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GCRI · Tecnologias quânticas

Comunicações quânticas

Quantum communications use quantum states of light to distribute encryption keys with security rooted in physics, and in future to link quantum computers and sensors in networks. Quantum key distribution works over limited distances and needs dedicated hardware and trusted nodes today. This page sets out how quantum communications work, what they can and cannot secure, and what evidence serves the network operators and security agencies weighing them.

02A pergunta

Quantum communications: how the risk develops.

Communications research and deployment limits. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mecanismo

Measurement reveals eavesdropping

In quantum key distribution, measuring a quantum state disturbs it, so an eavesdropper introduces detectable errors. Keys are kept only when error rates are low.

Mecanismo

Distance is limited by loss

Photons are lost in fibre, limiting direct links. Longer networks use trusted relay nodes or satellites, each with security implications.

Mecanismo

Implementations can be attacked

Real devices deviate from ideal theory. Side-channel attacks on detectors and sources have been demonstrated, so security depends on implementation and certification.

Mecanismo

Quantum networks are early

Distributing entanglement between distant nodes needs quantum repeaters and memories, which are still in research.

03Monitoramento

Acompanhamento da migração pós-quântica.

A tela que uma equipe usaria para acompanhar esta matéria: suas medidas, estados e decisões. Os nomes são exemplos e os valores são ilustrativos.

Acompanhamento da migração pós-quântica

Quantum communications · Crypto inventory · Wave 2

Dados de longa duração em riscoGCRI · Tecnologias quânticas

Migração

  1. Inventáriotoda a criptografia
  2. Priorizarvida útil dos dados
  3. Selecionaralgoritmos padrão
  4. Implantação híbridaclássica e PQC
  5. Testarinteroperabilidade
  6. Migrardesativar

Sistemas por prioridade

Assinatura de arquivosRSA-204828ML-DSA híbridoEm piloto
Gateway VPNECDH9ML-KEM híbridoPlanejado
HSM de pagamentosRSA-307211Roteiro do fornecedorBloqueado
TLS webECDHE2Troca de chaves híbridaConcluído

Progresso

Inventariados, %70 of 100 requiredHíbrido implementado, %36 of 50 requiredRetirados, %2 of 25 required
Post-quantum migration tracker: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Quantum communications.Nomes de exemplo e valores ilustrativos; um projeto, não um registro nem um sistema ativo.
04Em todos os domínios

Quantum communication touches the networks domains depend on.

Communication studies are designed for the série Exponential Technology. Standards work sits in ETSI’s QKD group and the ITU-T Y.3800 series; several national security agencies prefer post-quantum cryptography to QKD for most uses.

  • Network trial reports.
  • Security analyses of QKD implementations.
05Métodos e evidência

How quantum communications is modelled, measured and tested.

O modelo, os seus pressupostos, os seus dados e a sua incerteza, na forma que um cientista ou engenheiro verificaria. As estruturas seguem métodos publicados. Os valores representados são ilustrativos, não conclusões.

Modelo de sistema

The couplings between the systems in quantum communications: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+QuânticaCibernéticaComunidadesEconomiaR de reforçoB equilíbrio
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Princípios orientadores FAIR · GO FAIR e FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientação sobre o tratamento consistente das incertezas · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
06Indicadores

O que é medido e com que qualidade.

Cada indicador leva sua unidade, sua periodicidade, o tipo de fonte por trás dele e a etiqueta de evidência que um valor levaria. Nenhum valor é mostrado: um programa os fornece sob sua própria autoridade.

IndicadorUnidadeCadênciaTipo de fonteRótulo
QKD link distancekilometresper demonstrationPublished experimentsREPORTADO
Secret key ratebits per second at a stated distanceper demonstrationPublished experimentsREPORTADO
Deployed QKD network nodescontagemanualOperator and government reportsREPORTADO
Security evaluations completed for QKD productscontagemanualEvaluation scheme recordsEstatísticas publicadas
Quantum memory storage timemillisecondsper experimentPeer-reviewed resultsOBSERVADO
Satellite QKD demonstrationscontagemanualAgency reportsREPORTADO
07Fontes

De onde vêm as evidências.

Conjuntos de dados públicos nomeados e registros institucionais, cada um com sua classe de licença. As fontes obtidas por acordo só são usadas nos seus termos e nunca são republicadas.

