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GCRI · Inteligencia artificial y sistemas autónomos

La IA en la ciencia

Machine learning now predicts protein structures, emulates weather and climate models, screens materials and helps analyse vast datasets. It can speed discovery, and it can also produce results that are hard to reproduce, overfit or rest on data leakage. This page sets out how AI is used in science, where it fails, how its results are checked, and what evidence serves the researchers, funders and journals involved.

02La pregunta

AI in science: how the risk develops.

Discovery and reproducibility. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mecanismo

Learning from data replaces some simulation

Models trained on simulations or observations can emulate expensive calculations quickly. They are reliable within the range of their training data and uncertain outside it.

Mecanismo

Leakage inflates results

When information from the test set reaches training, through duplicates, time overlap or preprocessing, reported accuracy overstates real performance. Leakage is a known cause of irreproducible ML science.

Mecanismo

Openness enables checking

Results can be verified only when code, data, models and settings are shared. Proprietary models and data limit independent checks.

Mecanismo

Scientists stay accountable

AI can suggest hypotheses and draft text, but researchers remain responsible for methods, interpretation and integrity. Journals and funders are setting rules for AI use.

03Seguimiento

Registro de modelos.

La pantalla que utilizaría un equipo para seguir esta materia: sus mediciones, estados y decisiones. Los nombres son ejemplos y los valores son ilustrativos.

Registro de modelos

AI in science · Model registry · Release gate

Un modelo bloqueado en la puertaGCRI · Inteligencia artificial y sistemas autónomos

Modelos

M-489 triage assistantServicio públicoAlto20 of 24 suitesBloqueado
M-530 flood nowcastCienciaMedio12 de 12Publicado
M-079 document searchInternoBajo8 of 8Publicado
M-881 agent plannerAgénticoAlto11 of 16En evaluación

Ficha del modelo

Uso previsto
apoyo al triaje, decide una persona
Fuera de alcance
decisiones de elegibilidad
Límites conocidos
menor precisión en casos raros
Propietario
Propietario del modelo

Registro de incidentes

  1. D-19INCCita alucinada en el resumen
  2. D-8MITFundamentación de la recuperación añadida
  3. D-3INCInyección de instrucciones mediante un archivo cargado
  4. D-1MITPermiso de herramienta restringido

Evaluation scores

vs release threshold

Task accuracy81 of 85 requiredRobustez68 of 75 requiredFairness gap (lower is better)3 of 5 requiredRefusal on misuse85 of 95 required
Model registry: the screen’s structure, terms and states for AI in science.Nombres de ejemplo y valores ilustrativos; un diseño, no un registro ni un sistema en vivo.
04En todos los dominios

AI changes how each domain’s science is done.

05Métodos y evidencia

How AI in science is modelled, measured and tested.

El modelo, sus supuestos, sus datos y su incertidumbre, en la forma en que un científico o un ingeniero los comprobaría. Las estructuras siguen métodos publicados. Los valores representados son ilustrativos, no hallazgos.

Modelo, ecuaciones y supuestos

The model structure used for AI in science, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.

Riesgo del elemento iRi = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)amenaza, exposición, vulnerabilidad y capacidad de afrontamiento
Pérdida anual esperadaEAL = ∑k pk · Lksobre los eventos k con probabilidad anual pk
Sistemas acopladosxt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error
SupuestoPor qué se haceCómo se prueba
La amenaza y la exposición son independientes dentro de un eventoMantiene manejable la integral de pérdidasComparar con un ajuste de cópula sobre registros conjuntos
Los acoplamientos son lineales cerca del punto de operaciónPermite que las perturbaciones se propaguen a través de APerturbar más allá del rango lineal y comparar
Las curvas de vulnerabilidad se transfieren entre lugaresLas curvas locales rara vez están disponiblesValidar frente a las pérdidas observadas cuando existan
Entradas
conjuntos de datos versionados con procedencia
Resultados
distribuciones, nunca cifras únicas
Código
publicado con la ficha de modelo y las pruebas
Reproducción
mismos datos, código, entorno y semilla
Formulaciones estándar de riesgo y de espacio de estados; los supuestos enumerados son los típicos del método, expuestos para su revisión, no resultados.
Principios rectores FAIR · GO FAIR y FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientación para un tratamiento coherente de las incertidumbres · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comité sobre Satélites de Observación de la Tierra
06Indicadores

Qué se mide y con qué calidad.

Cada indicador lleva su unidad, su periodicidad, el tipo de fuente que lo respalda y la etiqueta de evidencia que llevaría un valor. No se muestran valores: un programa los aporta bajo su propia autoridad.

