Skip to content

GCRI · 양자기술

양자 통신

Quantum communications use quantum states of light to distribute encryption keys with security rooted in physics, and in future to link quantum computers and sensors in networks. Quantum key distribution works over limited distances and needs dedicated hardware and trusted nodes today. This page sets out how quantum communications work, what they can and cannot secure, and what evidence serves the network operators and security agencies weighing them.

02질문

Quantum communications: how the risk develops.

Communications research and deployment limits. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

메커니즘

Measurement reveals eavesdropping

In quantum key distribution, measuring a quantum state disturbs it, so an eavesdropper introduces detectable errors. Keys are kept only when error rates are low.

메커니즘

Distance is limited by loss

Photons are lost in fibre, limiting direct links. Longer networks use trusted relay nodes or satellites, each with security implications.

메커니즘

Implementations can be attacked

Real devices deviate from ideal theory. Side-channel attacks on detectors and sources have been demonstrated, so security depends on implementation and certification.

메커니즘

Quantum networks are early

Distributing entanglement between distant nodes needs quantum repeaters and memories, which are still in research.

03모니터링

양자 내성 전환 추적기.

팀이 이 주제를 따라가는 데 사용할 화면으로, 그 지표, 상태, 결정을 보여 줍니다. 이름은 예시이며 값은 설명용입니다.

양자 내성 전환 추적기

Quantum communications · Crypto inventory · Wave 2

위험에 처한 장수명 데이터GCRI · 양자기술

이주

  1. 목록모든 암호
  2. 우선순위 설정데이터 수명
  3. 선택표준 알고리즘
  4. 하이브리드 배치고전 암호와 PQC
  5. 시험상호운용
  6. 전환폐기

우선순위별 시스템

아카이브 서명RSA-204828ML-DSA 하이브리드시범 운영
VPN 게이트웨이ECDH9ML-KEM 하이브리드계획됨
결제 HSMRSA-307211공급업체 로드맵차단됨
Web TLSECDHE2하이브리드 키 교환완료

진행 상황

목록화됨, %70 of 100 required하이브리드 배치, %36 of 50 required퇴역, %2 of 25 required
Post-quantum migration tracker: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Quantum communications.예시 이름과 예시 값으로, 실제 기록이나 운영 중인 시스템이 아닌 설계안입니다.
04영역 전반

Quantum communication touches the networks domains depend on.

Communication studies are designed for the 기하급수적 기술 시리즈. Standards work sits in ETSI’s QKD group and the ITU-T Y.3800 series; several national security agencies prefer post-quantum cryptography to QKD for most uses.

  • Network trial reports.
  • Security analyses of QKD implementations.
05방법과 근거

How quantum communications is modelled, measured and tested.

모형, 그 가정, 데이터, 불확실성을 과학자나 엔지니어가 확인할 형태로 제시합니다. 구조는 발행된 방법을 따릅니다. 제시된 값은 예시이며 결과가 아닙니다.

시스템 모형

The couplings between the systems in quantum communications: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+양자사이버지역사회경제R 강화B 균형
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR 지침 원칙 · GO FAIR와 FORCE11W3C PROV · 월드 와이드 웹 컨소시엄불확실성의 일관된 처리에 관한 지침 · IPCCCEOS 분석 준비 데이터(Analysis Ready Data) · 지구관측위성위원회
06지표

측정되는 것과 그 정확도.

각 지표에는 단위, 주기, 그 뒤의 출처 종류, 값에 붙을 근거 표시가 있습니다. 값은 표시하지 않습니다. 값은 프로그램이 자체 권한으로 제공합니다.

지표단위주기출처 유형라벨
QKD link distancekilometresper demonstrationPublished experiments보고됨
Secret key ratebits per second at a stated distanceper demonstrationPublished experiments보고됨
Deployed QKD network nodes건수연간Operator and government reports보고됨
Security evaluations completed for QKD products건수연간Evaluation scheme records공표 통계
Quantum memory storage timemillisecondsper experimentPeer-reviewed results관측
Satellite QKD demonstrations건수연간Agency reports보고됨
07출처

근거의 출처.

이름이 명시된 공개 데이터셋과 기관 기록으로, 각각 라이선스 등급이 있습니다. 협약에 따른 출처는 그 조건에 따라서만 사용하며 결코 재게시하지 않습니다.

