GCRI · 海洋与海岸
海洋观测
The ocean is measured by a global system of profiling floats, moored buoys, tide gauges, research and commercial ships, gliders and satellites. These observations underpin forecasts, climate monitoring, fisheries and coastal planning, but coverage is uneven and depends on sustained funding and data sharing. This page sets out how ocean observation is organised, where gaps lie, and what evidence serves those who fund and use it.
Ocean observation: how the risk develops.
Marine sensing and data limitations. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Many platforms, one system
Floats profile temperature and salinity in the upper ocean, moorings watch fixed points, satellites map the surface, and ships measure what others cannot. Together they form the Global Ocean Observing System.
Coverage is uneven
The deep ocean, polar seas, coastal zones and waters of many developing countries are poorly observed. Biogeochemical and biological variables lag physical ones.
Continuity depends on funding
Much observation is funded through research grants. When funding ends, records break, and the value of long series is lost.
Data must flow openly
Observations are useful only when shared quickly in standard formats. Free and open data exchange underpins forecasting and climate assessment.
太平洋岛国的海洋状况。
太平洋岛国的海洋热浪、叶绿素和海温，来自 NASA GIBS。每个图层均标有各自日期。
交互式地图需要JavaScript；图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页当前的海况
关于本图层
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测（云层和太阳耀斑造成缺口）
- 来源
- MODIS Aqua 海洋水色（NASA OB.DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA OB.DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星反演；云层和太阳耀斑造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期海面附近叶绿素 a 的卫星估算值，是浮游生物和海洋生产力的指标；不衡量渔业资源或有害藻华。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- GHRSST MUR（NASA JPL PO.DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA JPL PO.DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星分析
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期海表温度的补缺卫星分析；不是珊瑚礁或物种状况报告。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率（NASA LANCE）
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据，按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声；数值是指标，而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 模型生成（GIBS 发布的最新年份）
- 来源
- MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1）（NASA LP DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA LP DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每年；卫星分类；GIBS 发布的最新年份
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2024-01-01
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别，含农田；该分类存在已知误差，并非农场登记册。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS Black Marble（VNP46A2）（NASA LAADS DAAC）
- 提供方
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日；卫星辐射亮度，已校正月光和大气影响
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度；灯光是用电和停电的替代指标，并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov，仅在您允许实时地图后访问
键盘操作，地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放；悬停可查看指针下的数值；重置可返回该区域。
海洋状态，以太平洋岛国为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品，各带自己的日期。它们是指标，而非对任何地点的评估。
数据：NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA PACE OCI · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- GHRSST Level 4 MUR 分析，NASA 喷气推进实验室；由 NASA 物理海洋学 DAAC（PO.DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS Aqua 海洋水色，NASA 海洋生物处理组；由 NASA Ocean Biology DAAC（OB.DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS 近实时产品（洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率），NASA LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS 陆地产品（植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖），NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光，NASA 戈达德航天中心；由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统（LAADS DAAC）分发；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品（ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003，NASA LP DAAC）；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。引用格式：NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据，见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者（ODbL），经由 NASA GIBS（海岸线、边界、道路和地名）。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 ODbL
- Blue Marble，NASA Earth Observatory；影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘；显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均（经修改）。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息：海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层（OpenStreetMap 数据，ODbL，© OpenStreetMap contributors）；Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图；3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数（5 m 至 200 m 分级，为便于辨识而作了夸张处理）。边界按已发布的样式绘制，不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件：NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker（EONET）；事件仅供参考，并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时：NASA EONET。事件仅供参考，不是主管机构的预警。
- Observed (EO): NASA PACE OCI. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层（图层列表中共 10 个来源：实时、预报、观测和背景）启用后会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名；预报为模型输出，衍生指数为估计值。
图层与日期
- 海面温度距平：GHRSST MUR25，NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 海洋叶绿素 a 浓度：MODIS Aqua 海洋水色，NASA OB.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 海面温度：GHRSST MUR，NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 真彩色：VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率，NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 土地覆盖类型（IGBP），年度：MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖（MCD12Q1），NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- 夜间灯光，每日：VIIRS Black Marble（VNP46A2），NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
Ocean observations feed forecasts used in every domain.