IndicadorUnidadCadenciaTipo de fuenteEtiqueta
Studies sharing code and datapercent of published ML studiespor revisiónPublication auditsOBSERVADO
Leakage issues identified in reviewscount by typepor revisiónReproducibility studiesNOTIFICADO
Out-of-distribution performanceerror on held-out regimesper evaluationEvaluación de modelosOBSERVADO
Emulator error against reference simulationerror metricper evaluationValidation runsOBSERVADO
Journals with AI use policiesrecuentoanualPublisher policiesDECLARADO
Compute used for scientific model trainingfloating point operationsper modelModel documentationESTIMADO
07Fuentes

De dónde procede la evidencia.

Conjuntos de datos públicos y registros institucionales identificados, cada uno con su tipo de licencia. Las fuentes obtenidas por acuerdo solo se utilizan conforme a sus condiciones y nunca se republican.

FuenteLo que aportaTipo de licencia
Protein Data Bank and AlphaFold Protein Structure DatabaseExperimental and predicted protein structuresOpen, CC0 and CC BY 4.0 respectively
WeatherBench and related benchmarksStandard evaluation of data-driven weather modelsOpen, licence per benchmark (to check)
Princeton reproducibility studies on ML-based scienceSurvey of leakage and reproducibility failuresLicence per publication
Materials ProjectComputed materials properties for screeningAbierta, CC BY 4.0
Publisher and funder policies on AI useRules on authorship, disclosure and reviewPublic, terms per publisher
08Decisiones

Quién decide y a qué sirve la evidencia.

Estudio de Inteligencia artificial y sistemas prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Quién decideLa preguntaEvidencia a la que sirve esta página
Research teamsWhether an ML result is robust enough to publishLeakage checklists; validation protocols
Journals and reviewersWhat evidence to require for ML-based claimsReporting guidance; reproducibility evidence
Financiadores de la investigaciónHow to fund open models, data and compute for scienceOpenness and compute evidence

Productos que genera este tema

  • Leakage and reproducibility checklists for ML studies
  • Validation protocols for scientific emulators
  • Guidance on reporting AI use in research
  • Case studies of AI in specific sciences
09Cuestiones centrales

What scientists ask about AI in research.

  • Does the AI-assisted result hold when tested independently, by experiment or observation?
  • Is the model, data and code available so others can reproduce it?
  • Has data leakage between training and evaluation inflated reported performance?
  • Does the model extrapolate beyond the conditions its training data covered?
10Mecanismos

How discovery and error both scale.

Machine learning finds patterns in large datasets faster than people can, and surrogate models can emulate expensive simulations, allowing many more scenarios to be explored. In fields with good data and clear validation, such as structural biology, the gains have been substantial.

The risks are equally systematic. Leakage between training and test data has produced inflated results across many disciplines. Models trained on past data may not respect physical laws when extrapolating. Generative sistemas can fabricate plausible references or data. And when models and data are proprietary, results cannot be checked.

11Métodos y datos

Keeping AI-assisted science reproducible.

  1. 01

    Reporting standards

    Checklists covering data splits, leakage checks, baselines and uncertainty. Standards help only if journals and reviewers enforce them.

  2. 02

    Physics-informed and hybrid models

    Combining learned components with known physical constraints, using inteligencia artificial y aprendizaje automático and high-performance, cloud and edge computing. Constraints reduce but do not remove extrapolation risk.

  3. 03

    Uncertainty estimation

    Ensembles and Bayesian methods from probabilidad y estadística to flag predictions the model is unsure of. Uncertainty estimates can themselves be miscalibrated.

  4. 04

    Open artefacts

    Publishing code, data and model weights where rights allow, so others can reproduce and challenge results.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Los organismos y documentos con los que se lee esta página. El estado y las ediciones cambian; cada enlace lleva al organismo emisor.

14Preguntas

Preguntas y respuestas.

What is data leakage in machine learning?
The unintended use of information from the test data during training or model selection, which makes performance look better than it would be on genuinely new data.
Can AI replace scientific simulation?
AI emulators can approximate simulations quickly within their training range, but they need validation and can fail for conditions they have not seen.
How should AI use in research be reported?
By stating which tools were used, for what, with what settings, and how outputs were checked, following the policies of the journal and funder.
Can AI replace experiments?
No. It can prioritise which experiments to run and emulate some simulations, but claims about the world still need testing against observation or experiment.
What is data leakage?
When information from the test set, or from the future, finds its way into training, so the model appears better than it is. It is one of the most common errors in applied machine learning.
Does the platform review scientific papers?
No. It studies methods and publishes guidance and case studies. Peer review remains with journals and the scientific community.
Are AI-generated hypotheses credited?
The platform’s outputs describe the role AI played in any work, so readers can judge the result; authorship and accountability stay with people.
serie ReportsContribuir

Aporte evidencia desde esta página.

serie Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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Inteligencia artificial y sistemas autónomos

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