GCRI · تەکنەلۆجیاکانی کوانتەم
گەیاندنی کوانتەمی
Quantum communications use quantum states of light to distribute encryption keys with security rooted in physics, and in future to link quantum computers and sensors in networks. Quantum key distribution works over limited distances and needs dedicated hardware and trusted nodes today. This page sets out how quantum communications work, what they can and cannot secure, and what evidence serves the network operators and security agencies weighing them.
Quantum communications in seven parts.
- 01The questionQuantum communications: how the risk develops
- 02لە ناو بوارەکانQuantum communication touches the networks domains depend on
- 03نیشاندەرەکانWhat is measured, and how well
- 04سەرچاوەکانWhere the evidence comes from
- 05بڕیارەکانWho decides, and what the evidence serves
- 06Core questionsWhat experts ask
- 07MechanismsMechanisms and drivers
Quantum communications: how the risk develops.
Communications research and deployment limits. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Measurement reveals eavesdropping
In quantum key distribution, measuring a quantum state disturbs it, so an eavesdropper introduces detectable errors. Keys are kept only when error rates are low.
Distance is limited by loss
Photons are lost in fibre, limiting direct links. Longer networks use trusted relay nodes or satellites, each with security implications.
Implementations can be attacked
Real devices deviate from ideal theory. Side-channel attacks on detectors and sources have been demonstrated, so security depends on implementation and certification.
Quantum networks are early
Distributing entanglement between distant nodes needs quantum repeaters and memories, which are still in research.
شوێنکەوتکەری گواستنەوە بۆ دوای کوانتەم.
The screen a team would use to follow this subject: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.
شوێنکەوتکەری گواستنەوە بۆ دوای کوانتەم
Quantum communications · Crypto inventory · Wave 2
گواستنەوە
- لیستی موڵکهەموو کریپتۆ
- پێشەنگکردنتەمەنی داتا
- هەڵبژاردنئەلگۆریتمە ستانداردەکان
- دامەزراندنی تێکەڵکلاسیکی و PQC
- تاقیکردنەوەهاوکاریی لەیەکتر
- گۆڕین بۆ سیستەمی نوێکشانەوە لە کار
سیستەمەکان بەپێی پێشەنگی
| واژۆکردنی ئەرشیف | RSA-2048 | 28 | ML-DSA تێکەڵ | تاقیکاری |
| دەروازەی VPN | ECDH | 9 | ML-KEM تێکەڵ | پلاندارێژراو |
| HSM ی پارەدان | RSA-3072 | 11 | نەخشەڕێگای فرۆشیار | بەربەستکراو |
| Web TLS | ECDHE | 2 | ئاڵوگۆڕی کلیلی تێکەڵ | تەواو بوو |
پێشکەوتن
Quantum communication touches the networks domains depend on.
- وزەهاوبەستیGrid control networks are candidate users of quantum key distribution.What to watchCost and range limits
- تەندروستیهاوبەستیHealth networks weigh QKD against post-quantum cryptography.What to watchAgency guidance on QKD use
- ئاوهاوبەستیUtilities are more likely to migrate to post-quantum algorithms.What to watchAlgorithm migration plans
Communication studies are designed for the زنجیرەی Exponential Technology. Standards work sits in ETSI’s QKD group and the ITU-T Y.3800 series; several national security agencies prefer post-quantum cryptography to QKD for most uses.
- Network trial reports.
- Security analyses of QKD implementations.
How quantum communications is modelled, measured and tested.
مۆدێلەکە، گریمانەکانی، داتاکانی و نادڵنیاییەکەی، بەو شێوەیەی زانا یان ئەندازیارێک دەیپشکنێت. پێکهاتەکان ڕێگا بڵاوکراوەکان دەگرنەبەر. بەهاکانی کێشراو نموونەییە، نەک دۆزینەوە.
مۆدێلی سیستەم
The couplings between the systems in quantum communications: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
What is measured, and how well.
Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.
| Indicator | Unit | Cadence | Source type | ناونیشان |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| QKD link distance | kilometres | per demonstration | Published experiments | REPORTED |
| Secret key rate | bits per second at a stated distance | per demonstration | Published experiments | REPORTED |
| Deployed QKD network nodes | count | annual | Operator and government reports | REPORTED |
| Security evaluations completed for QKD products | count | annual | Evaluation scheme records | ئامارە بڵاوکراوەکان |
| Quantum memory storage time | milliseconds | per experiment | Peer-reviewed results | چاودێریکراو |
| Satellite QKD demonstrations | count | annual | Agency reports | REPORTED |
Where the evidence comes from.
Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.
| سەرچاوە | What it gives | Licence class |
|---|---|---|
| ETSI ISG QKD specifications | Component, interface and security specifications | Public, ETSI terms |
| زنجیرەی ITU-T Y.3800 | Network recommendations for QKD | Public, ITU terms |
| National cyber agency positions on QKD | Agency views on QKD versus post-quantum cryptography | Public, terms per agency |
| EuroQCI programme documentation | European quantum communication infrastructure plans | Public, EU terms |
| Peer-reviewed quantum communication literature | Experimental results | Licence per article |
Who decides, and what the evidence serves.
Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| کێ بڕیار دەدات | The question | Evidence this page serves |
|---|---|---|
| Network operators | Whether QKD fits any of their links and threat models | Use comparisons; architecture reviews |
| National cyber agencies | What position to take on QKD for government use | Implementation security evidence |
| Research funders | How to fund quantum network research | Progress on memories and repeaters |
Outputs this topic produces
- Comparisons of QKD and post-quantum cryptography for specific uses
- Network architecture reviews including trusted nodes
- Summaries of implementation security evidence
- Evidence notes for operators
What experts ask.
