Skip to content

GCRI · 貿易と戦略資源

半導体と部品

Semiconductors are made through a long value chain of design, specialised materials, manufacturing equipment, fabrication and assembly, with several steps concentrated in a few firms and places. Shortages can stall vehicles, medical devices and infrastructure. This page sets out how the chip value chain is structured, where it concentrates, how disruptions propagate, and what evidence serves the governments and industries that depend on it.

問い合わせる トピックに戻る
01目次

Semiconductors and components in seven parts.

この資料集の内容7 つの部分
  1. 01質問Semiconductors and components: how the risk develops
  2. 02分野を横断してChips sit inside the control systems of every domain
  3. 03指標何を、どの程度うまく測定しているか
  4. 04出典エビデンスの出どころ
  5. 05決定誰が決め、エビデンスが何に役立つか
  6. 06中核となる問いWhat experts ask about semiconductor supply
  7. 07メカニズムと要因Why the chain is fragile
02質問

Semiconductors and components: how the risk develops.

Electronics, advanced materials and fabrication inputs. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

メカニズム

Each step is specialised

Design tools, wafers, speciality gases and chemicals, lithography equipment, fabrication and packaging are each dominated by few suppliers. A bottleneck at any step limits output.

メカニズム

Fabs take years and vast capital

Leading fabrication plants cost billions and take years to build. Capacity cannot be added quickly when demand changes or supply is disrupted.

メカニズム

Geography concentrates risk

Advanced fabrication and assembly cluster in a few regions exposed to earthquakes, drought, power outages and geopolitical tension.

メカニズム

Shortages hit downstream industries

Products need many chips, including mature, low-cost ones. A 不足 of a single component can halt production lines far from where chips are made.

03監視

Supplier tier map.

このテーマを追跡するためにチームが使う画面：その指標、状態、決定。名前は例であり、値はイメージです。

Supplier tier map

Semiconductors and components · Assembly cluster · Bill of materials BOM-059

Single source at tier 3GCRI・貿易と戦略資源

Tier mapping

  1. ティア 112 suppliers
  2. ティア 247
  3. Tier 383
  4. Raw materials5

集中度

Rare earth magnet704002None qualified高
Gallium614836Recycling pilot高
Copper wire401196Two qualified低
Lithium cells522554One qualified中

Mitigation

Dual source
qualification 11 months
Buffer stock
9 weeks
Design change
substitution study
オーナー
調達担当リーダー
Supplier tier map: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Semiconductors and components.例示の名称と説明用の値です。設計であり、記録でも稼働中のシステムでもありません。
04分野を横断して

Chips sit inside the control systems of every domain.

Component supply studies are designed for the 戦略システム・シリーズ. The European Chips Act (2023) is one of several national and regional responses to concentration in fabrication; the page names no firm.

05手法とエビデンス

How semiconductors and components is modelled, measured and tested.

モデル、その仮定、データ、不確実性を、科学者やエンジニアが確認する形で示します。構造は公表された手法に従っています。描かれた値は例示であり、知見ではありません。

システム・モデル

The couplings between the systems in semiconductors and components: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+貿易産業コミュニティ経済R 自己強化B バランス
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR 原則・GO FAIR と FORCE11W3C PROV・World Wide Web Consortium不確実性の一貫した扱いに関するガイダンス・IPCCCEOS 解析即応データ・地球観測衛星委員会
06指標

何を、どの程度うまく測定しているか。

各指標には、その単位、更新頻度、背後にある出典の種類、値が持つことになるエビデンスのラベルが付いています。値は表示しません：プログラムが自らの権限のもとで値を提供します。

指標単位周期出典の種類ラベル
Share of fabrication capacity by regionpercent of wafer capacity年次Industry analyses推定
Chip trade by product codevalue of trade in integrated circuits年次貿易統計公表統計
Supplier concentration in key inputsnumber of suppliers with significant share評価ごとValue chain studies推定
リードタイム for chip orders週月次Industry surveys報告値
Export control measures on semiconductors措置の件数変更ごとGovernment notices公表統計
Fabs exposed to natural hazardscount by hazard zone評価ごとSite and hazard overlay推定
07出典

エビデンスの出所。

名前の明示された公開データセットと機関の記録。それぞれにライセンス区分があります。合意に基づく出典は、その条件のもとでのみ使用し、再公開することはありません。

出典提供するものライセンス区分
UN Comtrade (HS headings 8541 and 8542)Trade in semiconductor devices and integrated circuitsFree access with limits, UN terms
OECD studies of the semiconductor value chainStructure, concentration and policy analysisPublic, OECD terms
WSTS public summariesIndustry sales by region and product categoryPublic summaries; full data members only
Government export control noticesRules restricting trade in chips and equipmentPublic records, licence per government
Academic and think-tank value chain mappingsSupplier shares at each stepLicence per publication (to check)
08決定

誰が決め、エビデンスが何に役立つか。

Trade and Strategic Resources prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

誰が決定するか質問このページが提供するエビデンス
Ministries of industry and technologyWhich value chain steps to support domestically or with partnersValue chain maps; concentration evidence
Critical sector operatorsWhich components to stockpile or qualify from second sourcesDownstream dependency analyses
Trade and security authoritiesHow export controls affect domestic supplyExport control evidence; trade data

このトピックが生み出す成果物

  • Value chain maps showing concentration at each step
  • Hazard exposure overlays for fabrication sites
  • Downstream dependency analyses for critical sectors
  • Evidence notes on export control changes
09中核となる問い

What experts ask about semiconductor supply.