출처제공하는 것라이선스 등급
ETSI ISG QKD specificationsComponent, interface and security specificationsPublic, ETSI terms
ITU-T Y.3800 시리즈Network recommendations for QKDPublic, ITU terms
National cyber agency positions on QKDAgency views on QKD versus post-quantum cryptographyPublic, terms per agency
EuroQCI programme documentationEuropean quantum communication infrastructure plansPublic, EU terms
Peer-reviewed quantum communication literatureExperimental resultsLicence per article
08결정

누가 결정하며 근거는 무엇에 쓰이는지.

Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

결정 주체질문이 페이지가 제공하는 근거
Network operatorsWhether QKD fits any of their links and threat modelsUse comparisons; architecture reviews
National cyber agenciesWhat position to take on QKD for government useImplementation security evidence
연구 재원 제공 기관How to fund quantum network researchProgress on memories and repeaters

이 주제가 생산하는 산출물

  • Comparisons of QKD and post-quantum cryptography for specific uses
  • Network architecture reviews including trusted nodes
  • Summaries of implementation security evidence
  • Evidence notes for operators
09핵심 질문

전문가가 묻는 것.

Communications questions weigh physical security against practical limits.

  • What security does quantum key distribution actually provide, and under what assumptions?
  • How far can quantum signals travel through fibre or free space before they are lost?
  • Do trusted relay nodes undermine end-to-end security?
  • How do implementation flaws in real devices open side channels?
  • How does quantum key distribution compare with post-quantum cryptography for a given use?
10메커니즘

메커니즘과 동인.

Quantum key distribution relies on the principle that measuring a quantum state disturbs it, so two parties can detect an eavesdropper and agree a secret key. The security of the ideal protocol rests on physics rather than on assumptions about computational difficulty. Real 시스템, however, use imperfect sources and detectors, and several attacks have exploited those imperfections.

Photons are absorbed and scattered in fibre, which limits direct links to relatively short distances. Longer networks currently rely on trusted nodes, where the key is held in classical form and must be protected conventionally. Quantum repeaters, which would extend range without trusted nodes, remain a research goal. Satellites have been used to demonstrate links over long distances.

11방법과 데이터

연구되는 방식과 방법의 한계.

방법 또는 데이터표시 내용한계
Security proofsTheoretical security of protocolsProofs assume idealised devices
Implementation testing and quantum hacking researchVulnerabilities in real equipmentTesting cannot prove the absence of flaws
Network trialsPerformance, key rates and operationsTrials are limited in scale and duration
Comparative security assessmentWhen quantum or post-quantum approaches fitDepends on threat model and system constraints
12방법

연구되는 방식과 방법이 말할 수 없는 것.

  1. 양자 컴퓨팅, 센싱 및 통신비교 가능한 벤치마킹 · 기술 성숙도 평가 · 보안 영향 추적이곳에서의 적용
  2. 물리학과 양자과학큐비트 잡음 특성 분석 · 양자 시계 계측 · 양자 효과 검증이곳에서의 적용
  3. 사이버보안 및 암호학암호 자산 목록 · 전환 우선순위 설정 · QKD 구현 검토이곳에서의 적용
13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

이 페이지를 읽을 때 기준이 되는 기구와 문서. 상태와 판은 바뀌며, 각 링크는 발행 기구로 연결됩니다.

14질문

질문과 답변.

What is quantum key distribution?
A method of generating shared encryption keys using quantum states of light, where any eavesdropping introduces detectable errors.
Is QKD unbreakable?
Its theory offers strong guarantees, but real devices have imperfections that have been attacked. Security depends on implementation, evaluation and the trusted nodes used.
Should organisations use QKD or post-quantum cryptography?
Several national agencies recommend post-quantum cryptography for most uses. QKD may suit specific links. The choice depends on threat model and agency guidance.
Is quantum key distribution unbreakable?
The ideal protocol is secure under the laws of physics, but real systems have imperfections, and trusted nodes and authentication still rely on conventional security. Unbreakable is not an accurate description of deployed systems.
Does quantum communication replace post-quantum cryptography?
No. They address different needs. Many security authorities treat post-quantum cryptography as the primary migration route, with quantum key distribution suited to specific use cases.
What is a quantum internet?
A proposed network that would distribute entanglement between distant quantum devices. It remains a long-term research goal.
보고서기여하기

이 페이지에서 증거를 기여하십시오.

보고서 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRI양자기술기하급수 기술전망 보고
양자기술

방법, 데이터세트 또는 질문을 가져오십시오.

정보와 문의는 오늘부터 열려 있습니다. 문의에는 참조 번호가 부여되고 다음 단계가 안내됩니다. 신청, 결제, 컴퓨팅 할당, 등록은 해당 팀, 약관, 심사 역량이 갖추어졌을 때만 열립니다.