. Bern, 2026. Observation year 2026. Press reports seen in search results conflicted on the latest vote; no status is asserted. Cited in chapter 6
62. 62UNVERIFIED, not opened: FOEN (ed.), Climate Risk Analysis for Switzerland (UW-2502-E). FOEN, Bern, 2025. Observation year 2025. Named in search results only; used as context for the 2026–2031 adaptation strategy. Cited in chapter 6

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