Rainfall-runoff modelling of a basin
A conceptual or process-based model is built for each sub-catchment, calibrated on gauged flows and run with observed and forecast rainfall to give flow at the points where decisions are taken.
GCRI · Water Nexus
Hydrology is the core science of this platform: it turns rainfall, snow, soil, vegetation and geology into the river flows, groundwater levels and storage that every water decision depends on.
Hydrology studies the movement, distribution and quality of water across the land surface, subsurface and atmosphere. It underpins the assessment of floods, droughts and water supply, which affect food, energy, health and infrastructure together. In water, climate and hazards and infraestructura crítica, hydrological estimates set design standards for dams, levees and drainage and inform water allocation between competing users. They link climate hazards to downstream effects on power generation, crops and public health. The canonical description is on STEM Commons.
A conceptual or process-based model is built for each sub-catchment, calibrated on gauged flows and run with observed and forecast rainfall to give flow at the points where decisions are taken.
Inflows, abstractions, evaporation, returns and storage change are reconciled by season and by user, so allocation decisions start from a closed account rather than competing estimates.
Annual maxima and peaks over threshold are fitted to give return-period flows for levee, culvert and reservoir design, with confidence bands that widen as the record shortens.
Flood water, rain and root-zone soil moisture over the Nile Basin, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
El mapa interactivo requiere JavaScript; la lista de capas y las fuentes figuran a continuación.
Capas 3
El agua ahora, para esta página
Teclado, con el mapa seleccionado
Mantenga pulsado Ctrl o ⌘ y desplace para ampliar
Último disponible
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © colaboradores de OpenStreetMap (ODbL) · Natural Earth
Cargando las imágenes más recientes de la NASA.
Arrastre para desplazar. Ctrl o ⌘ y desplazamiento, pellizco o los botones para ampliar; pase el puntero para ver los valores; restablecer devuelve a la región.
El agua ahora, con encuadre en la cuenca del Nilo.Productos satelitales y de modelos tal como los publica la NASA, cada uno con su propia fecha. Son indicadores, no evaluaciones de ningún lugar.
Capas y fechas
Datasets and records used by hydrology and water science on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in el registro de fuentes.
| Datos | Función | Etiqueta |
|---|---|---|
| Stream gauge records | Calibration and validation of flow | OBSERVADO |
| Gauge and radar rainfall | Model forcing | OBSERVADO |
| Reservoir operation records | Storage and release terms of the balance | Estadísticas publicadas |
| Digital elevation model | Catchment delineation and routing | MODELADO |
| Land cover and soil maps | Runoff and infiltration parameters | ESTIMADO |
Rain becomes runoff by the curve number method, drains each sub-catchment through a linear reservoir and travels down the main stem by Muskingum routing; play it to watch the flood wave move and flatten. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows The Nile Basin; the model itself is not tied to a place.
Controles
Lecturas
| Hour | Outlet (m³/s) | Unrouted (m³/s) | Upper reach (m³/s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2.4 | 0.0 | 678.9 | 0.0 |
| 12.0 | 308.3 | 1,151.4 | 181.8 |
| 21.6 | 452.4 | 35.1 | 73.7 |
| 31.2 | 363.3 | 1.1 | 11.1 |
| 40.8 | 198.8 | 0.0 | 1.5 |
| 50.4 | 79.3 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
| 60.0 | 25.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 69.6 | 6.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 79.2 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 88.8 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 98.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 108.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 117.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 127.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 136.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
En los seis pilares, bajo la dirección de Nexus Consortium
Models are calibrated on one period of observed flows and tested on an independent period or neighbouring catchment. Skill scores and comparison with surveyed flood extents are used to judge performance.
| Verificación | Cómo se hace |
|---|---|
| Split-sample calibration | Fit on one period of flows, test on an independent period or a neighbouring catchment, report skill on the test period only |
| Mass balance closure | Every run reconciles inflow, outflow and storage change; an open balance is a finding, not a tolerance |
| Flood extent comparison | Modelled inundation is compared with surveyed or satellite extents of past events |
| Stationarity check | Trends in the record are tested before a período de retorno is quoted from it |
Assumptions of stationarity weaken as climate and land use change. Ungauged basins, karst aquifers and rapid urbanisation are poorly represented by parameters fitted elsewhere.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile Normas de riesgo hídrico: the hazards it names, the sistemas and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full Constructor de sistemas.
Amenazas
Sistemas y acoplamientos
Controles
NS-0 Constitución y principiosNS-1 La UNI y el catálogo de artefactos (gramática v0.2: segmentos de dominio, sector, región y entorno)NS-3 UNI de registros de riesgo (gramática, tabla de correspondencia heredada, autoridad de asignación)NS-3b Perfil de metadatos de conjuntos de datos y productos (STAC, DCAT, PROV-O)NS-9 UNI contextuales (despliegues, instancias, instancias de programa)NS-10 Políticas y cláusulas (obligaciones legibles por máquina: definición, carácter vinculante, evaluación y cumplimiento)NS-11 Verificación y seguimiento (evidencia, atestaciones, observación de la conformidad de confianza cero)NRS-U28 Universo platform profile: Water NexusNRS-H61 Familia de amenazas: fallo en cascada (NHS-1 sys.cascade)NRS-K42 Perfil del paquete de dominio: cuencas transfronterizas (DOMAIN-042)NRS-N1 Riesgo hídrico y resilienciaNRS-N7 Acoplamiento del nexo agua-energía-alimentación-salud-biodiversidad-infraestructuraNRS-H62 Familia de amenazas: eventos compuestos y multiamenaza (NHS-1 sys.compound)Observación
Geografía de ejemplo
The sectors hydrology for water risk touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.
Firma
El agua y sus socios
El agua aporta riego a la alimentación (0,8), agua de refrigeración e hidroelectricidad a la energía (0,6) y caudales ecológicos a la biodiversidad (0,6).
W · E · I · F · H · B
Water Nexus stewards hydrology and water science for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.
El modelo, sus supuestos, sus datos y su incertidumbre, en la forma en que un científico o un ingeniero los comprobaría. Las estructuras siguen métodos publicados. Los valores representados son ilustrativos, no hallazgos.
The couplings between the systems in hydrology for water risk: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
serie Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
No envíe nunca datos personales, detalles sensibles de infraestructura ni nada que no tenga derecho a compartir. Un aporte se revisa antes de su uso; enviarlo no confiere autoría ni derechos editoriales, y el patrocinio nunca compra un hallazgo.
La información y las consultas están abiertas hoy. Una consulta recibe una referencia e indica el siguiente paso; las solicitudes, pagos, asignaciones de cómputo y registros solo se abren cuando existen su equipo, sus condiciones y la capacidad de revisión.
Los mapas, datos y cifras de este sitio se muestran como contexto e información general. No son consejos, pronósticos ni avisos; los límites de la información se exponen en los Descargos de responsabilidad y los Avisos sobre datos.
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