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GCRI · Commerce et ressources stratégiques

Semi-conducteurs et composants

Semiconductors are made through a long value chain of design, specialised materials, manufacturing equipment, fabrication and assembly, with several steps concentrated in a few firms and places. Shortages can stall vehicles, medical devices and infrastructure. This page sets out how the chip value chain is structured, where it concentrates, how disruptions propagate, and what evidence serves the governments and industries that depend on it.

02La question

Semiconductors and components: how the risk develops.

Electronics, advanced materials and fabrication inputs. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mécanisme

Each step is specialised

Design tools, wafers, speciality gases and chemicals, lithography equipment, fabrication and packaging are each dominated by few suppliers. A bottleneck at any step limits output.

Mécanisme

Fabs take years and vast capital

Leading fabrication plants cost billions and take years to build. Capacity cannot be added quickly when demand changes or supply is disrupted.

Mécanisme

Geography concentrates risk

Advanced fabrication and assembly cluster in a few regions exposed to earthquakes, drought, power outages and geopolitical tension.

Mécanisme

Shortages hit downstream industries

Products need many chips, including mature, low-cost ones. A pénurie of a single component can halt production lines far from where chips are made.

03Suivi

Supplier tier map.

L'écran qu'une équipe utiliserait pour suivre ce sujet : ses mesures, ses états et ses décisions. Les noms sont des exemples et les valeurs sont illustratives.

Supplier tier map

Semiconductors and components · Assembly cluster · Bill of materials BOM-059

Single source at tier 3GCRI · Commerce et ressources stratégiques

Tier mapping

  1. Niveau 112 suppliers
  2. Niveau 247
  3. Niveau 383
  4. Raw materials5

Concentration

Rare earth magnet704002None qualifiedÉlevé
Gallium614836Recycling pilotÉlevé
Copper wire401196Two qualifiedFaible
Lithium cells522554One qualifiedMoyen

Mitigation

Dual source
qualification 11 months
Buffer stock
9 weeks
Design change
substitution study
Propriétaire
Responsable des achats
Supplier tier map: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Semiconductors and components.Noms donnés à titre d'exemple et valeurs illustratives ; une conception, non un enregistrement ni un système en service.
04À travers les domaines

Chips sit inside the control systems of every domain.

Component supply studies are designed for the série Systèmes stratégiques. The European Chips Act (2023) is one of several national and regional responses to concentration in fabrication; the page names no firm.

05Méthodes et preuves

How semiconductors and components is modelled, measured and tested.

Le modèle, ses hypothèses, ses données et son incertitude, sous la forme qu'un scientifique ou un ingénieur vérifierait. Les structures suivent des méthodes publiées. Les valeurs représentées sont illustratives, ce ne sont pas des résultats.

Modèle de système

The couplings between the systems in semiconductors and components: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+CommerceIndustrieCommunautésÉconomieR renforçanteB équilibrage
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Principes directeurs FAIR · GO FAIR et FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientations sur le traitement cohérent des incertitudes · GIECCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comité sur les satellites d'observation de la Terre
06Indicateurs

Ce qui est mesuré, et avec quelle qualité.

Chaque indicateur porte son unité, sa périodicité, le type de source qui le sous-tend et l'étiquette de preuve que porterait une valeur. Aucune valeur n'est affichée : un programme les fournit sous sa propre autorité.

IndicateurUnitéFréquenceType de sourceÉtiquette
Share of fabrication capacity by regionpercent of wafer capacityannuelIndustry analysesESTIMÉ
Chip trade by product codevalue of trade in integrated circuitsannuelStatistiques commercialesStatistiques publiées
Supplier concentration in key inputsnumber of suppliers with significant sharepar évaluationValue chain studiesESTIMÉ
Délai d'anticipation for chip orderssemainesmensuelIndustry surveysDÉCLARÉ
Export control measures on semiconductorsnombre de mesurespar modificationGovernment noticesStatistiques publiées
Fabs exposed to natural hazardscount by hazard zonepar évaluationSite and hazard overlayESTIMÉ
07Sources

D'où proviennent les données probantes.

