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GCRI · 量子技術

量子通信

Quantum communications use quantum states of light to distribute encryption keys with security rooted in physics, and in future to link quantum computers and sensors in networks. Quantum key distribution works over limited distances and needs dedicated hardware and trusted nodes today. This page sets out how quantum communications work, what they can and cannot secure, and what evidence serves the network operators and security agencies weighing them.

02質問

Quantum communications: how the risk develops.

Communications research and deployment limits. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

メカニズム

Measurement reveals eavesdropping

In quantum key distribution, measuring a quantum state disturbs it, so an eavesdropper introduces detectable errors. Keys are kept only when error rates are low.

メカニズム

Distance is limited by loss

Photons are lost in fibre, limiting direct links. Longer networks use trusted relay nodes or satellites, each with security implications.

メカニズム

Implementations can be attacked

Real devices deviate from ideal theory. Side-channel attacks on detectors and sources have been demonstrated, so security depends on implementation and certification.

メカニズム

Quantum networks are early

Distributing entanglement between distant nodes needs quantum repeaters and memories, which are still in research.

03監視

耐量子計算機暗号への移行トラッカー。

このテーマを追跡するためにチームが使う画面:その指標、状態、決定。名前は例であり、値はイメージです。

ポスト量子移行追跡ツール

Quantum communications · Crypto inventory · Wave 2

リスクにさらされた長期保存データGCRI・量子技術

移住

  1. 目録暗号すべて
  2. 優先順位をつけるデータの寿命
  3. 選択する標準アルゴリズム
  4. ハイブリッド展開従来型と PQC
  5. 試験相互運用性
  6. 切り替え退役

優先度別のシステム

アーカイブの署名RSA-204828ML-DSA ハイブリッド試験運用
VPN ゲートウェイECDH9ML-KEM ハイブリッド計画中
決済 HSMRSA-307211ベンダーのロードマップ阻害中
Web TLSECDHE2ハイブリッド鍵交換完了

進捗

棚卸し済み、%70 of 100 requiredハイブリッド導入済み、%36 of 50 required退役、%2 of 25 required
Post-quantum migration tracker: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Quantum communications.例示の名称と説明用の値です。設計であり、記録でも稼働中のシステムでもありません。
04分野を横断して

Quantum communication touches the networks domains depend on.

Communication studies are designed for the Exponential Technology series. Standards work sits in ETSI’s QKD group and the ITU-T Y.3800 series; several national security agencies prefer post-quantum cryptography to QKD for most uses.

  • Network trial reports.
  • Security analyses of QKD implementations.
05手法とエビデンス

How quantum communications is modelled, measured and tested.

モデル、その仮定、データ、不確実性を、科学者やエンジニアが確認する形で示します。構造は公表された手法に従っています。描かれた値は例示であり、知見ではありません。

システム・モデル

The couplings between the systems in quantum communications: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+量子サイバーコミュニティ経済R 自己強化B バランス
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR 原則・GO FAIR と FORCE11W3C PROV・World Wide Web Consortium不確実性の一貫した扱いに関するガイダンス・IPCCCEOS 解析即応データ・地球観測衛星委員会
06指標

何を、どの程度うまく測定しているか。

各指標には、その単位、更新頻度、背後にある出典の種類、値が持つことになるエビデンスのラベルが付いています。値は表示しません:プログラムが自らの権限のもとで値を提供します。

指標単位周期出典の種類ラベル
QKD link distancekilometresper demonstrationPublished experiments報告値
Secret key ratebits per second at a stated distanceper demonstrationPublished experiments報告値
Deployed QKD network nodes件数年次Operator and government reports報告値
Security evaluations completed for QKD products件数年次Evaluation scheme records公表統計
Quantum memory storage timemillisecondsper experimentPeer-reviewed results観測
Satellite QKD demonstrations件数年次Agency reports報告値
07出典

