Rainfall-runoff modelling of a basin
A conceptual or process-based model is built for each sub-catchment, calibrated on gauged flows and run with observed and forecast rainfall to give flow at the points where decisions are taken.
GCRI · Water Nexus
Hydrology is the core science of this platform: it turns rainfall, snow, soil, vegetation and geology into the river flows, groundwater levels and storage that every water decision depends on.
Hydrology studies the movement, distribution and quality of water across the land surface, subsurface and atmosphere. It underpins the assessment of floods, droughts and water supply, which affect food, energy, health and infrastructure together. In water, climate and hazards and infrastruktur kritis, hydrological estimates set design standards for dams, levees and drainage and inform water allocation between competing users. They link climate hazards to downstream effects on power generation, crops and public health. The canonical description is on STEM Commons.
A conceptual or process-based model is built for each sub-catchment, calibrated on gauged flows and run with observed and forecast rainfall to give flow at the points where decisions are taken.
Inflows, abstractions, evaporation, returns and storage change are reconciled by season and by user, so allocation decisions start from a closed account rather than competing estimates.
Annual maxima and peaks over threshold are fitted to give return-period flows for levee, culvert and reservoir design, with confidence bands that widen as the record shortens.
Flood water, rain and root-zone soil moisture over the Nile Basin, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
Peta interaktif memerlukan JavaScript. Daftar lapisan dan sumber tersedia di bawah.
Lapisan 3
Air saat ini, untuk halaman ini
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Terbaru yang tersedia
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © kontributor OpenStreetMap (ODbL) · Natural Earth
Memuat citra NASA terbaru.
Seret untuk menggeser. Ctrl atau ⌘ dan gulir, cubit, atau gunakan tombol untuk memperbesar. Arahkan kursor untuk melihat nilai di bawah penunjuk. Setel ulang untuk kembali ke wilayah.
Air saat ini, dibingkai pada Lembah Sungai Nil.Produk satelit dan model sebagaimana diterbitkan NASA, masing-masing dengan tanggalnya sendiri. Produk ini adalah indikator, bukan penilaian atas tempat mana pun.
Lapisan dan tanggal
Datasets and records used by hydrology and water science on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in register sumber.
| Data | Peran | Label |
|---|---|---|
| Stream gauge records | Calibration and validation of flow | TERAMATI |
| Gauge and radar rainfall | Model forcing | TERAMATI |
| Reservoir operation records | Storage and release terms of the balance | Statistik terbitan |
| Digital elevation model | Catchment delineation and routing | DIMODELKAN |
| Land cover and soil maps | Runoff and infiltration parameters | ESTIMASI |
Rain becomes runoff by the curve number method, drains each sub-catchment through a linear reservoir and travels down the main stem by Muskingum routing; play it to watch the flood wave move and flatten. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows The Nile Basin; the model itself is not tied to a place.
Kendali
Pembacaan
| Hour | Outlet (m³/s) | Unrouted (m³/s) | Upper reach (m³/s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2.4 | 0.0 | 678.9 | 0.0 |
| 12.0 | 308.3 | 1,151.4 | 181.8 |
| 21.6 | 452.4 | 35.1 | 73.7 |
| 31.2 | 363.3 | 1.1 | 11.1 |
| 40.8 | 198.8 | 0.0 | 1.5 |
| 50.4 | 79.3 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
| 60.0 | 25.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 69.6 | 6.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 79.2 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 88.8 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 98.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 108.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 117.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 127.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 136.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
Di seluruh enam pilar, dipimpin oleh Nexus Consortium
Models are calibrated on one period of observed flows and tested on an independent period or neighbouring catchment. Skill scores and comparison with surveyed flood extents are used to judge performance.
| Pemeriksaan | Cara pelaksanaannya |
|---|---|
| Split-sample calibration | Fit on one period of flows, test on an independent period or a neighbouring catchment, report skill on the test period only |
| Mass balance closure | Every run reconciles inflow, outflow and storage change; an open balance is a finding, not a tolerance |
| Flood extent comparison | Modelled inundation is compared with surveyed or satellite extents of past events |
| Stationarity check | Trends in the record are tested before a periode ulang is quoted from it |
Assumptions of stationarity weaken as climate and land use change. Ungauged basins, karst aquifers and rapid urbanisation are poorly represented by parameters fitted elsewhere.
Disusun dari profil bidang Nexus Standards profil area Standar risiko air: bahaya yang disebutkannya, sistem dan sektor yang menanggung kerugian, kendali yang meredamnya, dan data yang mengamatinya. Pilih komponen, tentukan bahaya pemicu, dan telusuri kaskade langkah demi langkah. Tampilan Peta menempatkan proses pada contoh geografi dengan data terbuka. Setiap bobot keterkaitan adalah asumsi yang dinyatakan dan dapat Anda ubah. Model pengajaran, bukan prakiraan, penilaian, atau sertifikasi. Untuk memodelkan tempat pilihan Anda sendiri, buka System Builder.
Bahaya
Sistem dan keterkaitan
Kendali
NS-0 Anggaran dasar dan prinsipNS-1 Observatory UNI dan katalog artefak (tata bahasa v0.2: segmen domain, sektor, wilayah, dan lingkungan)NS-3 UNI catatan risiko (tata bahasa, pemetaan ke sistem lama, kewenangan alokasi)NS-3b Profil metadata dataset dan produk (STAC, DCAT, PROV-O)NS-9 UNI kontekstual (penerapan, instans, instans program)NS-10 Kebijakan dan klausul (kewajiban yang dapat dibaca mesin: definisi, pengikatan, evaluasi, dan penegakan)NS-11 Verifikasi dan pemantauan (bukti, atestasi, pengamatan kesesuaian zero trust)NRS-U28 Semesta : Water NexusNRS-H61 Kelompok bahaya: Kegagalan berantai (NHS-1 sys.cascade)NRS-K42 Profil paket domain: Daerah aliran sungai lintas batas (DOMAIN-042)NRS-N1 Risiko dan ketahanan airNRS-N7 Keterkaitan nexus air, energi, pangan, kesehatan, keanekaragaman hayati, dan infrastrukturNRS-H62 Keluarga bahaya: Peristiwa majemuk dan multibahaya (NHS-1 sys.compound)Pengamatan
Contoh geografi
The sectors hydrology for water risk touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.
Tanda tangan
Air dan mitranya
Air memberi irigasi bagi pangan (0,8), air pendingin dan tenaga air bagi energi (0,6), dan aliran lingkungan bagi keanekaragaman hayati (0,6).
W · E · I · F · H · B
Water Nexus stewards hydrology and water science for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.
Model, asumsi, data, dan ketidakpastiannya, dalam bentuk yang akan diperiksa ilmuwan atau insinyur. Strukturnya mengikuti metode yang dipublikasikan. Nilai yang digambar bersifat ilustratif, bukan temuan.
The couplings between the systems in hydrology for water risk: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
Laporan is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
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