Jeux de données publics et registres institutionnels nommés, chacun avec sa catégorie de licence. Les sources fournies dans le cadre d'accords ne sont utilisées que selon leurs conditions et ne sont jamais republiées.

SourcesCe qu'elle apporteCatégorie de licence
UN Comtrade (HS headings 8541 and 8542)Trade in semiconductor devices and integrated circuitsFree access with limits, UN terms
OECD studies of the semiconductor value chainStructure, concentration and policy analysisPublic, OECD terms
WSTS public summariesIndustry sales by region and product categoryPublic summaries; full data members only
Government export control noticesRules restricting trade in chips and equipmentPublic records, licence per government
Academic and think-tank value chain mappingsSupplier shares at each stepLicence per publication (to check)
08Décisions

Qui décide, et à quoi servent les données probantes.

Trade and Strategic Resources prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Qui décideLa questionDonnées probantes servies par cette page
Ministries of industry and technologyWhich value chain steps to support domestically or with partnersValue chain maps; concentration evidence
Critical sector operatorsWhich components to stockpile or qualify from second sourcesDownstream dependency analyses
Trade and security authoritiesHow export controls affect domestic supplyExport control evidence; trade data

Résultats que produit ce thème

  • Value chain maps showing concentration at each step
  • Hazard exposure overlays for fabrication sites
  • Downstream dependency analyses for critical sectors
  • Evidence notes on export control changes
09Questions essentielles

What experts ask about semiconductor supply.

  • At which stages of the chain is capability concentrated in few firms or locations?
  • Which specialised inputs, such as high-purity gases, chemicals and wafers, are single-sourced?
  • How long would it take to replace lost fabrication capacity?
  • Which downstream sectors are most exposed to shortages of mature or advanced chips?
  • How do export controls and industrial policies change the structure of the chain?
10Mécanismes et facteurs

Why the chain is fragile.

Semiconductor manufacturing requires extreme precision, very large capital investment and accumulated know-how. Leading-edge fabrication plants take years to build and need specialised equipment from a handful of suppliers. These barriers favour concentration: each stage tends to have few capable players, and the stages are spread across different regions.

Shortages propagate widely because chips are embedded in so many products. Even inexpensive, mature-node chips can halt the production of much more valuable goods when they are missing. Long lead times and the difficulty of switching suppliers, since chips must be qualified for each product, slow recovery.

Other components share similar features: specialised capacitors, displays, sensors and advanced materials often depend on few producers and on inputs such as rare gases or high-purity minerals.

11Méthodes et données

Les méthodes et leurs limites.

  1. 01

    Supply chain mapping

    Tracing firms and locations at each production stage. Commercial confidentiality limits visibility beyond the first tiers.

  2. 02

    Analyse de réseaux

    Identifying central nodes and single points of failure using science des réseaux. Firm-level links are often incomplete.

  3. 03

    Materials and process research

    Understanding critical inputs and alternatives using materials science and chemistry.

  4. 04

    Analyse entrées-sorties

    Estimating sector exposure to component shortages. Tables are aggregated and published with delay.

The industry changes quickly, and analyses state the date and sources of the information used.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Les organismes et documents à l'aune desquels cette page se lit. Les statuts et éditions changent ; chaque lien mène à l'organisme émetteur.

14Questions

Questions et réponses.

Why are semiconductor supply chains fragile?
Because several steps, from equipment to advanced fabrication, are concentrated in few firms and locations, capacity takes years to build, and products depend on many chips.
What is a fab?
A semiconductor fabrication plant, where chips are manufactured on silicon wafers under strict clean-room conditions.
Do mature chips matter?
Yes. Many vehicles, appliances and industrial systems rely on older, low-cost chips, and shortages of these can halt production as much as advanced chips.
Does the platform assess individual chip makers?
No. It studies the structure of the industry and its exposures with transparent methods, not individual firms.
Are export controls analysed?
Their effects on supply structure are analysed in neutral terms. The platform does not advise on compliance.
Why do mature chips matter?
Because many essential products use them, and their shortage can stop production as effectively as a shortage of advanced chips.
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Rapports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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