GCRI · Teknologi Kuantum
Komunikasi kuantum
Quantum communications use quantum states of light to distribute encryption keys with security rooted in physics, and in future to link quantum computers and sensors in networks. Quantum key distribution works over limited distances and needs dedicated hardware and trusted nodes today. This page sets out how quantum communications work, what they can and cannot secure, and what evidence serves the network operators and security agencies weighing them.
Quantum communications in seven parts.
- 01PertanyaannyaQuantum communications: how the risk develops
- 02Di seluruh domainQuantum communication touches the networks domains depend on
- 03IndikatorApa yang diukur, dan seberapa baik
- 04SumberDari mana bukti berasal
- 05KeputusanSiapa yang memutuskan, dan apa yang dilayani bukti
- 06Pertanyaan intiApa yang ditanyakan pakar
- 07MekanismeMekanisme dan pendorong
Quantum communications: how the risk develops.
Communications research and deployment limits. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Measurement reveals eavesdropping
In quantum key distribution, measuring a quantum state disturbs it, so an eavesdropper introduces detectable errors. Keys are kept only when error rates are low.
Distance is limited by loss
Photons are lost in fibre, limiting direct links. Longer networks use trusted relay nodes or satellites, each with security implications.
Implementations can be attacked
Real devices deviate from ideal theory. Side-channel attacks on detectors and sources have been demonstrated, so security depends on implementation and certification.
Quantum networks are early
Distributing entanglement between distant nodes needs quantum repeaters and memories, which are still in research.
Pelacak migrasi pasca-kuantum.
Layar yang akan digunakan sebuah tim untuk mengikuti subjek ini: ukuran, status, dan keputusannya. Nama adalah contoh dan nilai bersifat ilustratif.
Pelacak migrasi pasca-kuantum
Quantum communications · Crypto inventory · Wave 2
Migrasi
- Inventarissemua kripto
- Prioritaskanumur data
- Pilihalgoritma standar
- Penerapan hibridaklasik dan PQC
- Ujiinteroperabilitas
- Peralihanpensiunkan
Sistem menurut prioritas
| Penandatanganan arsip | RSA-2048 | 28 | Hibrida ML-DSA | Uji coba |
| Gerbang VPN | ECDH | 9 | Hibrida ML-KEM | Direncanakan |
| HSM pembayaran | RSA-3072 | 11 | Peta jalan vendor | Terhambat |
| Web TLS | ECDHE | 2 | Pertukaran kunci hibrida | Selesai |
Kemajuan
Quantum communication touches the networks domains depend on.
- EnergiKeterkaitanGrid control networks are candidate users of quantum key distribution.What to watchCost and range limits
- KesehatanKeterkaitanHealth networks weigh QKD against post-quantum cryptography.What to watchAgency guidance on QKD use
- AirKeterkaitanUtilities are more likely to migrate to post-quantum algorithms.What to watchAlgorithm migration plans
Communication studies are designed for the seri Teknologi Eksponensial. Standards work sits in ETSI’s QKD group and the ITU-T Y.3800 series; several national security agencies prefer post-quantum cryptography to QKD for most uses.
- Network trial reports.
- Security analyses of QKD implementations.
How quantum communications is modelled, measured and tested.
Model, asumsi, data, dan ketidakpastiannya, dalam bentuk yang akan diperiksa ilmuwan atau insinyur. Strukturnya mengikuti metode yang dipublikasikan. Nilai yang digambar bersifat ilustratif, bukan temuan.
Model sistem
The couplings between the systems in quantum communications: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
Apa yang diukur, dan seberapa baik.
Setiap indikator membawa satuan, frekuensi, jenis sumber di baliknya, dan label bukti yang akan dibawa suatu nilai. Tidak ada nilai yang ditampilkan: sebuah program menyediakannya berdasarkan wewenangnya sendiri.
| Indikator | Unit | Kadensi | Jenis sumber | Label |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| QKD link distance | kilometres | per demonstration | Published experiments | DILAPORKAN |
| Secret key rate | bits per second at a stated distance | per demonstration | Published experiments | DILAPORKAN |
| Deployed QKD network nodes | jumlah | tahunan | Operator and government reports | DILAPORKAN |
| Security evaluations completed for QKD products | jumlah | tahunan | Evaluation scheme records | Statistik terbitan |
| Quantum memory storage time | milliseconds | per experiment | Peer-reviewed results | TERAMATI |
| Satellite QKD demonstrations | jumlah | tahunan | Agency reports | DILAPORKAN |
Asal bukti.
