GCRI · 系统科学与建模
基于主体的模型与复杂性模型
Agent-based models represent many individual actors, such as households, firms, vehicles or cells, following rules and interacting, so that system patterns emerge from the bottom up. They suit questions where heterogeneity, adaptation and interaction matter, and they are hard to validate. This page sets out how agent-based and complexity models are built, documented and tested, and what evidence serves the institutions that use them.
Agent-based and complexity models: how the risk develops.
社会技术 系统. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Heterogeneity matters
Agents differ in resources, behaviour and location. Averages can hide the variation that drives outcomes such as who is harmed by a shock.
Adaptation changes the system
Agents respond to each other and to policy, so the system changes as it is studied, which equation-based models may miss.
Emergence can surprise
Simple rules can produce unexpected collective patterns, such as tipping points or segregation, which are useful but need careful explanation.
Many parameters, little data
Agent-based models often have more parameters than data can constrain, so documentation and pattern-oriented validation are essential.
北美的危害与暴露。
Population density, flood water and active fires over North America, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页面的危害与暴露
关于本图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- 世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
- 提供方
- NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
- 许可协议
- CC BY 4.0
- 年份版本
- null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层造成缺口)
- 来源
- VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星探测;云层造成缺口。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层和过境时间造成缺口)
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 375 米(FIRMS)(NASA LANCE FIRMS)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE FIRMS
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星探测;云层和过境时间造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星热点探测结果,包括天然气火炬和工业热源;并非已确认的火情、事件报告或预警。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
- 来源
- MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LP DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2024-01-01
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测(持续云层仍会造成缺口)
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3,8 天(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 8 天;卫星 8 天合成;持续云层仍会造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-09-14
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 截至所示日期的 8 天内地表的卫星皮肤温度,是高温风险暴露指标;不是气温、热指数,也不是高温预警。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
键盘操作,地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。
危害与风险暴露,以北美为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。
数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · 美国地质调查局 · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- NASA 资源管理火灾信息系统(FIRMS),VIIRS 375 m 活跃火点产品,NASA LANCE;矢量瓦片来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
- Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 河流流量预报,30天及区间(GloFAS,经Open-Meteo):包含经修改的Copernicus Emergency Management Service 2026年信息;非洪水警报。
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层(图层列表中有 11 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报是模型输出,派生指数是估计值。
图层与日期
- 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
- 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
- 活跃火点与热异常:VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m(FIRMS),NASA LANCE FIRMS · 2026年10月13日
- 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- 地表温度,日间,8 天合成:VIIRS NOAA-20 3 级产品,8 天,NASA LANCE · 2026年9月14日
Agent-based models capture behaviour in every domain.
Agent-based studies are designed for the 方法与技术系列. The ODD protocol (2020) and TRACE documentation (2014) make models reviewable.
- ODD-documented models.
- Behaviour datasets.
存量、流量、延迟和一个临界阈值。
两个存量,即压力和 适应能力,由一个增强型增长回路、一个延迟的平衡响应以及压力超过能力时的损害连接在一起;越过阈值后,系统可能发生突变。这是带有说明性取值的教学模型,不是预测。本页地图显示北美洲;模型本身并不绑定某个地点。
控制措施
- 压力增长
- 每年 6.0%
- 能力在降低压力方面的效力
- 每年 4.0%
- 对感知压力的投资响应
- 20%
- 感知延迟
- 4.0 年
- 压力的临界阈值
- 60 项指数
- 越过阈值后的放大
- 2.0 倍
- 模拟年数
- 50 年
读数
- 峰值压力
- 113 指数
- 期末能力
- 186 指数
- 超过阈值的年数
- 15.8 年
数字、方法与来源
| 年份 | 压力 | 能力 | 感知 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 20.0 | 50.0 | 20.0 |
| 4 | 23.3 | 44.9 | 21.2 |
| 8 | 27.2 | 42.2 | 24.0 |
| 12 | 31.7 | 42.3 | 27.7 |
| 16 | 36.8 | 45.5 | 32.2 |
| 20 | 42.3 | 51.5 | 37.2 |
| 24 | 47.9 | 60.3 | 42.6 |
| 28 | 53.2 | 71.3 | 48.0 |
| 32 | 57.8 | 84.3 | 53.1 |
| 36 | 66.4 | 98.4 | 58.4 |
| 40 | 82.7 | 115.9 | 69.7 |
| 44 | 97.8 | 139.7 | 83.8 |
| 48 | 109.1 | 169.4 | 97.3 |
方法
- 系统动力学 Forrester (1961), Industrial Dynamics, MIT Press; Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics
- 临界转变与临界点 Scheffer and others (2009), Early-warning signals for critical transitions, Nature 461
- 因果回路图 Sterman (2000), Business Dynamics, McGraw-Hill
- 不确定性扇形图(参数蒙特卡罗) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
- 单因素敏感性(龙卷风图) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley
数据
No observed data enters this model: it runs on the teaching values set by the controls, to be replaced with a programme’s own evidence.
