Skip to content

GCRI · 系统性风险管理

级联与相互依存

系统性风险 arises when 系统 depend on one another, so that a failure in one travels into others: a power outage stops water pumping, a port closure stalls manufacturing, a 网络事件 halts payments. Cascades can amplify a modest shock into a large loss, or be absorbed by buffers and substitutes. This page sets out how cascades develop and propagate, how dependencies are mapped, and what the evidence serves for those responsible for connected systems.

01登记

Cascades and interdependence on the record.

02问题

Cascades and interdependence: how the risk develops.

Network, common-cause and correlated failures. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Failure propagates through dependency

When one system supplies another with power, data, materials or services, its failure removes an input the second system needs. Each link adds a path, and paths combine into chains that cross sectors and borders.

机制

Buffers set the timing

Stocks, backup generation, redundant routes and spare staff delay the effect of a lost input. The cascade arrives when the first buffer runs out, which can be hours or months after the trigger.

机制

Concentration creates single points

Where many 系统 rely on the same supplier, hub, cloud region or chokepoint, one failure reaches all of them at once. Concentration often grows unseen because each dependent made a reasonable choice alone.

机制

Feedback amplifies the loss

Losses can feed back: an outage reduces revenue, which cuts maintenance, which raises the chance of the next outage. Reinforcing loops turn a contained event into a longer and wider one.

03地理

亚洲的危害与暴露。

Population density, flood water and night lights over Asia, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页面的危害与暴露

关于本图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
提供方
NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星探测;云层造成缺口。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层和过境时间造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 375 米(FIRMS)(NASA LANCE FIRMS)
提供方
NASA LANCE FIRMS
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层和过境时间造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星热点探测结果,包括天然气火炬和工业热源;并非已确认的火情、事件报告或预警。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(持续云层仍会造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3,8 天(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
8 天;卫星 8 天合成;持续云层仍会造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-09-14
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
截至所示日期的 8 天内地表的卫星皮肤温度,是高温风险暴露指标;不是气温、热指数,也不是高温预警。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

危害与风险暴露,以亚洲为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · 美国地质调查局 · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • NASA 资源管理火灾信息系统(FIRMS),VIIRS 375 m 活跃火点产品,NASA LANCE;矢量瓦片来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 河流流量预报,30天及区间(GloFAS,经Open-Meteo):包含经修改的Copernicus Emergency Management Service 2026年信息;非洪水警报。
  • 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
  • 可选图层(图层列表中有 11 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报是模型输出,派生指数是估计值。

图层与日期

  • 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
  • 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 活跃火点与热异常:VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m(FIRMS),NASA LANCE FIRMS · 2026年10月13日
  • 地表温度,日间,8 天合成:VIIRS NOAA-20 3 级产品,8 天,NASA LANCE · 2026年9月14日

04跨领域

The cascades this topic studies run through the five domains.

Cascade analyses are designed for the 情景与压力测试系列. Interdependency classes follow Rinaldi and colleagues (2001), and propagation models would carry model cards under NS-12 of the proposed Nexus Standards.

  • Documented cascades with a source for every step.
  • Permitted dependency data for a city or sector.
05孪生与级联模拟器

Model cascades and interdependence as a system. Run the cascade.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 全球与系统性风险: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

  • 溃坝
  • 金融传染
  • 河流洪水 (在下游引发)
  • Flash flood (set off downstream)
  • 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)
  • 大范围停电(在下游引发)
  • 供水短缺(在下游引发)
  • Sovereign debt crisis (set off downstream)
  • Currency crisis (set off downstream)

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-10 政策和条款(机器可读的义务:定义、约束、评估和执行)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NS-14 符合性及与外部标准的对照
  • NRS-H120 危害族:互联系统的结构性脆弱(NHS-1 sys.fragility)
  • NRS-C6 系统性风险与级联风险
  • NRS-H61 危害族:级联失效(NHS-1 sys.cascade)
  • NRS-H62 危害类别:复合与多危害事件(NHS-1 sys.compound)
  • NRS-H94 危害族:系统性网络事件(NHS-1 cyber.systemic-cyber)
  • NRS-H60 危害类别:供应链与流动中断(NHS-1 sys.supply-chain)

观测

  • INFORM Risk Index(仅列作参考)
  • World Bank Open Data 和 World Development Indicators API(仅列作参考)
  • IMF 数据服务(WEO、IFS、FSI,通过 SDMX)(仅列作参考)
  • 灾害造成的直接经济损失与全球国内生产总值之比
  • 宏观经济仪表板

示例地理范围

  • 孟加拉国:134 个六边形单元
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
  • 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
  • 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
  • 地表土壤湿度(SMAP),NASA GIBS
06指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
Mapped critical dependenciescount of supplier and service dependencies recorded年度Dependency inventories已声明
Single points of failurecount of dependencies without a substitute年度依赖分析估算
Buffer endurancehours or days of operation after loss of an inputper assetContinuity plans and asset records已声明
供应商集中度Herfindahl-Hirschman index of spend or volume年度Procurement records观测
Cascade depth in scenariosnumber of 系统 affected downstreamper scenarioInterdependency models模型生成
Restoration sequence timehours to restore dependent services每个事件Incident and restoration records观测
07方法与证据

How cascades and interdependence is modelled, measured and tested.