FonteO que ofereceClasse de licença
ETSI ISG QKD specificationsComponent, interface and security specificationsPublic, ETSI terms
Série UIT-T Y.3800Network recommendations for QKDPublic, ITU terms
National cyber agency positions on QKDAgency views on QKD versus post-quantum cryptographyPublic, terms per agency
EuroQCI programme documentationEuropean quantum communication infrastructure plansPublic, EU terms
Peer-reviewed quantum communication literatureExperimental resultsLicence per article
08Decisões

Quem decide, e a que servem as evidências.

Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Quem decideA perguntaEvidências a que esta página serve
Network operatorsWhether QKD fits any of their links and threat modelsUse comparisons; architecture reviews
National cyber agenciesWhat position to take on QKD for government useImplementation security evidence
Financiadores de pesquisaHow to fund quantum network researchProgress on memories and repeaters

Produtos que este tema gera

  • Comparisons of QKD and post-quantum cryptography for specific uses
  • Network architecture reviews including trusted nodes
  • Summaries of implementation security evidence
  • Evidence notes for operators
09Questões centrais

O que os especialistas perguntam.

Communications questions weigh physical security against practical limits.

  • What security does quantum key distribution actually provide, and under what assumptions?
  • How far can quantum signals travel through fibre or free space before they are lost?
  • Do trusted relay nodes undermine end-to-end security?
  • How do implementation flaws in real devices open side channels?
  • How does quantum key distribution compare with post-quantum cryptography for a given use?
10Mecanismos

Mecanismos e fatores.

Quantum key distribution relies on the principle that measuring a quantum state disturbs it, so two parties can detect an eavesdropper and agree a secret key. The security of the ideal protocol rests on physics rather than on assumptions about computational difficulty. Real sistemas, however, use imperfect sources and detectors, and several attacks have exploited those imperfections.

Photons are absorbed and scattered in fibre, which limits direct links to relatively short distances. Longer networks currently rely on trusted nodes, where the key is held in classical form and must be protected conventionally. Quantum repeaters, which would extend range without trusted nodes, remain a research goal. Satellites have been used to demonstrate links over long distances.

11Métodos e dados

Como é estudado e onde param os métodos.

Método ou dadosO que mostraLimites
Security proofsTheoretical security of protocolsProofs assume idealised devices
Implementation testing and quantum hacking researchVulnerabilities in real equipmentTesting cannot prove the absence of flaws
Network trialsPerformance, key rates and operationsTrials are limited in scale and duration
Comparative security assessmentWhen quantum or post-quantum approaches fitDepends on threat model and system constraints
12Métodos

Como é estudado e o que os métodos não podem dizer.

  1. Computação, sensoriamento e comunicação quânticosBenchmarking comparável · Avaliação da maturidade tecnológica · Acompanhamento das implicações de segurançaAplicado aqui
  2. Física e ciência quânticaCaracterização do ruído dos qubits · Metrologia de relógios quânticos · Verificação de efeitos quânticosAplicado aqui
  3. Cibersegurança e criptografiaInventário criptográfico · Priorização da migração · Avaliação da implementação de QKDAplicado aqui
13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Os organismos e documentos à luz dos quais esta página é lida. O estado e as edições mudam; cada ligação leva ao organismo emissor.

14Perguntas

Perguntas e respostas.

What is quantum key distribution?
A method of generating shared encryption keys using quantum states of light, where any eavesdropping introduces detectable errors.
Is QKD unbreakable?
Its theory offers strong guarantees, but real devices have imperfections that have been attacked. Security depends on implementation, evaluation and the trusted nodes used.
Should organisations use QKD or post-quantum cryptography?
Several national agencies recommend post-quantum cryptography for most uses. QKD may suit specific links. The choice depends on threat model and agency guidance.
Is quantum key distribution unbreakable?
The ideal protocol is secure under the laws of physics, but real systems have imperfections, and trusted nodes and authentication still rely on conventional security. Unbreakable is not an accurate description of deployed systems.
Does quantum communication replace post-quantum cryptography?
No. They address different needs. Many security authorities treat post-quantum cryptography as the primary migration route, with quantum key distribution suited to specific use cases.
What is a quantum internet?
A proposed network that would distribute entanglement between distant quantum devices. It remains a long-term research goal.
RelatóriosContribuir

Contribua com evidências a partir desta página.

Relatórios is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRITecnologias quânticasTecnologia exponencialPanorama prospectivo
Tecnologias quânticas

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