GCRI · Weltraum und Erdbeobachtung

Kommunikation und Navigation

Satellite communications connect remote areas, ships, aircraft and disaster zones, and navigation satellites provide the position and timing that transport, telecom, finance and power grids depend on. Large new constellations are changing both. This page sets out how satellite communication and navigation services work, how society’s dependence on them can be mapped, and what evidence serves the regulators and operators who plan for their loss.

01Registrieren

Communications and navigation on the record.

02Die Frage

Communications and navigation: how the risk develops.

GNSS, satcom and dependency. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mechanismus

Constellations change connectivity

Large low Earth orbit constellations offer lower latency broadband, extending coverage but concentrating it with a few operators.

Mechanismus

Timing is a hidden dependency

Telecom networks, power grid measurement and financial Systeme use satellite time signals. Many users do not know they depend on them.

Mechanismus

Navigation underpins transport

Aviation, shipping, road logistics and agriculture rely on satellite positioning, with augmentation systems for higher accuracy and integrity.

Mechanismus

Backups are often missing

Alternative positioning and timing, such as terrestrial systems or holdover clocks, are unevenly deployed, so outages can cascade.

03Methoden und Evidenz

How communications and navigation is modelled, measured and tested.

Das Modell, seine Annahmen, seine Daten und seine Unsicherheit in der Form, in der eine Wissenschaftlerin oder ein Ingenieur sie prüfen würde. Die Strukturen folgen veröffentlichten Methoden. Die dargestellten Werte sind illustrativ, keine Befunde.

Erdbeobachtungskette

How a satellite or sensor record becomes evidence on communications and navigation, and where each step adds uncertainty.

  1. 01 · ErfassenUmlaufbahn, Sensor und WiederholrateUnsicherheit: Lücken durch Wolken und Umlaufbahn
  2. 02 · Kalibrierenradiometrisch und geometrischUnsicherheit: Sensordrift
  3. 03 · KorrigierenAtmosphäre und GeländeUnsicherheit: Annahmen zu Aerosol und Hangneigung
  4. 04 · Abrufen oder klassifizierendie Variable oder die KlasseUnsicherheit: Modell- und Trainingsfehler
  5. 05 · Validierengegen ReferenzdatenUnsicherheit: Stichprobenanlage und -umfang
  6. 06 · Veröffentlichenmit Fehlerbalken und HerkunftsnachweisUnsicherheit: benannt, nie verborgen
Verarbeitungskette im Sinne der CEOS Analysis Ready Data; jeder Schritt hält seine Unsicherheit fest, bevor ein Wert gezeichnet wird. Eine generische Struktur, keine Ergebnisse.
FAIR-Leitprinzipien · GO FAIR und FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumHinweise zur einheitlichen Behandlung von Unsicherheiten · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
04Domänenübergreifend

Satellite communication and navigation reach every domain.

Findings are designed for the Reihe Strategic Systems. Spectrum is governed by the ITU Radio Regulations; the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) recommends no provider.

  • Interference and outage records.
  • Connectivity studies in remote areas.
05Indikatoren

Was gemessen wird und wie gut.

Jeder Indikator trägt seine Einheit, seinen Rhythmus, die Art der zugrunde liegenden Quelle und die Evidenzkennzeichnung, die ein Wert tragen würde. Es werden keine Werte gezeigt: Ein Programm liefert sie unter seiner eigenen Autorität.

IndikatorEinheitTaktQuellentypKennzeichnung
Population covered by satellite broadbandpercent of populationjährlichRegulator and operator dataGESCHÄTZT
Critical sectors using GNSS timingcount of sectorsje BewertungDependency studiesGESCHÄTZT
Timing holdover capabilityhoursper systemOperator documentationDEKLARIERT
Satellite broadband subscribersAnzahljährlichRegulator statisticsVeröffentlichte Statistiken
Satellite-based augmentation coveragestatus by regionje BewertungAugmentation system documentationVeröffentlichte Statistiken
Navigation outages and degradationscount and durationjährlichService noticesVeröffentlichte Statistiken
06Quellen

Woher die Evidenz stammt.

Benannte öffentliche Datensätze und institutionelle Aufzeichnungen, jeweils mit ihrer Lizenzklasse. Quellen auf Vereinbarungsbasis werden nur zu ihren Bedingungen genutzt und niemals weiterveröffentlicht.