Observation evidence is designed for the Observatory Signal 系列. GOOS defines the Essential Ocean Variables, Argo floats profile the upper ocean, and GEBCO compiles bathymetry; datasets would carry NS-3b metadata under the proposed Nexus Standards.
- Coastal observations from local networks.
- Data rescue of historical records.
Fisheries and marine watch.
团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面：其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例，数值仅作示意。
Fisheries and marine watch
Ocean observation · Fishing grounds 3 · Season 1
- Biomass vs reference point0.8ratio关注
- Marine heatwave days14今年警报
- Fleet effort95指数
海面温度距平
Stock status
| Small pelagic | 0.7 | 1.5 | Sustainable |
| Reef fish | 0.9 | 1.3 | Overfished |
| Tuna-like | 1.0 | 0.9 | Sustainable |
衡量什么，以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值：数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operational Argo floats | 计数 | 每月 | Argo programme status | 观测 |
| Essential ocean variables with sustained observation | count by variable readiness level | 每次评估 | GOOS assessments | 已发布统计 |
| Tide gauges reporting in near real time | 计数 | 年度 | GLOSS and national networks | 观测 |
| Coastal waters observed by in situ 系统 | percent of national coastline with monitoring | 每次评估 | National observing system records | 已报告 |
| Data latency | hours from measurement to availability | per platform | Data system records | 观测 |
| Ocean science capacity | researchers and research vessels per country | 每次评估 | IOC Global Ocean Science Report | 已报告 |
Model ocean observation as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 海洋与海岸风险标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
- 海平面上升
- 风暴潮
- Coastal erosion
- 热浪
- Ocean acidification
- Harmful algal bloom
- 极端火险天气（在下游引发）
- 野火 （在下游引发）
- 高温导致的电网压力（在下游引发）
- 农业干旱（在下游引发）
- 骤发干旱（在下游引发）
- 积雪干旱（在下游引发）
- 近地面臭氧事件（在下游引发）
- Meteorological drought (set off downstream)
- 河流洪水（在下游引发）
- 沿海洪水（在下游引发）
- Estuary flood (set off downstream)
- 大规模流离失所（在下游引发）
系统与耦合
- 海洋与海岸风险标准
- 供应链与贸易风险 级联
- 粮食与农业风险标准 级联
- 气候风险标准 Common driver and feedback
- 城市与城市系统风险标准 风险暴露
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-1维持社会运转的 UNI 与制品目录（语法 v0.2：领域、部门、区域和环境分段）NS-3风险记录 UNI（语法、旧编码对照、分配机构）NS-3b数据集与产品元数据规范（STAC、DCAT、PROV-O）NS-5图表、地图和可视化标准（配合 UI/UX 套件）NS-9情境 UNI（部署、实例、计划实例）NS-11验证与监测（证据、证明、零信任符合性观测）NRS-X3海洋与海岸风险NRS-H11危害类别：沿海与海平面危害（NHS-1 water.coastal）NRS-H79危害类别：精神卫生危机（NHS-1 health.mental）NRS-H12危害类别：海况极端事件（NHS-1 water.ocean-state）NRS-H67危害类别：海洋环流与海洋临界点（NHS-1 planet.ocean-tipping）NRS-K18领域包概况：海洋与海岸（DOMAIN-018）
观测
- Copernicus Marine Service ocean products (listed for reference)
- Coral Reef Watch daily 5 km heat stress products (listed for reference)
- PSMSL tide gauge mean sea level records (listed for reference)
- GEBCO global bathymetric grid (listed for reference)
- Argo float profiles (listed for reference)
- Average marine acidity (pH) measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations
- Index of coastal eutrophication and floating plastic debris density
- Direct economic loss attributed to disasters in relation to GDP, including damage to critical infrastructure
示例地理范围
- 太平洋岛国：150 个六边形网格
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电（VIIRS 昼夜波段），NASA GIBS
- 穿透云层的地表水，30 m（OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达），NASA GIBS
- 过去半小时降雨率（IMERG），NASA GIBS
- 白天地表气温（AIRS），NASA GIBS
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录，各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用，绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| Argo programme data | Global temperature, salinity and biogeochemical profiles | Free and open, Argo data policy |
| OceanOPS (WMO and IOC) | Status of ocean observing platforms worldwide | Public, OceanOPS terms |
| IOC Global Ocean Science Report | National ocean science capacity and investment | Public, UNESCO terms (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO for many) |
| GLOSS tide gauge network | Core network of tide gauges for sea level | Free, terms per data centre |
| World Ocean Database (NOAA NCEI) | Quality-controlled archive of ocean profile data | Public domain, US government data |
How ocean observation is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性，以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意，不是研究发现。
地球观测链
How a satellite or sensor record becomes evidence on ocean observation, and where each step adds uncertainty.
