Source and data register - Climate and Hazards

Climate and Hazards

The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI)

G-P02 · EVIDENCE · sourcesGCRI dossier · service level R0

GCRIClimate and HazardsIn development

Source and data register

Where Climate and Hazards gets its data, on what terms, with what quality and with which known gaps.

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Publisher: The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation
Field: Climate and hazards, Disaster and crisis
Status: In development
Service level: R0: information and enquiries

Evidence register

Climate and hazards · Source and data register

Indicators

unit · cadence · label


Heat index days above threshold	days / yr	annual	OBSERVED	SP-1536
Extreme rainfall, 1-in-100 depth	mm / 24 h	per study	MODELLED	SP-6615
Fire weather index	index	daily	DERIVED	SP-8900
Peak ground acceleration, 475-yr	g	per study	MODELLED	SP-3984
Sea level rise, mid-century	m	per scenario	MODELLED	SP-2742

Source passport

Source: Station observations
Licence: open · attribution
Steward: Hydrological service
Coverage: 88 pct of places
Known limits: sparse in uplands

Coverage by place

Climate and Hazards · Evidence registerEvidence register, in outline: domain structure with placeholder names and illustrative values, not a record.

01In brief

The short answer.

The Climate and Hazards source register lists the datasets and records the platform draws on, such as ERA5 reanalysis (Copernicus Climate Change Service, ECMWF), each with its producer, licence and permitted uses, quality and known gaps. A source is listed only once its terms permit the use described, and data held by agreement is used under those terms and never republished.

02Canvas

Draft to published version.

Canvas · draft to published versionDesign, not a record

Fig.How a finding is reviewed before it is published. Design, not a record.

03Geography

Connected activity in World.

The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.

Layers 3

Connected activity, for this page

Latest available

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth

Loading the latest NASA imagery.

Drag to move. Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.

For source and data register, in GCRI's spatial-intelligence reading, the map opens on true-colour imagery, land cover and night lights with true colour from NASA GIBS, framed on World; 3 further NASA layers wait in the list.Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date; indicators, not assessments of any place; claim ceiling INTEGRATED.

Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · Copernicus Sentinel-2 L2A · NASA HLS S30Sources and licences

We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
VIIRS Black Marble night-time lights, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center; distributed by the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). CC BY 4.0
ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain
© OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). ODbL
Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.
Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, © MapLibre contributors.
Observed (EO): Copernicus Sentinel-2 L2A (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026), Microsoft Planetary Computer
Observed (EO): NASA HLS S30 (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA's Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA's Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
Optional layers (5 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.

Layers and dates

True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC · 2024
Night-time lights, daily: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC · 12 Oct 2026
Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · static
Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE · 14 Oct 2026
Land surface temperature, day, 8-day composite: VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3, 8-day, NASA LANCE · 14 Sep 2026

04What is recorded

Each source carries five facts.

Origin

Who produces the data and how.

Access terms

Licence, restrictions and permitted uses.

Quality

Coverage, resolution, update frequency and known errors.

Provenance

How the data reached the platform and what was changed.

Gaps

What is missing and how the gap is handled.

05Register

Every source the topic dossiers cite, with its terms.