贯穿六大支柱,由 Nexus Consortium 牵头
衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Models documented with the ODD protocol | percent of published models | 每次审查 | Literature review | 观测 |
| Patterns reproduced in validation | count of target patterns | per model | Validation studies | 估算 |
| Parameters calibrated to data | percent of parameters | per model | Model documentation | 已声明 |
| Code published | percent of published models | 每次审查 | Code archives | 观测 |
| 敏感性分析 performed | percent of published models | 每次审查 | Literature review | 观测 |
| Runs per experiment | count of stochastic replicates | per experiment | Model documentation | 已声明 |
Model agent-based and complexity models as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 复合与级联危害标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
- Natech event
- Chemical spill or leak (在下游引发)
- Emergency-response overload (在下游引发)
- Toxic gas release (set off downstream)
- Industrial fire (set off downstream)
系统与耦合
- 复合与级联危害标准
- 水文气象危害标准 Compounding
- 地球物理危害标准 Triggering
- 关键基础设施与关键实体 级联
- 全球与系统性风险 机制
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-3风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)NS-9情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)NS-11验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)NRS-H61危害族:级联失效(NHS-1 sys.cascade)NRS-H62危害类别:复合与多危害事件(NHS-1 sys.compound)NRS-H60危害类别:供应链与流动中断(NHS-1 sys.supply-chain)NRS-H94危害族:系统性网络事件(NHS-1 cyber.systemic-cyber)NRS-H107危害族:数字基础设施集中与单一化(NHS-1 tech.digital-concentration)NRS-H7危害类别:大尺度环流异常(NHS-1 atmo.climate-mode)
观测
- Copernicus EMS rapid mapping activations (listed for reference)
- OpenStreetMap planet and replication (listed for reference)
- ERA5 再分析(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
- 灾害造成的直接经济损失与全球国内生产总值之比
- Number of disruptions to basic services attributed to disasters
示例地理范围
- 孟加拉国:134 个六边形单元
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
- Carbon monoxide, smoke transport (AIRS), NASA GIBS
- Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| CoMSES Net Computational Model Library | Archive of agent-based models with code and ODD documentation | Open, licence per model |
| ODD protocol publications | Documentation standard for agent-based models | Licence per publication |
| NetLogo and Mesa | Open-source agent-based modelling platforms | Open source, GPL and Apache licences |
| Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation | Peer-reviewed agent-based research | Open access, CC BY |
| Pattern-oriented modelling literature | Validation approaches for complex models | Licence per publication |
How agent-based and complexity models is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。
模型、方程与假设
The model structure used for agent-based and complexity models, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.
Ri = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)危害、风险暴露、脆弱性和应对能力EAL = ∑k pk · Lk对年概率为 pkxt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error| 假设 | 为何制作 | 如何检验 |
|---|---|---|
| 在一次事件中,危害与暴露相互独立 | 使损失积分保持可计算 | 与基于联合记录拟合的 copula 进行比较 |
| 耦合在工作点附近是线性的 | 让冲击通过 A 传播 | 在线性范围之外施加扰动并比较 |
| 脆弱性曲线可以在不同地点之间迁移使用 | 很少有本地曲线可用 | 在有观测损失的地方据此进行验证 |
- 输入
- 带溯源信息的版本化数据集
- 成果
- 分布,绝不是单一数字
- 代码
- 连同模型卡和测试一起发布
- 复现
- 相同的数据、代码、环境和随机种子
由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。
系统 Science and Modelling prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Modellers | How to document, calibrate and validate agent-based models | Templates; validation designs |
| Institutions using simulation results | When agent-based results are credible enough to inform decisions | Validation and sensitivity evidence |
| Journals and reviewers | What documentation to require | Documentation evidence |
该主题产生的产出
- Agent-based model documentation and review templates
- Pattern-oriented validation designs
- Sensitivity and calibration protocols
- Teaching material on complexity methods
What experts ask about agent-based models.
- Which behaviours and interactions must be represented to capture the phenomenon of interest?
- How are agent rules grounded in evidence rather than assumption?
- How sensitive are emergent results to small changes in rules or parameters?
- How can agent-based models be validated against real-world data?
- When does an agent-based approach add value over simpler models?
How emergence arises.
In complex 系统, simple local rules can produce large-scale patterns: traffic jams form without a cause at the front; panic buying spreads through observation of others; markets can swing as traders follow trends. These effects arise from interaction, feedback and heterogeneity, which equation-based models that assume average behaviour may miss.
Agents adapt. People change behaviour in response to risk, warnings and the actions of others; firms adjust strategies; institutions change rules. Adaptation can stabilise systems or create new risks, as when protection encourages development in hazard areas.
Complex systems can show tipping points, where small changes cause abrupt shifts, and path dependence, where history constrains future possibilities.
方法及其局限。
- 01
Agent-based simulation
Computational models of interacting agents, using complex systems methods. Many parameters can be hard to estimate.
- 02
Behavioural data
Surveys, experiments and observations to ground agent rules. Behaviour in crises is hard to observe in advance.
- 03
Pattern-oriented validation
Testing whether models reproduce several observed patterns at once. Matching patterns does not prove mechanisms.
- 04
Sensitivity and ensemble runs
Exploring outcome ranges across rules and parameters, using 计算 resources.
Agent-based models are powerful for exploring mechanisms but difficult to calibrate and validate. Results are presented as explorations, not predictions, unless validation supports more.
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
What is an agent-based model?
What is the ODD protocol?
What is emergence?
Are agent-based models predictive?
Why not use equations?
How are agent rules chosen?
What is a tipping point?
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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