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GCRI · Water Nexus

面向水风险的水文学

Hydrology is the core science of this platform: it turns rainfall, snow, soil, vegetation and geology into the river flows, groundwater levels and storage that every water decision depends on.

01登记

Hydrology for water risk on the record.

方法记录STEM 方法
  1. 方法水文学与水科学
  2. 管理者Water Nexus
  3. 应用于Water Nexus
  4. 规范页面STEM 公共资源
02申请

What hydrology and water science does here.

Hydrology studies the movement, distribution and quality of water across the land surface, subsurface and atmosphere. It underpins the assessment of floods, droughts and water supply, which affect food, energy, health and infrastructure together. In water, climate and hazards and 关键基础设施, hydrological estimates set design standards for dams, levees and drainage and inform water allocation between competing users. They link climate hazards to downstream effects on power generation, crops and public health. The canonical description is on STEM Commons.

Rainfall-runoff modelling of a basin

A conceptual or process-based model is built for each sub-catchment, calibrated on gauged flows and run with observed and forecast rainfall to give flow at the points where decisions are taken.

Water balance accounting

Inflows, abstractions, evaporation, returns and storage change are reconciled by season and by user, so allocation decisions start from a closed account rather than competing estimates.

Flood frequency and design flows

Annual maxima and peaks over threshold are fitted to give return-period flows for levee, culvert and reservoir design, with confidence bands that widen as the record shortens.

03地理

尼罗河流域当前的水情。

Flood water, rain and root-zone soil moisture over the Nile Basin, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页面的当前水情

关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星探测;云层造成缺口。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
估计值
来源
GPM IMERG(NASA GES DISC)
提供方
NASA GES DISC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;近实时卫星估算
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 2 公里网格
不确定性
近实时卫星估算。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
模型生成
来源
SMAP Level 4 (NASA NSIDC DAAC)
提供方
NASA NSIDC DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;同化了卫星数据的模型
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-11
处理结果
约 2 公里网格
不确定性
同化了卫星数据的模型。按提供方发布形式呈现的卫星或模型栅格。云层、扫描带间隙和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值为指示值,而非某一地点的实测值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(GIBS 发布的最新月份)
来源
GRACE-FO JPL mascons (NASA JPL PO.DAAC)
提供方
NASA JPL PO.DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每月;卫星重力测量;GIBS 发布的最新月份
构建时的最新内容
2022-07-01
处理结果
约 2 公里网格
不确定性
卫星重力测量;GIBS 发布的最新月份。按提供方发布形式呈现的卫星或模型栅格。云层、扫描带间隙和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值为指示值,而非某一地点的实测值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

当前的水情,以尼罗河流域为范围。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA GPM IMERG Early · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • GPM IMERG 降水,NASA 降水处理系统;由 NASA 戈达德地球科学数据和信息服务中心(GES DISC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • SMAP Level 4 土壤湿度和雪量,NASA 全球建模与同化办公室;由 NASA 国家冰雪数据中心 DAAC 分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • GRACE 和 GRACE-FO JPL 质量块解,NASA 喷气推进实验室;由 NASA 物理海洋学 DAAC(PO.DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • Live: NASA GPM IMERG Early. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 河流流量预报,30天及区间(GloFAS,经Open-Meteo):包含经修改的Copernicus Emergency Management Service 2026年信息;非洪水警报。
  • 过去一年的每日气温(ERA5,经由 Open-Meteo):包含经修改的 Copernicus 气候变化服务 2026 年信息。
  • 过去一年的每日气温和日照(NASA POWER):这些数据来自 NASA 兰利研究中心(LaRC)POWER 项目,该项目由 NASA 地球科学/应用科学计划资助。
  • 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
  • 可选图层(图层列表中有 14 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)在开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报是模型输出,派生指数是估计值。

图层与日期

  • 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
  • 降水率,日均值:GPM IMERG,NASA GES DISC · 2026年10月12日
  • 根区土壤湿度,0 至 100 cm:SMAP Level 4,NASA NSIDC DAAC · 2026年10月11日
  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
  • 月度蓄水异常:GRACE-FO JPL 质量块解,NASA JPL PO.DAAC · 2022年7月

04数据

该方法使用的输入。

Datasets and records used by hydrology and water science on this platform, with the role each plays and the label its values carry. Sources are listed in 来源登记册.

