Data appendix
The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.
Contents
- ·Edition home
- ·Executive summary
- 1Observation is where evidence begins
- 2Key findings
- 3Systems and sectors at baseline
- 4Risks and capability
- 5Observation gap under an extreme season
- 6Readings from the other desks
- 7The 2027 agenda
- 8Systems in depth
- AMethodology
- BData appendix
- CReferences and record
- ·Complete edition, for print
B.1The indicator set
| Indicator | Value | Unit | Year | State | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global temperature above 1850 to 1900 (WMO) | 1.43 | °C | 2025 | Reported | 3 |
| Global temperature above 1850 to 1900 (Copernicus) | 1.47 | °C | 2025 | Reported | 4 |
| Sea level rise rate | 4.75 | mm a year | 2025 | Reported | 3 |
| Objects larger than 10 cm in orbit (modelled) | 54,000 | objects | 2024 | Reported | 1 |
| Active payloads among them (modelled) | 9,300 | payloads | 2024 | Reported | 1 |
| Intact objects re-entering | 1,200 | objects | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| Copernicus data online | 78 | PB | 2024 | Reported | 9 |
| Data delivered by Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem | 200 | PB | 2024 | Reported | 9 |
| Landsat products downloaded | 145 | million | 2025 | Reported | 10 |
| ESA Earth Observation Programme subscriptions | 3.4 | EUR billion | 2025 | Reported | 7 |
| ESA subscriptions, all programmes | 22.3 | EUR billion | 2025 | Reported | 7 |
| Institutional space budgets | 106 | EUR billion | 2023 | Reported | 24 |
| Countries with multi-hazard early warning | 119 | countries | 2025 | Reported | 2 |
| Forest area | 4.14 | billion ha | 2025 | Reported | 6 |
| Gross deforestation rate, 2015 to 2025 | 10.9 | million ha a year | 2025 | Reported | 6 |
| GEO members | 117 | members | 2026 | Reported | 19 |
| Landsat 8 availability below 50% (projected) | 2030 | year | 2026 | Scenario | 10 |
| Terra end of science (projected) | Feb 2027 | date | 2026 | Scenario | 12 |
B.2Global source register
The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.
Domains bound by the register
- CLI
- INF
- DAT
- FIN
- HLT
- BIO
- AIC
- GOV
- WAT
- FOO
| Source | Category | Coverage | Period | Cadence | Role |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WMO State of the Global Climate 20253 | intergovernmental agency | global | 2025 | annual | climate indicators |
| Copernicus Global Climate Highlights 20254 | EU service operated by ECMWF | global | 2025 | annual | temperature |
| ESA Space Environment Report1 | space agency | global | 2025 | annual | orbital environment |
| Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem report9 | EU programme data service | global | 2024 | annual | data access |
| USGS Landsat statistics10 | national agency | global | 2025 | annual | data access |
| ESA Council CM25 documents78 | space agency | Europe | 2025 | triennial | funding |
| UNDRR and WMO status report2 | UN agencies | global | 2025 | annual | early warning |
| FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment6 | UN agency | global | 2025 | every five years | forest extent |
| GCOS Implementation Plan16 | intergovernmental programme | global | 2022 | periodic | observing gaps |
| GEO membership document19 | intergovernmental initiative | global | 2026 | annual | coordination |
B.3Regional reading: Earth observation across ten clusters
Map plates follow with the regional Baseline Editions, when boundary sources and public-safe resolutions are bound. This page gives the regional reading in table form and ranks no region.
| Region | Principal hazards | Systems most exposed | Baseline evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| North America | record continuity of Landsat and NASA flagships | land, climate, weather | USGS statistics10; NASA mission note12 |
| South America | forest loss and fire in primary forest | forests, climate | WRI tree cover loss data5 |
| Europe | open data hub and programme funding | data, climate, finance | CDSE report9; ESA subscriptions7 |
| Eurasia | not bound in this edition | not bound | regional statistics (not bound) |
| Middle East and North Africa | not bound in this edition | not bound | regional statistics (not bound) |
| Africa | in situ gaps; lowest warning scores | warning, food, health | GCOS plan16; early warning status2 |
| South Asia | new radar mission with an Indian partner | land, ice, hazards | NASA mission page13 |
| East Asia | highest regional early warning coverage in Asia-Pacific | warning, climate | early warning status2 |
| ASEAN | in situ gaps in Southeast Asia | warning, forests | GCOS plan16 |
| Oceania-Pacific | small island developing States at 43% warning coverage | warning, ocean | early warning status2 |
B.4Observing card: Copernicus Sentinel constellation and data ecosystem
- constellation
- open data
- cloud archive
- Europe
- Systems in view
- climate, land, ocean, hazards, data
- Defining events
- Sentinel-1D reached orbit on 4 November 202514
- Couplings
- EO → CLI records; EO → FOO crop monitoring; EO → HLT warning
- Capability evidence
- nearly 80 PB online and more than 200 PB delivered in 20249
- Gaps
- 2025 use statistics; ground segment contingency
- Agenda items
- O-02 · O-03
The data service reports nearly 80 PB online, up to 40 TB of new data a day across the programme and nearly 290,000 registered users [9].