- 01 · 获取轨道、传感器和重访周期不确定性：云层和轨道造成的缺口
- 02 · 校准辐射和几何不确定性：传感器漂移
- 03 · 更正大气与地形不确定性：气溶胶和坡度假设
- 04 · 检索或分类变量或类别不确定性：模型和训练误差
- 05 · 验证对照地面实况不确定性：样本设计与规模
- 06 · 发布附误差线和沿袭信息不确定性：明确说明，从不隐藏
由谁决定，以及证据服务于什么。
Oceans and Coasts prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| National oceanographic and meteorological agencies | Which observations to sustain or add | Gap maps; readiness reviews |
| 研究资助方 | How to fund long-term observation beyond project cycles | Continuity and gap evidence |
| 区域组织 | How to share observing capacity across countries | Capacity and data flow evidence |
该主题产生的产出
- Observation gap maps for national waters and regions
- Readiness reviews of essential ocean variables
- Data flow reviews from platform to user
- Evidence notes for ocean observing investment
专家提出的问题。
- What is measured, where, how often and with what accuracy?
- Where are the gaps, by region, depth and variable, and how do they bias analysis?
- How are records from different instruments joined into consistent long series?
- Who owns and maintains observing 系统, and how secure is their funding?
- How quickly does data reach those who need it during an event?
The observing system and its gaps.
The global ocean observing system combines satellite missions for sea-surface height, temperature, colour, winds and sea ice with in-situ networks: autonomous profiling floats, moored buoys, drifters, tide gauges, research and volunteer ships, and gliders. Coastal observing adds high-frequency radar, nearshore buoys and water-quality sensors. Together they feed forecasts, climate records and hazard warnings.
Coverage is uneven. The deep ocean, polar seas, coastal zones of many lower-income countries and biological and biogeochemical variables are under-observed. Satellites see the surface, not the interior, and struggle close to the coast. Long records exist at few locations, which limits trend and extreme-value analysis. Many networks depend on research funding renewed over short cycles, so continuity is itself a risk.
Observation also has a human dimension. Fishers, coastal communities and citizen scientists record changes in species, water quality and shoreline position that formal networks miss, and such records, gathered with consent and quality control, can fill gaps at the scales where decisions are made.
方法及其局限。
Remote sensing
Altimetry, radiometry and ocean colour give global coverage of the surface, with reduced accuracy near coasts and under cloud.
Floats, buoys and gauges
Direct measurements of temperature, salinity, currents and sea level at points and profiles.
Reanalysis and assimilation
Models combine observations into gridded fields; where data are sparse, results lean on the model.
Limits: changes of instrument and method can create artificial shifts in records, and gridded products may look complete where few observations exist. Analysis should state which observations underlie a result.
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化；每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
What is Argo?
What are essential ocean variables?
Why does open ocean data matter?
Does the platform operate sensors?
Why are coastal zones poorly observed by satellites?
How are gaps represented in results?
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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