GCRI · 系统性风险管理
情景与压力测试
A 压力测试 asks what happens to an organisation, system or plan under a severe but plausible event, before a real shock answers the question. Scenarios describe how such events might unfold; stress tests measure the effect on capital, capacity, services or people. This page sets out how scenarios are designed, how stress tests propagate shocks through dependencies, and how results serve the boards, ministries and supervisors that must act on them.
Scenario and stress testing: how the risk develops.
Challenging plans and assumptions. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Scenarios set the question
A scenario fixes the trigger, its severity, its timing and the conditions around it. Choosing only familiar or mild scenarios produces reassuring results that say little about real vulnerability.
Shocks travel through the model
The stress spreads through dependencies represented in the test: suppliers, counterparties, infrastructure and staff. What the model leaves out cannot fail, so omissions bias results toward resilience.
Responses change the outcome
Institutions react during a crisis by selling assets, cutting services or drawing on reserves, and those reactions affect others. Tests that hold behaviour fixed miss these second-round effects.
Reverse tests find breaking points
Reverse stress testing starts from failure and asks which combinations of events would cause it. It reveals vulnerabilities that forward scenarios chosen in advance may never reach.
亚洲的危害与暴露。
Daytime surface heat, population density and flood water over Asia, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页面的危害与暴露
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测(持续云层仍会造成缺口)
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3,8 天(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 8 天;卫星 8 天合成;持续云层仍会造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-09-14
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 截至所示日期的 8 天内地表的卫星皮肤温度,是高温风险暴露指标;不是气温、热指数,也不是高温预警。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- 世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
- 提供方
- NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
- 许可协议
- CC BY 4.0
- 年份版本
- null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层造成缺口)
- 来源
- VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星探测;云层造成缺口。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- GPM IMERG(NASA GES DISC)
- 提供方
- NASA GES DISC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;近实时卫星估算
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 2 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 近实时卫星估算。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
键盘操作,地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。
危害与风险暴露,以亚洲为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。
数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · 美国地质调查局 · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- GPM IMERG 降水,NASA 降水处理系统;由 NASA 戈达德地球科学数据和信息服务中心(GES DISC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- GHRSST Level 4 MUR 分析,NASA 喷气推进实验室;由 NASA 物理海洋学 DAAC(PO.DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
- Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 河流流量预报,30天及区间(GloFAS,经Open-Meteo):包含经修改的Copernicus Emergency Management Service 2026年信息;非洪水警报。
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层(图层列表中有 11 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报是模型输出,派生指数是估计值。
图层与日期
- 地表温度,日间,8 天合成:VIIRS NOAA-20 3 级产品,8 天,NASA LANCE · 2026年9月14日
- 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
- 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
- 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 降水率,日均值:GPM IMERG,NASA GES DISC · 2026年10月12日
- 海面温度距平:GHRSST MUR25,NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2026年10月12日
Stress tests that cross domains test the joins, not the parts.
- 能源耦合Energy price and supply shocks are standard stress cases.What to watchFuel and power supply assumptions
- 食品耦合Export restrictions and price spikes test import-dependent food systems.What to watchImport dependence and stocks
- 水耦合Multi-year drought tests water, power and farm systems together.What to watchDrought duration in the scenario
Scenario work is designed for the 情景与压力测试系列, always labelled as scenario evidence. Financial supervisors use the NGFS scenarios for climate stress testing; national cross-sector tests need storylines built with each sector’s experts.
- Storylines with the assumptions each sector’s experts checked.
- Results of past stress tests a public body has published.