Set data publik bernama dan catatan kelembagaan, masing-masing dengan kelas lisensinya. Sumber berdasarkan perjanjian hanya digunakan sesuai ketentuannya dan tidak pernah diterbitkan ulang.
| Sumber | Apa yang diberikannya | Kelas lisensi |
|---|---|---|
| ETSI ISG QKD specifications | Component, interface and security specifications | Public, ETSI terms |
| Seri ITU-T Y.3800 | Network recommendations for QKD | Public, ITU terms |
| National cyber agency positions on QKD | Agency views on QKD versus post-quantum cryptography | Public, terms per agency |
| EuroQCI programme documentation | European quantum communication infrastructure plans | Public, EU terms |
| Peer-reviewed quantum communication literature | Experimental results | Licence per article |
Siapa yang memutuskan, dan apa yang dilayani bukti.
Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| Siapa yang memutuskan | Pertanyaannya | Bukti yang dilayani halaman ini |
|---|---|---|
| Network operators | Whether QKD fits any of their links and threat models | Use comparisons; architecture reviews |
| National cyber agencies | What position to take on QKD for government use | Implementation security evidence |
| Penyandang dana penelitian | How to fund quantum network research | Progress on memories and repeaters |
Keluaran yang dihasilkan topik ini
- Comparisons of QKD and post-quantum cryptography for specific uses
- Network architecture reviews including trusted nodes
- Summaries of implementation security evidence
- Evidence notes for operators
Apa yang ditanyakan pakar.
Communications questions weigh physical security against practical limits.
- What security does quantum key distribution actually provide, and under what assumptions?
- How far can quantum signals travel through fibre or free space before they are lost?
- Do trusted relay nodes undermine end-to-end security?
- How do implementation flaws in real devices open side channels?
- How does quantum key distribution compare with post-quantum cryptography for a given use?
Mekanisme dan pendorong.
Quantum key distribution relies on the principle that measuring a quantum state disturbs it, so two parties can detect an eavesdropper and agree a secret key. The security of the ideal protocol rests on physics rather than on assumptions about computational difficulty. Real sistem, however, use imperfect sources and detectors, and several attacks have exploited those imperfections.
Photons are absorbed and scattered in fibre, which limits direct links to relatively short distances. Longer networks currently rely on trusted nodes, where the key is held in classical form and must be protected conventionally. Quantum repeaters, which would extend range without trusted nodes, remain a research goal. Satellites have been used to demonstrate links over long distances.
Cara hal ini dikaji, dan di mana batas metodenya.
| Metode atau data | Apa yang ditampilkannya | Batasan |
|---|---|---|
| Security proofs | Theoretical security of protocols | Proofs assume idealised devices |
| Implementation testing and quantum hacking research | Vulnerabilities in real equipment | Testing cannot prove the absence of flaws |
| Network trials | Performance, key rates and operations | Trials are limited in scale and duration |
| Comparative security assessment | When quantum or post-quantum approaches fit | Depends on threat model and system constraints |
Cara hal ini dikaji, dan apa yang tidak dapat dinyatakan metodenya.
- 01Komputasi, penginderaan, dan komunikasi kuantumTolok ukur yang dapat dibandingkan · Penilaian kesiapan teknologi · Pelacakan implikasi keamananDiterapkan di sini
- 02Fisika dan ilmu kuantumKarakterisasi derau qubit · Metrologi jam kuantum · Verifikasi efek kuantumDiterapkan di sini
- 03Keamanan siber dan kriptografiInventaris kriptografi · Prioritisasi migrasi · Tinjauan implementasi QKDDiterapkan di sini
Where this page’s references lead.
Badan dan dokumen yang menjadi acuan halaman ini. Status dan edisi berubah; setiap tautan menuju badan penerbitnya.
Tanya jawab.
What is quantum key distribution?
Is QKD unbreakable?
Should organisations use QKD or post-quantum cryptography?
Is quantum key distribution unbreakable?
Does quantum communication replace post-quantum cryptography?
What is a quantum internet?
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