Communications questions weigh physical security against practical limits.
- What security does quantum key distribution actually provide, and under what assumptions?
- How far can quantum signals travel through fibre or free space before they are lost?
- Do trusted relay nodes undermine end-to-end security?
- How do implementation flaws in real devices open side channels?
- How does quantum key distribution compare with post-quantum cryptography for a given use?
Mechanisms and drivers.
Quantum key distribution relies on the principle that measuring a quantum state disturbs it, so two parties can detect an eavesdropper and agree a secret key. The security of the ideal protocol rests on physics rather than on assumptions about computational difficulty. Real سیستەمە, however, use imperfect sources and detectors, and several attacks have exploited those imperfections.
Photons are absorbed and scattered in fibre, which limits direct links to relatively short distances. Longer networks currently rely on trusted nodes, where the key is held in classical form and must be protected conventionally. Quantum repeaters, which would extend range without trusted nodes, remain a research goal. Satellites have been used to demonstrate links over long distances.
How it is studied, and where the methods stop.
| Method or data | What it shows | سنوورەکان |
|---|---|---|
| Security proofs | Theoretical security of protocols | Proofs assume idealised devices |
| Implementation testing and quantum hacking research | Vulnerabilities in real equipment | Testing cannot prove the absence of flaws |
| Network trials | Performance, key rates and operations | Trials are limited in scale and duration |
| Comparative security assessment | When quantum or post-quantum approaches fit | Depends on threat model and system constraints |
How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.
- 01کۆمپیوتەر، هەستکردن و پەیوەندیی کوانتەمیComparable benchmarking · Technology readiness assessment · Security implications trackingApplied here
- 02فیزیا و زانستی کوانتەمCharacterising qubit noise · Metrology of quantum clocks · Verifying quantum effectsApplied here
- 03ئاسایشی سایبەری و کریپتۆگرافیCryptographic inventory · Migration prioritisation · QKD implementation reviewApplied here
Where this page’s references lead.
ئەو لەش و بەڵگەنامانەی ئەم لاپەڕەیەیان لەگەڵ دەخوێنرێتەوە. دۆخ و وەشانەکان دەگۆڕێن؛ هەر بەستەرێک دەچێتە لای لەشی دەرکەر.
پرسیار و وەڵام.
What is quantum key distribution?
Is QKD unbreakable?
Should organisations use QKD or post-quantum cryptography?
Is quantum key distribution unbreakable?
Does quantum communication replace post-quantum cryptography?
What is a quantum internet?
لەم لاپەڕەیەوە بەڵگە پێشکەش بکە.
Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
- ئیمەیڵدەروازەی GW-GCRIلەم لاپەڕەیەوە بینێرەبەڵگە، ڕاستکردنەوە، بابەت، ڕێگا، پێداچوونەوە، وەرگێڕان یان تێکردنی پڕۆفایل. بە نیشانەی ئەم لاپەڕەیە دەگات، بۆ ئەوەی دەستکاریکەری خاوەنەکەی وەریبگرێت.
- Zenodoتەکیەی کراوەدایبنێ و بیدە بە کۆمەڵگاتۆماری خۆت لە Zenodo بە ORCID iD ی خۆت بڵاو بکەرەوە، پاشان لەوێ بیدە بە کۆمەڵگای Reports. سەرپەرشتیارەکان پێداچوونەوەی بۆ دەکەن؛ DOI هەر هی تۆیە.
- ReportsGCRIهەموو ڕێگاکانی بەشداری ببینەجۆرەکانی بەشداری، هەریەکە چۆن پێداچوونەوەی بۆ دەکرێت، چ ناوبردنێک وەردەگریت، مۆڵەتەکە و ئەوەی هەرگیز وەرناگیرێت.
هەرگیز داتای کەسی، وردەکاریی هەستیاری ژێرخان یان هیچ شتێک مەنێرە کە مافی بڵاوکردنەوەت نییە. بەشدارییەک پێش بەکارهێنان پێداچوونەوەی بۆ دەکرێت؛ ناردنی ماف نابەخشێت بە نووسەرایەتی یان بەڕێوەبردنی ڕاگەیاندن، و پاڵپشتی دارایی هەرگیز دۆزینەوەیەک ناکڕێت.
ڕێگایەک، کۆمەڵە داتایەک یان پرسیارێک بهێنە.
زانیاری و پرسیار ئەمڕۆ کراوەن. پرسیارێک ژمارەی ئاماژەی پێدەدرێت و هەنگاوی دواتر دیاری دەکات؛ داواکاری، پارەدان، تەرخانکردنی کۆمپیوتەر و تۆمارکردن تەنیا کاتێک دەکرێنەوە کە تیم، مەرج و توانای پێداچوونەوەیان هەبێت.
بەڵگەنامە یاساییەکان.
نەخشە، داتا و وێنەکانی ئەم ماڵپەڕە بۆ ناوەڕۆک و زانیاریی گشتی پیشان دراون. ئامۆژگاری، پێشبینی یان ئاگادارکردنەوە نین؛ سنوورەکانی زانیارییەکە لە ڕەتکردنەوەی بەرپرسیارێتی و ئاگاداریی داتادا دەستنیشان کراون.