存量、流量、延迟和一个临界阈值。
两个存量,即压力和 适应能力,由一个增强型增长回路、一个延迟的平衡响应以及压力超过能力时的损害连接在一起;越过阈值后,系统可能发生突变。这是带有说明性取值的教学模型,不是预测。本页地图显示亚洲;模型本身并不绑定某个地点。
控制措施
- 压力增长
- 每年 6.0%
- 能力在降低压力方面的效力
- 每年 4.0%
- 对感知压力的投资响应
- 20%
- 感知延迟
- 4.0 年
- 压力的临界阈值
- 60 项指数
- 越过阈值后的放大
- 2.0 倍
- 模拟年数
- 50 年
读数
- 峰值压力
- 113 指数
- 期末能力
- 186 指数
- 超过阈值的年数
- 15.8 年
数字、方法与来源
| 年份 | 压力 | 能力 | 感知 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 20.0 | 50.0 | 20.0 |
| 4 | 23.3 | 44.9 | 21.2 |
| 8 | 27.2 | 42.2 | 24.0 |
| 12 | 31.7 | 42.3 | 27.7 |
| 16 | 36.8 | 45.5 | 32.2 |
| 20 | 42.3 | 51.5 | 37.2 |
| 24 | 47.9 | 60.3 | 42.6 |
| 28 | 53.2 | 71.3 | 48.0 |
| 32 | 57.8 | 84.3 | 53.1 |
| 36 | 66.4 | 98.4 | 58.4 |
| 40 | 82.7 | 115.9 | 69.7 |
| 44 | 97.8 | 139.7 | 83.8 |
| 48 | 109.1 | 169.4 | 97.3 |
方法
- 系统动力学 Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics
- 临界转变与临界点 Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461
- 因果回路图 Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill
- 不确定性扇形图(参数蒙特卡罗) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
- 单因素敏感性(龙卷风图) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley
数据
No observed data enters this model: it runs on the teaching values set by the controls, to be replaced with a programme’s own evidence.
贯穿六大支柱,由 Nexus Consortium 牵头
- 实验 实验室
- 构建于 Foundry 中的系统性风险管理
- 检验地点 Universe 中的系统性风险管理
- 编入 Standards 中的系统性风险
- 发表于 Reports 中的系统性风险管理
- 授课于 Academy 中的风险科学与方法学院
衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scenarios tested per cycle | count by hazard type | 年度 | Stress testing programme records | 已报告 |
| Capacity or capital shortfall under stress | units of the tested resource | per scenario | Stress test outputs | 模型生成 |
| Time to breach a critical threshold | 天 | per scenario | Stress test outputs | 模型生成 |
| Dependencies represented in the test | percent of mapped critical dependencies | per test | Test design documentation | 已声明 |
| Actions taken after the test | count of management actions recorded | 年度 | Follow-up records | 已报告 |
| Reverse stress test conditions identified | count of failure conditions | per test | Reverse stress test records | 模型生成 |
Model scenario and stress testing as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 全球与系统性风险: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-3风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)NS-9情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)NS-10政策和条款(机器可读的义务:定义、约束、评估和执行)NS-11验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)NS-14符合性及与外部标准的对照NRS-H120危害族:互联系统的结构性脆弱(NHS-1 sys.fragility)NRS-C6系统性风险与级联风险NRS-H61危害族:级联失效(NHS-1 sys.cascade)NRS-H62危害类别:复合与多危害事件(NHS-1 sys.compound)NRS-H94危害族:系统性网络事件(NHS-1 cyber.systemic-cyber)NRS-H60危害类别:供应链与流动中断(NHS-1 sys.supply-chain)
观测
- INFORM Risk Index(仅列作参考)
- World Bank Open Data 和 World Development Indicators API(仅列作参考)
- IMF 数据服务(WEO、IFS、FSI,通过 SDMX)(仅列作参考)
- 灾害造成的直接经济损失与全球国内生产总值之比
- 宏观经济仪表板
示例地理范围
- 孟加拉国:134 个六边形单元
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
- 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
- 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
- 地表土壤湿度(SMAP),NASA GIBS
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| NGFS 气候情景 | Reference climate transition and physical risk pathways for financial and policy stress tests | Open, attribution, NGFS terms of use |
| IPCC Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and the scenario database | Long-term socioeconomic and emissions pathways | Open, licence per database (to check) |
| Published supervisory 压力测试 methodologies and results | Scenario design and aggregate outcomes from central banks and supervisors | 公共记录,条款因主管机构而异 |
| 国家 风险评估 reasonable worst-case scenarios | Government-published planning scenarios for civil contingencies | Public records, licence per government |
| UNDRR guidance on scenario-based exercises | Design guidance for exercises that test preparedness | 公开,联合国使用条款 |
How scenario and stress testing is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。
模型、方程与假设
The model structure used for scenario and stress testing, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.
