GCRI · 系统科学与建模
数字孪生:方法与局限
A 数字孪生 is a model of a real system that is continuously updated with data from it, used to monitor, predict and test decisions. Twins of cities, grids, water networks and factories are widely proposed, and many are dashboards or static models under a new name. This page sets out what makes a digital twin, how twins are built and validated, and what evidence serves the institutions considering them.
Digital twins: method and limits: how the risk develops.
What a twin can and cannot represent, and how it is kept honest. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Data keep the model current
A twin assimilates sensor and operational data so that its state tracks the real system, which needs reliable data flows and quality control.
Models must be fit for purpose
A twin is only as good as its underlying models. Visualisation without validated models is a dashboard, not a twin.
Decisions close the loop
Twins add value when used to test options and inform action, and when outcomes are fed back to improve the model.
Integration creates risk
Connecting models to live data and to controls raises cybersecurity, data protection and accountability questions.
Connected activity in North America.
Night lights, population density and land cover over North America, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页的互联活动
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- 世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
- 提供方
- NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
- 许可协议
- CC BY 4.0
- 年份版本
- null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
- 来源
- MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LP DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2024-01-01
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层造成缺口)
- 来源
- MODIS Terra EVI(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星指数;云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 截至所示日期 8 天的卫星植被指数,是栖息地状况指标;不衡量物种或生物多样性。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层造成缺口)
- 来源
- MODIS Terra NDVI(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星指数;云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 截至所示日期 8 天的卫星绿度指数;是作物和牧草状况的指标,不是产量估算,也不是粮食安全预警。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
键盘操作,地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。
Connected activity, framed on North America.NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。
数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA/NOAA VIIRS · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
- Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
- Observed (EO): NASA/NOAA VIIRS (Suomi NPP). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 可选图层(图层列表中有 5 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)在打开时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报为模型输出,派生指数为估计值。
图层与日期
- 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
- 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- 增强型植被指数,滚动 8 天:MODIS Terra EVI,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 植被绿度(NDVI),滚动 8 天:MODIS Terra NDVI,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
Digital twins mirror systems in each domain, with limits.
Method studies are designed for the 方法与技术系列. ISO 23247 frames twins for manufacturing; a twin is only as good as its data and validation, recorded under NS-12 of the proposed Nexus Standards.
- Twin validation studies.
- Data latency measurements.
耦合模型运行器。
团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。
耦合模型运行器
Digital twins: method and limits · Coupled model A · Scenario set 3
模型耦合图
节点:模型 · 边:交换的变量
耦合组件
| 水文学 | 1 day | 径流 | 是 |
| 电力系统 | 1 h | 需求,停运 | 是 |
| 经济 | 1 个季度 | 产出,价格 | 部分 |
| 人口 | 1 year | 暴露 | 是 |
集合输出
衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Data latency from system to twin | minutes | 持续 | Data pipeline monitoring | 观测 |
| State estimation error | error metric | per evaluation | Validation against measurements | 估算 |
| Decisions informed by the twin | 计数 | per period | 决定记录 | 已报告 |
| Sensor coverage of the system | percent of key variables measured | 每次评估 | Sensor inventory | 已声明 |
| Model components validated | percent | 每次评估 | Validation records | 已报告 |
| Security assessments completed | 计数 | 每次评估 | Security records | 已报告 |
Model digital twins: method and limits as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 复合与级联危害标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
- Natech event
- Chemical spill or leak (在下游引发)
- Emergency-response overload (在下游引发)
- Toxic gas release (set off downstream)
- Industrial fire (set off downstream)
系统与耦合
- 复合与级联危害标准
- 水文气象危害标准 Compounding
- 地球物理危害标准 Triggering
- 关键基础设施与关键实体 级联
- 全球与系统性风险 机制
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-3风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)NS-9情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)NS-11验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)NRS-H61危害族:级联失效(NHS-1 sys.cascade)NRS-H62危害类别:复合与多危害事件(NHS-1 sys.compound)NRS-H60危害类别:供应链与流动中断(NHS-1 sys.supply-chain)NRS-H94危害族:系统性网络事件(NHS-1 cyber.systemic-cyber)NRS-H107危害族:数字基础设施集中与单一化(NHS-1 tech.digital-concentration)NRS-H7危害类别:大尺度环流异常(NHS-1 atmo.climate-mode)
观测
- Copernicus EMS rapid mapping activations (listed for reference)
- OpenStreetMap planet and replication (listed for reference)
- ERA5 再分析(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
- 灾害造成的直接经济损失与全球国内生产总值之比
- Number of disruptions to basic services attributed to disasters
示例地理范围
- 孟加拉国:134 个六边形单元
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
- Carbon monoxide, smoke transport (AIRS), NASA GIBS
- Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| ISO 23247 制造业 数字孪生 框架 | Reference architecture for manufacturing digital twins | Licensed standard, purchase required |
| Digital Twin Consortium definitions and resources | Industry definitions and capability frameworks | Public, terms to check |
| National academies reports on digital twins | Assessment of foundational research gaps | Public, terms per publisher |
| Data assimilation literature | Methods for combining models and observations | Licence per publication |
| Published city and utility digital twin case studies | Applied twins and lessons | Licence per publication |
How digital twins: method and limits is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。
模型、方程与假设
The model structure used for digital twins: method and limits, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.