エビデンスの出所。

名前の明示された公開データセットと機関の記録。それぞれにライセンス区分があります。合意に基づく出典は、その条件のもとでのみ使用し、再公開することはありません。

出典提供するものライセンス区分
ETSI ISG QKD specificationsComponent, interface and security specificationsPublic, ETSI terms
ITU-T Y.3800 シリーズNetwork recommendations for QKDPublic, ITU terms
National cyber agency positions on QKDAgency views on QKD versus post-quantum cryptographyPublic, terms per agency
EuroQCI programme documentationEuropean quantum communication infrastructure plansPublic, EU terms
Peer-reviewed quantum communication literatureExperimental resultsLicence per article
08決定

誰が決め、エビデンスが何に役立つか。

Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

誰が決定するか質問このページが提供するエビデンス
Network operatorsWhether QKD fits any of their links and threat modelsUse comparisons; architecture reviews
National cyber agenciesWhat position to take on QKD for government useImplementation security evidence
研究資金提供者How to fund quantum network researchProgress on memories and repeaters

このトピックが生み出す成果物

  • Comparisons of QKD and post-quantum cryptography for specific uses
  • Network architecture reviews including trusted nodes
  • Summaries of implementation security evidence
  • Evidence notes for operators
09中核となる問い

専門家が問うこと。

Communications questions weigh physical security against practical limits.

  • What security does quantum key distribution actually provide, and under what assumptions?
  • How far can quantum signals travel through fibre or free space before they are lost?
  • Do trusted relay nodes undermine end-to-end security?
  • How do implementation flaws in real devices open side channels?
  • How does quantum key distribution compare with post-quantum cryptography for a given use?
10メカニズム

メカニズムと要因。

Quantum key distribution relies on the principle that measuring a quantum state disturbs it, so two parties can detect an eavesdropper and agree a secret key. The security of the ideal protocol rests on physics rather than on assumptions about computational difficulty. Real システム, however, use imperfect sources and detectors, and several attacks have exploited those imperfections.

Photons are absorbed and scattered in fibre, which limits direct links to relatively short distances. Longer networks currently rely on trusted nodes, where the key is held in classical form and must be protected conventionally. Quantum repeaters, which would extend range without trusted nodes, remain a research goal. Satellites have been used to demonstrate links over long distances.

11手法とデータ

どのように研究され、手法がどこで止まるか。

手法またはデータ表示内容限界
Security proofsTheoretical security of protocolsProofs assume idealised devices
Implementation testing and quantum hacking researchVulnerabilities in real equipmentTesting cannot prove the absence of flaws
Network trialsPerformance, key rates and operationsTrials are limited in scale and duration
Comparative security assessmentWhen quantum or post-quantum approaches fitDepends on threat model and system constraints
12手法

どのように研究され、手法が言えないことは何か。

  1. 量子コンピューティング、センシング、通信比較可能なベンチマーク · 技術成熟度の評価 · セキュリティへの影響の追跡ここでの適用
  2. 物理学と量子科学量子ビットのノイズの特性評価 · 量子時計の計測学 · 量子効果の検証ここでの適用
  3. サイバーセキュリティと暗号暗号目録 · 移行の優先順位づけ · QKD 実装のレビューここでの適用
13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

このページの読解の基準となる機関と文書。状態と版は変わります。各リンクは発行機関へ移動します。

14質問

質問と回答。

What is quantum key distribution?
A method of generating shared encryption keys using quantum states of light, where any eavesdropping introduces detectable errors.
Is QKD unbreakable?
Its theory offers strong guarantees, but real devices have imperfections that have been attacked. Security depends on implementation, evaluation and the trusted nodes used.
Should organisations use QKD or post-quantum cryptography?
Several national agencies recommend post-quantum cryptography for most uses. QKD may suit specific links. The choice depends on threat model and agency guidance.
Is quantum key distribution unbreakable?
The ideal protocol is secure under the laws of physics, but real systems have imperfections, and trusted nodes and authentication still rely on conventional security. Unbreakable is not an accurate description of deployed systems.
Does quantum communication replace post-quantum cryptography?
No. They address different needs. Many security authorities treat post-quantum cryptography as the primary migration route, with quantum key distribution suited to specific use cases.
What is a quantum internet?
A proposed network that would distribute entanglement between distant quantum devices. It remains a long-term research goal.
報告書貢献する

このページからエビデンスを提供する。

報告書 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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量子技術

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