模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。

系统模型

The couplings between the systems in cascades and interdependence: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+风险管理方法社区经济R 增强B 平衡
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR 指导原则 · GO FAIR 和 FORCE11W3C PROV · 万维网联盟关于一致处理不确定性的指南 · IPCCCEOS 分析就绪数据 · 地球观测卫星委员会
08来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
Incident reports from infrastructure operators and regulatorsDocumented failures with their causes and downstream effects公共记录,条款因发布方而异
UNDRR《全球评估报告》Analysis of systemic and 级联风险 across sectors and scales公开,联合国使用条款
OECD national supply and use tables and Inter-Country Input-Output tablesEconomic dependencies between industries and countriesOpen, OECD terms of use
Grid and network operator outage databasesRecords of outages, duration and customers affectedPublic summaries; full data by agreement (to check)
Academic interdependency case librariesReconstructed cascades from past events, with methods describedLicence per publication
09决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

系统性风险 Management prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Infrastructure operatorsWhich upstream dependencies need backup, diversification or contractual protectionDependency maps; single points of failure; buffer endurance
Emergency management agenciesWhich services must be restored first after a widespread outageRestoration sequences; cascade scenarios with timing
Sector regulators and competition authoritiesWhether concentration in a shared provider needs oversightConcentration analysis with its data gaps stated
Treasury and planning ministriesWhere public investment in redundancy reduces the most shared exposureCascade depth in scenarios; restoration evidence

该主题产生的产出

  • Dependency maps across energy, water, communications, transport and finance
  • Cascade scenarios with buffers and timing stated
  • Concentration analysis of shared suppliers, hubs and providers
  • Restoration sequencing notes for interdependent services
10核心问题

What cascade analysts ask.

  • Which components, if they failed, would cause the widest loss across the system?
  • Which apparently independent risks are in fact correlated through a common cause?
  • Where are the feedback loops that could amplify a shock rather than damp it?
  • How close is the system to a threshold beyond which recovery becomes much harder?
11机制

How cascades work.

In a network, each node carries load or provides service to others. When a node fails, its load shifts to neighbours. If they are close to capacity, they fail too, and the cascade continues until the remaining system can carry the load or the network fragments. Highly connected hubs make networks robust to random failures but vulnerable to targeted or hub failures.

Common-cause failure defeats redundancy. Two backup 系统 that share a power supply, a software version, a supplier or a location may fail together. Correlation often rises under stress: assets, markets and infrastructures that move independently in normal times move together in a crisis. Feedback loops, such as forced selling or panic buying, can turn a moderate shock into a severe one.

12方法与局限

How cascades are analysed.

  1. 01

    Network models

    网络科学与传染 models simulate how failures spread across a mapped network. They depend on knowing the network, which is often partial.

  2. 02

    Fault and causal networks

    Fault trees and Bayesian networks represent how combinations of failures lead to outcomes. They capture common causes when those causes are known.

  3. 03

    Dependence modelling

    Statistical models of joint extremes, from 概率与统计, capture tail dependence. Data on joint extremes is scarce by nature.

  4. 04

    Agent-based models

    Simulate behaviour of many interacting actors. They are useful for insight but hard to validate.

13方法

如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。

  1. 网络科学与传染依赖网络映射 · 中心性与集中度 · 失效传播模拟在此应用
  2. 情景设计与压力测试跨部门情景设计 · 反向压力测试 · 二轮效应在此应用
  3. 可靠性与韧性工程冗余与多样性设计 · 平稳降级规划 · 恢复时间分析在此应用
  4. 概率与统计频率与严重度建模 · 风险之间的相依性 · 数据与判断的结合在此应用
  5. 不确定性量化与模型验证输入不确定性的传播 · 区分不确定性的类型 · 深度不确定性框架在此应用
16问题

问题与解答。

What is a cascading failure?
A failure in one part of a system, or in one system, that causes failures in other parts or other systems that depend on it, sometimes repeatedly and across sectors.
What is the difference between systemic and cascading risk?
Cascading risk describes the chain of effects from one failure. Systemic risk is broader: it arises from the structure of a whole system, including its dependencies, concentration and feedbacks, and can threaten the functioning of the system itself.
Can cascades be predicted?
Their paths can be explored with dependency maps and scenarios, which shows where they are likely to travel. The timing and size of a specific cascade remain uncertain.
Is redundancy enough to prevent cascades?
Not if redundant components share a cause of failure. Diversity and separation matter as much as duplication.
Why do correlations rise in a crisis?
Because common drivers, such as liquidity needs, shared hazards or panic, dominate under stress and push many components in the same direction.
报告贡献

从本页贡献证据。

报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRI系统性风险管理情景与压力测试方法与技术组合与准备度
系统性风险管理

带来一种方法、一个数据集或一个问题。

信息和咨询现已开放。每项咨询都会获得一个编号,并告知下一步;申请、付款、算力分配和注册只有在相应团队、条款和审查能力就绪时才会开放。