数据角色标签
Stream gauge recordsCalibration and validation of flow观测
Gauge and radar rainfallModel forcing观测
Reservoir operation recordsStorage and release terms of the balance已发布统计
Digital elevation modelCatchment delineation and routing模型生成
Land cover and soil mapsRunoff and infiltration parameters估算
05模拟器

Route a storm through a river network.

Rain becomes runoff by the curve number method, drains each sub-catchment through a linear reservoir and travels down the main stem by Muskingum routing; play it to watch the flood wave move and flatten. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows The Nile Basin; the model itself is not tied to a place.

控制措施

Storm rainfall depth
120 mm
Storm duration
12 h
Curve number (soil and land cover)
78
Catchment area
800 km²
Reaches on the main stem
5
Travel time per reach (Muskingum K)
6.0 h
Muskingum X (storage weighting)
0.20
Channel capacity per unit area
300 L/s per km²

读数

Peak discharge at the outlet
452 m³/s
Time to peak
21.6 h
Attenuation by the channel
61%
Hours over capacity
26.4 h
Runoff coefficient
52%
数字、方法与来源
HourOutlet (m³/s)Unrouted (m³/s)Upper reach (m³/s)
2.40.0678.90.0
12.0308.31,151.4181.8
21.6452.435.173.7
31.2363.31.111.1
40.8198.80.01.5
50.479.30.00.2
60.025.40.00.0
69.66.90.00.0
79.21.70.00.0
88.80.40.00.0
98.40.10.00.0
108.00.00.00.0
117.60.00.00.0
127.20.00.00.0
136.80.00.00.0

方法

  1. Curve number runoff USDA Soil Conservation Service (1972), National Engineering Handbook, Section 4: Hydrology
  2. Linear reservoir Nash (1957), The form of the instantaneous unit hydrograph, IAHS 45
  3. Muskingum channel routing McCarthy (1938); Cunge (1969), Journal of Hydraulic Research 7
  4. 不确定性扇形图(参数蒙特卡罗) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
  5. 单因素敏感性(龙卷风图) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

数据

The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:

  • 河流 Natural Earth
  • Lakes and reservoirs Natural Earth
  • 城市 Natural Earth
  • 降雨率,最近半小时(IMERG) NASA GPM IMERG Early · 登记 nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
  • 河流流量预报,30 天及范围(GloFAS via Open-Meteo) Open-Meteo.com(CC BY 4.0)、Copernicus GloFAS · 登记 open-meteo.public-pages
  • Surface soil moisture (SMAP) NASA SMAP · register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
  • Surface water, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-HLS) NASA JPL OPERA DSWx-HLS (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026) · register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
  • Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar) NASA JPL OPERA DSWx-S1 (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel-1 data 2026) · register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
Route a storm through a river network. Illustrative teaching model: it runs on the values set by the controls, not on measured data. Methods: Curve number runoff (USDA Soil Conservation Service (1972), National Engineering Handbook, Section 4: Hydrology); Linear reservoir (Nash (1957), The form of the instantaneous unit hydrograph, IAHS 45); Muskingum channel routing (McCarthy (1938); Cunge (1969), Journal of Hydraulic Research 7).
06验证

结果如何核查。

Models are calibrated on one period of observed flows and tested on an independent period or neighbouring catchment. Skill scores and comparison with surveyed flood extents are used to judge performance.

核查如何开展
Split-sample calibrationFit on one period of flows, test on an independent period or a neighbouring catchment, report skill on the test period only
Mass balance closureEvery run reconciles inflow, outflow and storage change; an open balance is a finding, not a tolerance
Flood extent comparisonModelled inundation is compared with surveyed or satellite extents of past events
Stationarity checkTrends in the record are tested before a 重现期 is quoted from it

Assumptions of stationarity weaken as climate and land use change. Ungauged basins, karst aquifers and rapid urbanisation are poorly represented by parameters fitted elsewhere.

