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Effets sur le travail et effets sociaux

AI changes which tasks people do, how work is organised, which skills are valued and how information spreads. Effects differ by occupation, country, gender and age, and depend on how firms and governments choose to deploy it. This page sets out how AI affects work and society, how exposure and impacts are measured, and what evidence serves the labour ministries, employers, unions and educators involved.

01Registre

Labour and social effects on the record.

02La question

Labour and social effects: how the risk develops.

Work, education, public trust and inclusion. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mécanisme

Tasks change before jobs do

AI automates or assists specific tasks within occupations. Jobs are reorganised around remaining tasks before they disappear or new ones form.

Mécanisme

Exposure is uneven

Clerical and some professional tasks are highly exposed to generative AI, while manual and interpersonal work is less exposed. Women are over-represented in some highly exposed clerical jobs.

Mécanisme

Skills and training lag

Workers need new skills to use AI well, and those displaced need retraining. Training systèmes often respond more slowly than technology adoption.

Mécanisme

Information ecosystems shift

Generated content, recommendation systems and synthetic media change how people find and judge information, with effects on trust and public debate.

03Méthodes et preuves

How labour and social effects is modelled, measured and tested.

Le modèle, ses hypothèses, ses données et son incertitude, sous la forme qu'un scientifique ou un ingénieur vérifierait. Les structures suivent des méthodes publiées. Les valeurs représentées sont illustratives, ce ne sont pas des résultats.

Modèle de système

The couplings between the systems in labour and social effects: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+Intelligence artificielleDonnéesCommunautésÉconomieR renforçanteB équilibrage
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Principes directeurs FAIR · GO FAIR et FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientations sur le traitement cohérent des incertitudes · GIECCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comité sur les satellites d'observation de la Terre
04À travers les domaines

AI’s effects on work vary across domains.

05Indicateurs

Ce qui est mesuré, et avec quelle qualité.

Chaque indicateur porte son unité, sa périodicité, le type de source qui le sous-tend et l'étiquette de preuve que porterait une valeur. Aucune valeur n'est affichée : un programme les fournit sous sa propre autorité.

IndicateurUnitéFréquenceType de sourceÉtiquette
Employment in occupations highly exposed to AIpercent of employmentpar évaluationExposure studies using occupational dataESTIMÉ
Firms using AIpercent of firmsannuelBusiness surveysDÉCLARÉ
Workers using AI tools at workpercent of workersper surveyLabour force and worker surveysDÉCLARÉ
AI-related job postingsshare of postingsmensuelOnline job posting dataOBSERVÉ
Participation in AI skills trainingpercent of workforceannuelTraining surveysDÉCLARÉ
Wage changes in exposed occupationspercent changeannuelWage statisticsStatistiques publiées
06Sources

D'où proviennent les données probantes.

Jeux de données publics et registres institutionnels nommés, chacun avec sa catégorie de licence. Les sources fournies dans le cadre d'accords ne sont utilisées que selon leurs conditions et ne sont jamais republiées.

SourcesCe qu'elle apporteCatégorie de licence
ILO studies on generative AI exposure of occupationsOccupational exposure estimates by country and genderPublic, ILO terms
OECD Employment Outlook and AI in work studiesEvidence on AI adoption and labour effectsPublic, OECD terms
Eurostat ICT usage in enterprises surveyShare of enterprises using AIOpen, Eurostat reuse policy
Online job posting data such as Lightcast summariesDemand for AI skillsCommercial; public summaries (to check)
Stanford AI IndexCompiled indicators on AI adoption, investment and labourPublic, licence to check
07Décisions

Qui décide, et à quoi servent les données probantes.

Studio Intelligence artificielle et systèmes prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Qui décideLa questionDonnées probantes servies par cette page
Labour ministriesWhich workers and sectors need transition supportExposure analyses; adoption tracking
Employers and unionsHow to introduce AI at work and share its gainsAdoption and wage evidence
Éducation and training bodiesWhich skills to teach and to whomSkills demand evidence

Résultats que produit ce thème

  • Occupational exposure analyses by sector, gender and region
  • Adoption tracking from business and worker surveys
  • Evaluation designs for AI training programmes
  • Evidence notes for social dialogue on AI at work
08Questions essentielles

What researchers ask about social effects.

  • Which tasks can current AI perform well, and how does that map onto occupations?
  • Does AI substitute for workers, complement them or change what their jobs consist of?
  • How does AI change learning and assessment in education?
  • How do errors, opacity and misuse affect trust, and who is excluded?
09Mécanismes

Tasks, not jobs.

Jobs are bundles of tasks. AI tends to automate or assist specific tasks, such as drafting, summarising, coding or classifying images, which changes the content of jobs rather than simply removing them. Whether that raises productivity and wages or displaces workers depends on how organisations redesign work and how gains are shared.

In education, AI can personalise support but also undermine assessment and the learning that comes from effort. Trust depends on experience: visible errors, unexplained decisions and synthetic content erode it, while accountable use can build it. People with limited digital access, skills or language support risk exclusion.

10Méthodes et données

Evidence on social effects.

  1. 01

    Task exposure analysis

    Mapping AI capabilities onto occupational task data. Exposure is not the same as displacement.

  2. 02

    Field and natural experiments

    Studying workplaces and classrooms that adopt AI, using sciences sociales et comportementales. Early studies may not generalise.

  3. 03

    Surveys of trust and use

    Measuring how people use and perceive AI. Attitudes change quickly and vary by context.

  4. 04

    Évaluation des capacités

    Linking what systèmes can actually do, from Ingénierie de l'évaluation et de l'assurance de l'IA, to claims about social effects.

12Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Les organismes et documents à l'aune desquels cette page se lit. Les statuts et éditions changent ; chaque lien mène à l'organisme émetteur.

13Questions

Questions et réponses.

Will AI take jobs?
Evidence so far suggests AI changes tasks within jobs more often than it eliminates whole jobs, but effects differ by occupation and depend on how it is deployed. Long-term effects are uncertain.
What is occupational exposure to AI?
A measure of how many of an occupation’s tasks AI could perform or assist, based on task descriptions, which indicates potential, not realised, change.
Who is most exposed to generative AI?
Studies by the ILO and others find clerical and some professional occupations most exposed, with women over-represented in highly exposed clerical work.
Will AI cause mass unemployment?
The evidence does not support confident predictions either way. Effects depend on adoption, work redesign, policy and how gains are shared, and they differ by occupation and place.
Which workers are most exposed?
Exposure analyses suggest many office and knowledge tasks are exposed to current AI, unlike earlier automation that mainly affected routine manual work. Exposure does not mean those jobs disappear.
How does this topic relate to Future of Work and Skills?
This topic connects AI capabilities to social effects; Future of Work and Skills studies labour markets, skills and institutions in depth. The two share evidence.
Does the platform advise employers?
No. It publishes research that employers, unions and public bodies can use.
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