Ri = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)危害、风险暴露、脆弱性和应对能力EAL = ∑k pk · Lk对年概率为 pkxt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error| 假设 | 为何制作 | 如何检验 |
|---|---|---|
| 在一次事件中,危害与暴露相互独立 | 使损失积分保持可计算 | 与基于联合记录拟合的 copula 进行比较 |
| 耦合在工作点附近是线性的 | 让冲击通过 A 传播 | 在线性范围之外施加扰动并比较 |
| 脆弱性曲线可以在不同地点之间迁移使用 | 很少有本地曲线可用 | 在有观测损失的地方据此进行验证 |
- 输入
- 带溯源信息的版本化数据集
- 成果
- 分布,绝不是单一数字
- 代码
- 连同模型卡和测试一起发布
- 复现
- 相同的数据、代码、环境和随机种子
由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。
系统性风险 Management prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Boards and executive committees | Whether buffers and plans are adequate for severe but plausible events | Shortfalls and times to breach by scenario; reverse stress conditions |
| 中央银行与金融监管机构 | Which scenarios to set for supervisory exercises | Scenario libraries; cross-sector dependency evidence |
| Civil contingency and emergency planners | Which planning assumptions to use for national capabilities | Reasonable worst-case scenarios and their basis |
| 财政部门 | How much fiscal space to hold for contingent liabilities | Public sector stress tests with assumptions stated |
该主题产生的产出
- Scenario libraries with triggers, severity and assumptions documented
- Stress test designs that represent cross-sector dependencies
- Reverse stress test protocols for public services and organisations
- Exercise reports prepared for review by the institution tested
What scenario designers ask.
- Is the scenario severe enough to be informative, yet plausible enough to be taken seriously?
- Does it combine shocks that are likely to occur together, rather than treating them as independent?
- Does it include the reactions of other actors, which can amplify or damp the shock?
- What would the organisation actually do, and is that response realistic under stress?
Why scenarios reveal what forecasts miss.
Forecasts aim for the most likely outcome and tend to understate extremes. Plans built on them fail when the unusual happens. Scenarios deliberately explore the space of outcomes, including combinations that historical data has not yet shown. Reverse stress testing works backwards: it starts from failure and asks what would have to happen to cause it, which often exposes vulnerabilities that forward scenarios miss.
Stress tests reveal not only losses but behaviour: which decisions would be needed, who would make them, what information they would need and how long it would take. Many failures in real crises come from slow or unclear decisions rather than from the size of the initial shock.
How scenarios and stress tests are built.
- 01
Narrative scenarios
Qualitative stories built by diverse groups around key uncertainties. Limits: can be shaped by group consensus and familiar fears.
- 02
Quantified stress scenarios
Consistent sets of shocks to model inputs, designed with scenario design and stress testing methods. Limits: model results depend on how the model represents behaviour under stress.
- 03
Reverse stress tests
Identify scenarios that would cause failure. Limits: many paths can lead to failure, and choosing which to study requires judgement.
- 04
演练
Tabletop and live exercises test decisions and coordination. Limits: participants know it is an exercise.
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
What is a stress test?
What is reverse stress testing?
Is a scenario a prediction?
Is a stress test a prediction?
How severe should a scenario be?
Can the platform design a stress test for my organisation?
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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