Rainfall-runoff modelling of a basin
A conceptual or process-based model is built for each sub-catchment, calibrated on gauged flows and run with observed and forecast rainfall to give flow at the points where decisions are taken.
GCRI · Water Nexus
Hydrology is the core science of this platform: it turns rainfall, snow, soil, vegetation and geology into the river flows, groundwater levels and storage that every water decision depends on.
Hydrology studies the movement, distribution and quality of water across the land surface, subsurface and atmosphere. It underpins the assessment of floods, droughts and water supply, which affect food, energy, health and infrastructure together. In water, climate and hazards and binesaziya girîng, hydrological estimates set design standards for dams, levees and drainage and inform water allocation between competing users. They link climate hazards to downstream effects on power generation, crops and public health. The canonical description is on STEM Commons.
A conceptual or process-based model is built for each sub-catchment, calibrated on gauged flows and run with observed and forecast rainfall to give flow at the points where decisions are taken.
Inflows, abstractions, evaporation, returns and storage change are reconciled by season and by user, so allocation decisions start from a closed account rather than competing estimates.
Annual maxima and peaks over threshold are fitted to give return-period flows for levee, culvert and reservoir design, with confidence bands that widen as the record shortens.
Flood water, rain and root-zone soil moisture over the Nile Basin, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
Nexşeya înteraktîf JavaScript hewce dike; lîsteya qatan û çavkanî li jêr in.
Qat 3
Water now, for this page
Klavye, dema ku nexşe di fokusê de ye
Ctrl an ⌘ bigire û bizivirîne da ku nêzîk bikî
Ya herî dawî ya heyî
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth
Wêneyên herî nû yên NASA tê barkirin.
Bikişîne da ku bilivîne. Ctrl an ⌘ û zivirandin, pincandin an bişkojkan ji bo nêzîkkirinê; ji bo nirxên di bin nîşanderê de li ser bisekine; vegerandin vedigere herêmê.
Water now, framed on the Nile Basin.Berhemên peyk û modelê wekî NASA diweşîne, her yek bi dîroka xwe. Nîşander in, ne nirxandinên tu cihî ne.
Qat û dîrok
Datasets and records used by hydrology and water science on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in the source register.
| Dane | Rol | Nîşan |
|---|---|---|
| Stream gauge records | Calibration and validation of flow | ÇAVDÊRÎKIRÎ |
| Gauge and radar rainfall | Model forcing | ÇAVDÊRÎKIRÎ |
| Reservoir operation records | Storage and release terms of the balance | Statîstîkên weşandî |
| Digital elevation model | Catchment delineation and routing | MODELKIRÎ |
| Land cover and soil maps | Runoff and infiltration parameters | TEXMÎNKIRÎ |
Rain becomes runoff by the curve number method, drains each sub-catchment through a linear reservoir and travels down the main stem by Muskingum routing; play it to watch the flood wave move and flatten. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows The Nile Basin; the model itself is not tied to a place.
Kontrol
Xwendin
| Hour | Outlet (m³/s) | Unrouted (m³/s) | Upper reach (m³/s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2.4 | 0.0 | 678.9 | 0.0 |
| 12.0 | 308.3 | 1,151.4 | 181.8 |
| 21.6 | 452.4 | 35.1 | 73.7 |
| 31.2 | 363.3 | 1.1 | 11.1 |
| 40.8 | 198.8 | 0.0 | 1.5 |
| 50.4 | 79.3 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
| 60.0 | 25.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 69.6 | 6.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 79.2 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 88.8 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 98.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 108.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 117.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 127.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 136.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
Li seranserê şeş stûnan, bi pêşengiya Nexus Consortium
Models are calibrated on one period of observed flows and tested on an independent period or neighbouring catchment. Skill scores and comparison with surveyed flood extents are used to judge performance.
| Kontrol bikin | How it is done |
|---|---|
| Split-sample calibration | Fit on one period of flows, test on an independent period or a neighbouring catchment, report skill on the test period only |
| Mass balance closure | Every run reconciles inflow, outflow and storage change; an open balance is a finding, not a tolerance |
| Flood extent comparison | Modelled inundation is compared with surveyed or satellite extents of past events |
| Stationarity check | Trends in the record are tested before a heyama vegerê is quoted from it |
Assumptions of stationarity weaken as climate and land use change. Ungauged basins, karst aquifers and rapid urbanisation are poorly represented by parameters fitted elsewhere.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile Standardên xetera avê: the hazards it names, the pergalan and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
Metirsî
Pergal û girêdan
Kontrol
NS-0 Destûr û prensîbNS-1 Çavdêrxaneya UNI û kataloga berheman (rêzimana v0.2: beşên qad, sektor, herêm û jîngehê)NS-3 UNIyên tomara xetereyê (rêzimanî, nexşeya veguhastina ji pergala kevin, desthilata veqetandinê)NS-3b Profîla metadata ya daneset û berheman (STAC, DCAT, PROV-O)NS-9 UNI yên çarçoveyî (belavkirin, mînak, mînakên bernameyê)NS-10 Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)NS-11 Piştrastkirin û çavdêrî (delîl, erêkirin, çavdêriya lihevhatina zero-trust)NRS-U28 Universe platform profile: Water NexusNRS-H61 Malbata metirsiyê: Têkçûna zincîrî (NHS-1 sys.cascade)NRS-K42 Profîla pakêta domainê: Hewzên derbasî-sînor (DOMAIN-042)NRS-N1 Xetera avê û berxwedanNRS-N7 Hevgirêdana av-enerjî-xwarin-tenduristî-cûrbecûrbûna jîndaran-binesazîNRS-H62 Malbata metirsiyê: Bûyerên tevhev û pir-metirsî (NHS-1 sys.compound)Çavdêrî
Erdnîgariya mînakê
The sectors hydrology for water risk touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.
Îmze
Av û hevkarên wê
Av dide çandiniyê avdan (0.8), dide enerjiyê ava sarkirinê û hîdroelektrîkê (0.6) û dide cûrbecûrbûna jîndaran herikên jîngehî (0.6).
W · E · I · F · H · B
Water Nexus stewards hydrology and water science for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.
Model, texmînên wî, daneyên wî û nediyariya wî, bi şeweyê ku zanyar an endezyar kontrol bike. Avahî rêbazên weşandî dişopînin. Nirxên hatine xêzkirin nimûneyî ne, ne encam in.
The couplings between the systems in hydrology for water risk: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
rêzeya Pergalên Stratejîk is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
Tu carî daneyên şexsî, hûrgiliyên binesaza hesas an tiştekî ku mafê we yê parvekirinê tune ne neşînin. Beşdarî berî bikaranînê tê nirxandin; şandina wê nivîskarî an mafên edîtorî nade û sponsorî tu carî encamekê nakire.
Agahî û pirs îro vekirî ne. Pirsek referansekê distîne û gava piştî wê dide nasîn; serlêdan, drav, veqetandina hesabkirinê û tomarkirin tenê dema ku tîm, mercên wê û kapasîteya vekolînê hebin vedibin.
Nexşe, dane û jimarên vê malperê ji bo çarçoveyê û agahiyên giştî têne nîşandan. Ew ne şîret, ne pêşbînî û ne hişyarî ne; sînorên agahiyê di Daxuyaniyên Berpirsiyariyê û Daxuyaniyên Daneyê de hatine diyarkirin.
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