  • At which stages of the chain is capability concentrated in few firms or locations?
  • Which specialised inputs, such as high-purity gases, chemicals and wafers, are single-sourced?
  • How long would it take to replace lost fabrication capacity?
  • Which downstream sectors are most exposed to shortages of mature or advanced chips?
  • How do export controls and industrial policies change the structure of the chain?
10メカニズムと要因

Why the chain is fragile.

Semiconductor manufacturing requires extreme precision, very large capital investment and accumulated know-how. Leading-edge fabrication plants take years to build and need specialised equipment from a handful of suppliers. These barriers favour concentration: each stage tends to have few capable players, and the stages are spread across different regions.

Shortages propagate widely because chips are embedded in so many products. Even inexpensive, mature-node chips can halt the production of much more valuable goods when they are missing. Long lead times and the difficulty of switching suppliers, since chips must be qualified for each product, slow recovery.

Other components share similar features: specialised capacitors, displays, sensors and advanced materials often depend on few producers and on inputs such as rare gases or high-purity minerals.

11手法とデータ

手法とその限界。

  1. 01

    Supply chain mapping

    Tracing firms and locations at each production stage. Commercial confidentiality limits visibility beyond the first tiers.

  2. 02

    ネットワーク分析

    Identifying central nodes and single points of failure using ネットワーク科学. Firm-level links are often incomplete.

  3. 03

    Materials and process research

    Understanding critical inputs and alternatives using materials science and chemistry.

  4. 04

    産業連関分析

    Estimating sector exposure to component shortages. Tables are aggregated and published with delay.

The industry changes quickly, and analyses state the date and sources of the information used.

12手法

どのように研究され、手法が言えないことは何か。

  1. ネットワーク科学と伝播貿易ネットワークの中心性 · 多階層の依存関係のマッピング · 途絶の伝播ここでの適用
    正式 · STEM Commons
  2. 材料科学と化学加工経路の分析 · リサイクルの潜在量 · 代替の選択肢ここでの適用
    正式 · STEM Commons
  3. 計量経済学価格伝達 · 通商措置の影響 · 途絶が生産に及ぼす影響ここでの適用
    正式 · STEM Commons
  4. 地理情報システム施設のハザードの重ね合わせ · 調達地域の森林減少 · 回廊のマッピングここでの適用
    正式 · STEM Commons
13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

このページの読解の基準となる機関と文書。状態と版は変わります。各リンクは発行機関へ移動します。

14質問

質問と回答。

Why are semiconductor supply chains fragile?
Because several steps, from equipment to advanced fabrication, are concentrated in few firms and locations, capacity takes years to build, and products depend on many chips.
What is a fab?
A semiconductor fabrication plant, where chips are manufactured on silicon wafers under strict clean-room conditions.
Do mature chips matter?
Yes. Many vehicles, appliances and industrial systems rely on older, low-cost chips, and shortages of these can halt production as much as advanced chips.
Does the platform assess individual chip makers?
No. It studies the structure of the industry and its exposures with transparent methods, not individual firms.
Are export controls analysed?
Their effects on supply structure are analysed in neutral terms. The platform does not advise on compliance.
Why do mature chips matter?
Because many essential products use them, and their shortage can stop production as effectively as a shortage of advanced chips.
報告書貢献する

このページからエビデンスを提供する。

報告書 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRI貿易と戦略資源戦略システムシナリオとストレステスト

個人データ、重要インフラの機微な詳細、共有する権利のないものは決して送らないでください。寄稿は利用前にレビューされます。送付によって著作者としての権利や編集上の権利が生じることはなく、スポンサーシップで調査結果を買うことは決してできません。

貿易と戦略資源

手法、データセット、または問いを持ち込んでください。

情報提供と問い合わせは本日から受け付けています。問い合わせには参照番号が付き、次の手順が示されます。申請、支払い、計算資源の割り当て、登録は、担当チーム、規約、審査体制が整ってから開始します。

手法を提案する すべての連絡経路を見る
法務

このサイトの地図、データ、図表は、背景と一般的な情報として示すものです。助言、予報、警報ではありません。情報の限界は免責事項とデータに関する注意事項に記載しています。