Ri = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)危害、风险暴露、脆弱性和应对能力EAL = ∑k pk · Lk对年概率为 pkxt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error| 假设 | 为何制作 | 如何检验 |
|---|---|---|
| 在一次事件中,危害与暴露相互独立 | 使损失积分保持可计算 | 与基于联合记录拟合的 copula 进行比较 |
| 耦合在工作点附近是线性的 | 让冲击通过 A 传播 | 在线性范围之外施加扰动并比较 |
| 脆弱性曲线可以在不同地点之间迁移使用 | 很少有本地曲线可用 | 在有观测损失的地方据此进行验证 |
- 输入
- 带溯源信息的版本化数据集
- 成果
- 分布,绝不是单一数字
- 代码
- 连同模型卡和测试一起发布
- 复现
- 相同的数据、代码、环境和随机种子
由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。
系统 Science and Modelling prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Operators and city authorities | Whether a 数字孪生 is worth building and for which decisions | Capability assessments |
| Engineering teams | How to validate and secure a twin | Validation designs; architecture reviews |
| Procurement bodies | How to distinguish twins from dashboards in tenders | Capability criteria |
该主题产生的产出
- Digital twin capability assessments
- Validation designs for twin state estimates
- Architecture and data flow reviews
- Teaching material on twins as a method
What experts ask about digital twins.
- What does the twin represent, at what resolution, and what does it leave out?
- How often is it updated with data, and how is 数据质量 checked?
- How is the twin’s accuracy tested, and for which purposes?
- How are uncertainties shown to users?
- Who is accountable when decisions rely on the twin?
What twins can and cannot do.
A twin combines models with live or regularly updated data. Data assimilation adjusts the model state to match observations, which can make short-term predictions more accurate. Twins are useful for monitoring, testing interventions virtually and training operators.
A twin is still a model. It represents only the processes and components that were built into it, at the resolution chosen, and it inherits the uncertainties and assumptions of its components. Visual realism can create an impression of completeness that the underlying model does not justify.
Twins can drift. As the real system changes, through new construction, ageing or changing behaviour, the twin must be updated and revalidated. A twin that is not maintained becomes a misleading picture.
方法及其局限。
- 01
数据同化
Combining model predictions with observations, using statistical methods. Requires good observation coverage.
- 02
Validation for purpose
Testing the twin against independent data for each intended use, using 不确定性量化.
- 03
系统工程
Defining scope, interfaces and requirements, using 系统工程.
- 04
Computing infrastructure
Running and updating twins, using 计算. Costs and security must be managed.
A digital twin is a representation, not reality. Its outputs carry the uncertainty of its models and data, and they are shown with that uncertainty.
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
What is a digital twin?
How is a digital twin different from a simulation?
What is data assimilation?
Is a 3D city model a digital twin?
Can a twin predict the future?
How is a twin kept honest?
Does GCRI certify digital twins?
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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