07孪生与级联模拟器

Model hydrology for water risk as a system. Run the cascade.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 水风险标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

  • 山洪
  • 气象干旱
  • 地下水枯竭
  • 溃坝
  • 泥石流(在下游引发)
  • 农业干旱(在下游引发)
  • 水文干旱(在下游引发)
  • 野火 (在下游引发)
  • 泥炭与地下火(在下游引发)
  • Forest dieback (set off downstream)
  • 供水短缺(在下游引发)
  • Acute food crisis (set off downstream)
  • Dust storm (set off downstream)
  • Land subsidence (set off downstream)
  • Saltwater intrusion (set off downstream)
  • 河流洪水(在下游引发)
  • 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)
  • Amazon rainforest dieback (set off downstream)

系统与耦合

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-1 维持社会运转的 UNI 与制品目录(语法 v0.2:领域、部门、区域和环境分段)
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)
  • NS-3b 数据集与产品元数据规范(STAC、DCAT、PROV-O)
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-10 政策和条款(机器可读的义务:定义、约束、评估和执行)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NRS-U28 宇宙 platform profile: Water Nexus
  • NRS-H61 危害族:级联失效(NHS-1 sys.cascade)
  • NRS-K42 领域包概况:跨境流域(DOMAIN-042)
  • NRS-N1 水风险与韧性
  • NRS-N7 水-能源-粮食-卫生-生物多样性-基础设施关联耦合
  • NRS-H62 危害类别:复合与多危害事件(NHS-1 sys.compound)

观测

  • USGS Water Data APIs (listed for reference)
  • GloFAS global flood forecasts and reanalysis (listed for reference)
  • GRACE/GRACE-FO terrestrial water storage mascons (listed for reference)
  • Aqueduct 4.0 Water Risk Atlas (listed for reference)
  • CHIRPS quasi-global gridded precipitation (listed for reference)
  • Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources
  • Proportion of transboundary basin area with an operational arrangement for water cooperation
  • Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services
  • Number of disruptions to basic services attributed to disasters

示例地理范围

  • The Ganges and Brahmaputra Basin: 178 hexagonal cells
  • 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
  • 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
  • 地表土壤湿度(SMAP),NASA GIBS
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
09部门特征

The sector signature of hydrology for water risk.

The sectors hydrology for water risk touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.

选择角点 · 悬停连线6 / 15 项关系

签名

水及其合作伙伴

水为粮食提供灌溉(0.8),为能源提供冷却水和水电(0.6),为生物多样性提供环境流量(0.6)。

W · E · I · F · H · B

部门
4 共 6
关系
6 共 15
耦合
0.43 占总量份额

当前最强的关系

  • 粮食 → 生物多样性 · 土地转换0.6
  • 水 → 能源 · 冷却水与水电0.6
  • 水 → 粮食 · 灌溉0.8
  • 水 → 生物多样性 · 生态流量0.6
典型城市区域的教学数值,不是任何地点的测量值。耦合是所涉关系强度的总和,以全部十五种关系的占比表示。
10管理责任

由谁维护该方法。

Water Nexus stewards hydrology and water science for the Consortium and reviews how it is applied across platforms.

11方法与证据

How hydrology for water risk is modelled, measured and tested.

模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。

系统模型

The couplings between the systems in hydrology for water risk: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−++水气候关键基础设施社区经济R 增强B 平衡
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR 指导原则 · GO FAIR 和 FORCE11W3C PROV · 万维网联盟关于一致处理不确定性的指南 · IPCCCEOS 分析就绪数据 · 地球观测卫星委员会
12问题

问题与解答。

What are the limits of hydrology and water science in this field?
Assumptions of stationarity weaken as climate and land use change. Ungauged basins, karst aquifers and rapid urbanisation are poorly represented by parameters fitted elsewhere.
结果如何核查?
Models are calibrated on one period of observed flows and tested on an independent period or neighbouring catchment. Skill scores and comparison with surveyed flood extents are used to judge performance.
本页面上的数值是真实的吗?
The data names, roles and checks are real descriptions of practice. The canvas shows a design of the method’s use, not a run; no result is reported here.
该方法还应用于何处?
维持社会运转的 规范方法页面 列出应用该方法的每个平台。
报告贡献

从本页贡献证据。

报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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Water Nexus

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