QuelleWas es liefertLizenzklasse
ITU satellite network filings and Radio RegulationsSpectrum and orbit filingsPublic, ITU terms
GNSS service performance reports (GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, BeiDou)Service performance and noticesPublic, terms per provider
Government studies of GNSS dependence, such as the UK and US economic impact studiesSectors depending on positioning and timingPublic records, licence per government
National telecom regulator statisticsSatellite broadband adoptionPublic records, licence per regulator
ICAO and IMO documentation on navigationNavigation requirements in aviation and shippingPublic, terms per organisation
07Entscheidungen

Wer entscheidet und wozu die Evidenz dient.

Space and Earth Observation prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Wer entscheidetDie FrageEvidenz, der diese Seite dient
Telecom and transport regulatorsWhat backup timing and navigation to requireDependency maps; backup reviews
Kritische Infrastruktur operatorsHow long they can operate without satellite timingHoldover evidence
Governments planning connectivityWhere satellite broadband fills gapsConnectivity gap analyses

Ergebnisse, die dieses Thema hervorbringt

  • Dependency maps of positioning and timing
  • Backup capability reviews
  • Connectivity gap analyses including satellite options
  • Evidence notes for resilience planning
08Kernfragen

Was Fachleute fragen.

Specialists in navigation and satellite communications ask how dependent Systeme are and how they fail.

  • Which sectors rely on satellite timing and positioning, and do they know it?
  • How vulnerable are receivers to jamming, spoofing and interference?
  • What alternative time and position sources exist, and are they in use?
  • How do satellite communications support emergency response and remote areas, and how resilient are they?
  • How does the growth of large communications constellations change dependency and risk?
09Mechanismen und Treiber

Weak signals, wide dependence.

Navigation satellites broadcast signals that receivers use to calculate position and time. The signals are very weak by the time they reach the ground, which makes them easy to drown out with jamming or imitate with spoofing. Beyond navigation for transport and agriculture, the timing function is embedded in telecommunications networks, electricity grid synchronisation and the time-stamping of financial transactions, often without operators being aware of it.

Satellite communications carry data, voice and broadband to ships, aircraft, remote communities and disaster zones where terrestrial networks are absent or damaged. They are themselves exposed to interference, ground-segment faults and space weather. Resilience comes from diversity: multiple constellations, terrestrial backups, holdover clocks that maintain time during outages, and receivers that detect anomalies.

10Methoden und Daten

Wie die Evidenz aufgebaut ist und wo sie endet.

  1. 01

    Dependency surveys

    Identifying where timing and positioning are used in critical services. Embedded dependencies are often undocumented.

  2. 02

    Interference monitoring

    Detecting jamming and spoofing through receiver networks and communications and network technology. Coverage of monitoring is limited.

  3. 03

    Resilienztests

    Testing how Systeme behave when signals are lost or falsified. Live testing is constrained by regulation and safety.

  4. 04

    Signal and orbit physics

    Modelling signal propagation and errors, grounded in Physik. Atmospheric effects vary in ways that are hard to predict locally.

12Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Die Gremien und Dokumente, vor deren Hintergrund diese Seite gelesen wird. Status und Ausgaben ändern sich; jeder Link führt zur herausgebenden Stelle.

13Fragen

Fragen und Antworten.

What is GNSS?
Global navigation satellite systems, such as GPS, Galileo, GLONASS and BeiDou, which provide positioning, navigation and timing worldwide.
Why do power grids and banks depend on satellites?
Because many of their systems use satellite time signals to synchronise measurements across sites and to timestamp transactions.
What is a low Earth orbit constellation?
A large group of satellites orbiting relatively close to Earth, used to provide low-latency communications coverage.
Why does finance depend on satellite navigation?
Many systems use satellite-derived time to stamp and order transactions precisely. Loss of that time source, without a backup, can disrupt synchronisation.
What is spoofing?
Broadcasting false navigation signals so that receivers compute a wrong position or time. Unlike jamming, it can go unnoticed without detection measures.
Are there alternatives to satellite timing?
Yes. Terrestrial time distribution, atomic clocks with holdover and multiple constellations can provide resilience. Their adoption varies widely.
BerichteBeitragen

Evidenz von dieser Seite aus beitragen.

Berichte is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRIWeltraum und ErdbeobachtungObservatory-SignalExponentielle Technologie
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