DATA
Open access at scale
Sentinel-1D is the last of the first Sentinel-1 series [14]. Continuity of the series depends on follow-on missions funded in the ESA programmes [7].
SECURITY
Constellation continuity
The annual report is an operator account of use and performance, not an independent evaluation [9].
LEARNING
Public annual report
B.5How countries appear in the Earth observation edition
Countries enter the Earth observation edition through the observation and data chapters of their own national editions, on one card grammar. They are read against peer distributions and thresholds, never ranked.
| Card field | What it shows | Source |
|---|---|---|
| WEFH+B state | each core system against peer distribution bands | national edition |
| Couplings | the national dependency matrix | national edition |
| Risk objects | the national risk portfolio | national edition |
| Capability rungs | the national capability ladder | national edition |
| Evidence age | oldest and newest source dates | national source register |
Editions in the 2026 Baseline programme
26national
countries and unions
10regional
clusters
16global
flagship and sector
20frontier
technology reports
How to read a country card
- Each system is shown against the distribution of its peers, with thresholds where they exist
- Couplings and risk objects come from the country’s own national edition
- Capability rungs record evidence, not a judgement of institutions
- Evidence age is printed, so older national data are visible as such
| Wave | Countries and unions | State |
|---|---|---|
| W0 | Canada | ISSUED |
| W1 | United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, European Union, Switzerland | PLANNED |
| W2 | Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Türkiye, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Senegal, Kenya, African Union, India, China, Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia | PLANNED |
B.6Licences
| Material | Licence |
|---|---|
| Text | CC BY 4.0 |
| Data | on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0 |
| Figures | Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited |
| Maps | boundary source and licence printed on each plate |
| Metadata | CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it |
| Third-party data, figures and text | The source’s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed |
| Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence. | |
B.7Formats and provenance
| Format | Kind | State | What it is | Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Web edition | HTML | On this site | Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source. | NR-SECTOR-EO-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 |
| Print edition | At release | A4 portrait · screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release. | NR-SECTOR-EO-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 | |
| Indicator data | CSV · JSON | On this site | 18 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release. | NR-SECTOR-EO-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE data release v1 |
| Figures | SVG · PNG | On this site | 4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder. | FIG-SECTOR-EO-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-* |
| Slides | Not recorded | No slide deck is recorded for this edition. | ||
| Evidence brief | HTML · PDF | Not recorded | No evidence brief is recorded for this edition. | |
| Dataset with DOI | DataCite | At release | Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet. |
Provenance
- Edition pack
- The edition’s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built
- Evidence cut
- DC-SECTOR-EO-GLOBAL-2026-B0, closed 30 September 2026
- Reproducibility
- sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters
- Self-check
- 14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release
- Review
- five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)
- Publisher of record
- The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium
- Corrections
- Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version
Notes
Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references
- 3WMO (ed.), State of the Global Climate 2025, one-page summary of the report released 23 March 2026. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025 (greenhouse gases 2024). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 4Copernicus Climate Change Service (ed.), Global Climate Highlights 2025. ECMWF, Reading, for the European Commission. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 1ESA Space Debris Office (ed.), ESA’s Annual Space Environment Report, issue 10.0, 1 May 2026. European Space Agency, ESOC, Darmstadt. Observation year 2025 (modelled population at reference epoch August 2024). Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 9Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem (ed.), Annual Report 2024. European Space Agency and consortium partners, Paris. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 10USGS National Land Imaging Program (ed.), NLI Update to the National Geospatial Advisory Committee, March and April 2026 (fiscal year 2025 archive statistics; Landsat 8 and 9 status). US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 7ESA (ed.), FutureEO after CM25 (Floberghagen), presentation on the outcome of the November 2025 ministerial meeting for the Earth Observation Programme. European Space Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 24ESA (ed.), The Space Economy in 2023, ESA space economy report, published December 2024 (title page not present in the extracted text; section 2 headed The Space Economy in 2023). European Space Agency, Paris. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 2UNDRR and WMO (eds.), Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 2025, as reported in the WMO press release of 12 November 2025, Early warning systems reach new heights, but critical gaps jeopardise global progress (the report itself was not opened). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 6FAO (ed.), Global deforestation slows, but forests remain under pressure, FAO report shows, release on the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2025, 21 October 2025. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 19GEO Secretariat (ed.), GEO-21 Info 1.8 (Rev1): New Members, Participating Organizations and Associates. Group on Earth Observations, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 12NASA (ed.), Terra: The End of an Era (with end-of-science projections for Terra, Aqua and Aura). National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 5World Resources Institute and Global Forest Watch (eds.), Global Forest Watch’s 2025 Tree Cover Loss Data Explained (with University of Maryland GLAD tree cover loss data and comparison with JRC and PRODES series). WRI, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 8ESA Council (ed.), Subscription to optional programmes at the CM25, ESA/C-M(2025)100, rev. 5, Paris, 1 December 2025. European Space Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 16GCOS (ed.), The 2022 GCOS Implementation Plan (GCOS-244), abstract and summary of themes, as held in the AWI EPIC repository (the full plan was not opened). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 13NASA (ed.), NISAR mission page (launch 30 July 2025; joint mission with the Indian Space Research Organisation). National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 14ESA (ed.), Sentinel-1D reaches orbit on Ariane 6, 4 November 2025. European Space Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back