Rainfall-runoff modelling of a basin
A conceptual or process-based model is built for each sub-catchment, calibrated on gauged flows and run with observed and forecast rainfall to give flow at the points where decisions are taken.
GCRI · Water Nexus
Hydrology is the core science of this platform: it turns rainfall, snow, soil, vegetation and geology into the river flows, groundwater levels and storage that every water decision depends on.
Hydrology studies the movement, distribution and quality of water across the land surface, subsurface and atmosphere. It underpins the assessment of floods, droughts and water supply, which affect food, energy, health and infrastructure together. In water, climate and hazards and infraestrutura crítica, hydrological estimates set design standards for dams, levees and drainage and inform water allocation between competing users. They link climate hazards to downstream effects on power generation, crops and public health. The canonical description is on o STEM Commons.
A conceptual or process-based model is built for each sub-catchment, calibrated on gauged flows and run with observed and forecast rainfall to give flow at the points where decisions are taken.
Inflows, abstractions, evaporation, returns and storage change are reconciled by season and by user, so allocation decisions start from a closed account rather than competing estimates.
Annual maxima and peaks over threshold are fitted to give return-period flows for levee, culvert and reservoir design, with confidence bands that widen as the record shortens.
Flood water, rain and root-zone soil moisture over the Nile Basin, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
O mapa interativo requer JavaScript. A lista de camadas e as fontes estão abaixo.
Camadas 3
A água agora, para esta página
Teclado, com o mapa em foco
Mantenha Ctrl ou ⌘ pressionada e role para ampliar
Mais recente disponível
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © colaboradores do OpenStreetMap (ODbL) · Natural Earth
Carregando as imagens mais recentes da NASA.
Arraste para mover. Use Ctrl ou ⌘ e role, o gesto de pinça ou os botões para ampliar. Passe o cursor para ver os valores sob o ponteiro. Redefinir volta à região.
A água agora, enquadrada na Bacia do Nilo.Produtos de satélite e de modelos como a NASA os publica, cada um com sua própria data. São indicadores, não avaliações de nenhum lugar.
Camadas e datas
Datasets and records used by hydrology and water science on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in registro de fontes.
| Dados | Função | Rótulo |
|---|---|---|
| Stream gauge records | Calibration and validation of flow | OBSERVADO |
| Gauge and radar rainfall | Model forcing | OBSERVADO |
| Reservoir operation records | Storage and release terms of the balance | Estatísticas publicadas |
| Digital elevation model | Catchment delineation and routing | MODELADO |
| Land cover and soil maps | Runoff and infiltration parameters | ESTIMADO |
Rain becomes runoff by the curve number method, drains each sub-catchment through a linear reservoir and travels down the main stem by Muskingum routing; play it to watch the flood wave move and flatten. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows The Nile Basin; the model itself is not tied to a place.
Controles
Leituras
| Hour | Outlet (m³/s) | Unrouted (m³/s) | Upper reach (m³/s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2.4 | 0.0 | 678.9 | 0.0 |
| 12.0 | 308.3 | 1,151.4 | 181.8 |
| 21.6 | 452.4 | 35.1 | 73.7 |
| 31.2 | 363.3 | 1.1 | 11.1 |
| 40.8 | 198.8 | 0.0 | 1.5 |
| 50.4 | 79.3 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
| 60.0 | 25.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 69.6 | 6.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 79.2 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 88.8 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 98.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 108.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 117.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 127.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 136.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
Nos seis pilares, sob a liderança do Nexus Consortium
Models are calibrated on one period of observed flows and tested on an independent period or neighbouring catchment. Skill scores and comparison with surveyed flood extents are used to judge performance.
| Verificar | Como é feito |
|---|---|
| Split-sample calibration | Fit on one period of flows, test on an independent period or a neighbouring catchment, report skill on the test period only |
| Mass balance closure | Every run reconciles inflow, outflow and storage change; an open balance is a finding, not a tolerance |
| Flood extent comparison | Modelled inundation is compared with surveyed or satellite extents of past events |
| Stationarity check | Trends in the record are tested before a período de retorno is quoted from it |
Assumptions of stationarity weaken as climate and land use change. Ungauged basins, karst aquifers and rapid urbanisation are poorly represented by parameters fitted elsewhere.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile Normas de risco hídrico: the hazards it names, the sistemas and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full Construtor de sistemas.
Ameaças
Sistemas e acoplamentos
Controles
NS-0 Constituição e princípiosNS-1 A UNI e o catálogo de artefatos (gramática v0.2: segmentos de domínio, setor, região e ambiente)NS-3 UNIs de registros de risco (gramática, correspondência legada, autoridade de atribuição)NS-3b Perfil de metadados de conjuntos de dados e produtos (STAC, DCAT, PROV-O)NS-9 UNIs contextuais (implantações, instâncias, instâncias de programa)NS-10 Políticas e cláusulas (obrigações legíveis por máquina: definição, caráter vinculante, avaliação e execução)NS-11 Verificação e monitoramento (evidências, atestações, observação da conformidade de confiança zero)NRS-U28 Universo platform profile: Water NexusNRS-H61 Família de perigos: falha em cascata (NHS-1 sys.cascade)NRS-K42 Perfil do pacote de domínio: bacias transfronteiriças (DOMAIN-042)NRS-N1 Risco hídrico e resiliênciaNRS-N7 Acoplamento do nexo água-energia-alimentação-saúde-biodiversidade-infraestruturasNRS-H62 Família de ameaças: eventos compostos e multiameaças (NHS-1 sys.compound)Observação
Geografia de exemplo
The sectors hydrology for water risk touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.
Assinatura
A água e os seus parceiros
A água fornece rega à alimentação (0,8), água de arrefecimento e hidroeletricidade à energia (0,6) e caudais ecológicos à biodiversidade (0,6).
W · E · I · F · H · B
Water Nexus stewards hydrology and water science for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.
O modelo, os seus pressupostos, os seus dados e a sua incerteza, na forma que um cientista ou engenheiro verificaria. As estruturas seguem métodos publicados. Os valores representados são ilustrativos, não conclusões.
The couplings between the systems in hydrology for water risk: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
Relatórios is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
Nunca envie dados pessoais, detalhes sensíveis de infraestrutura nem nada que você não tenha o direito de compartilhar. Uma contribuição é revisada antes do uso. Enviá-la não confere autoria nem direitos editoriais, e o patrocínio nunca compra uma constatação.
A informação e os pedidos estão abertos hoje. Um pedido recebe uma referência e indica o próximo passo; candidaturas, pagamentos, alocações de computação e registros só abrem quando existem a equipa, os termos e a capacidade de revisão.
Os mapas, dados e números deste site são apresentados como contexto e informação geral. Não são aconselhamento, previsões nem avisos; os limites da informação estão expostos nos Avisos legais e nos Avisos sobre dados.
This site uses only strictly necessary cookies to work and to remember your privacy choices. Nothing loads from other companies, and we never sell or share your personal information.
This site uses only strictly necessary cookies to work and to remember your privacy choices. Nothing loads from other companies, and we never sell or share your personal information. We run no advertising. You can review your choices at any time through Privacy choices at the foot of every page.