Source	What it gives	Terms	Used in
Berkeley Earth surface temperature	Gridded land and ocean temperature series	Open, CC BY-NC 4.0	Climate baselines
CHIRPS (Climate Hazards Center, UC Santa Barbara)	Blended satellite and station rainfall for the tropics and subtropics	Open, licence to check	Climate baselines
CMIP6 archive via the Earth System Grid Federation	Global climate model output for standard experiments	Open, CC BY 4.0 for most models (to check per model)	Climate projections
Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service global fire assimilation system	Fire emissions and smoke forecasts	Free, Copernicus terms	Wildfire and land
Copernicus Climate Data Store projections	Global and regional projections with documentation	Free and open with attribution, Copernicus licence (to check current terms)	Climate projections
Copernicus Emergency Management Service early warning systems	European and global flood, drought and fire forecasts	Free, Copernicus terms	Climate services and warnings
Copernicus Emergency Management Service rapid mapping	Satellite-based flood extent maps for activated events	Free, Copernicus terms	Flood and storm
Copernicus European and Global Drought Observatories (JRC)	Drought indicators including precipitation, soil moisture and vegetation	Free, Copernicus and JRC terms	Heat and drought
Copernicus fire danger indices historical data	Reanalysis of fire weather indices	Free and open with attribution, Copernicus licence (to check current terms)	Wildfire and land
Copernicus Sentinel-1 radar data	Inputs for ground deformation and landslide monitoring	Free and open, Copernicus terms	Earthquakes and geohazards
CORDEX regional climate downscaling	Regional model ensembles for defined domains	Open, terms per domain and model (to check)	Climate projections
Early Warnings for All initiative reports	Progress on the four pillars of early warning	Public, terms per publishing agency	Climate services and warnings
EM-DAT international disaster database (CRED, UCLouvain)	Events recorded with associated hazards	Free for non-commercial use with registration	Compound hazards
ERA5 reanalysis	Consistent multi-variable fields for joint analysis	Free and open with attribution, Copernicus licence (to check current terms)	Compound hazards
ERA5 reanalysis (Copernicus Climate Change Service, ECMWF)	Hourly global atmospheric, land and ocean fields from the mid-twentieth century	Free and open with attribution, Copernicus licence (to check current terms)	Climate baselines
ERA5-Land (Copernicus Climate Change Service)	Land surface temperature, soil moisture and evaporation fields	Free and open with attribution, Copernicus licence (to check current terms)	Heat and drought
European Forest Fire Information System and Global Wildfire Information System (Copernicus, JRC)	Fire danger forecasts and burned area mapping	Free, Copernicus and JRC terms	Wildfire and land
GEOGLAM Crop Monitor	Monthly crop conditions in major producing and at-risk countries	Public, GEOGLAM terms	Compound hazards
GESLA global sea-level archive	High-frequency tide gauge records	Free with citation, licence per contributor (to check)	Flood and storm
Global Drought Information System (NOAA and partners)	Drought monitors and outlooks	Public, terms per source	Heat and drought
Global Earthquake Model (GEM) global hazard and risk maps	Probabilistic seismic hazard and risk mosaics	CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 for the public maps (to check)	Earthquakes and geohazards
Global Flood Awareness System (GloFAS, Copernicus Emergency Management Service)	Global river discharge forecasts and reanalysis	Free, Copernicus terms	Flood and storm
Global Runoff Data Centre	Historical river discharge from national services	Free for non-commercial use, GRDC terms (to check)	Flood and storm
Global Runoff Data Centre (WMO, BfG)	River discharge records from national services	Free for non-commercial use, GRDC terms (to check)	Heat and drought
GPCC precipitation (Deutscher Wetterdienst)	Gridded gauge-based precipitation over land	Free with attribution, DWD terms (to check)	Climate baselines
HadCRUT5 (Met Office Hadley Centre and University of East Anglia)	Global gridded surface temperature anomalies with uncertainty ensemble	Open Government Licence	Climate baselines
International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS, NOAA)	Tropical cyclone tracks and intensities from all agencies	Public domain, US government data	Flood and storm
International Seismological Centre Bulletin	Reviewed global earthquake parameters	Free with citation, ISC terms (to check)	Earthquakes and geohazards
IPCC AR6 Working Group I, chapter on weather and climate extremes	Assessment of compound events and their changes	Public, IPCC terms of use	Compound hazards
IPCC WGI Interactive Atlas	Regional projections and observations by warming level and scenario	Public, CC BY 4.0	Climate projections
JRC global river flood hazard maps	Modelled flood extent and depth by return period	Open, licence to check	Flood and storm
MODIS burned area product (MCD64A1)	Global monthly burned area	Open, NASA data policy	Wildfire and land
NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS)	Near-real-time active fire detections from MODIS and VIIRS	Open, NASA data policy	Wildfire and land
NASA Global Landslide Catalog	Rainfall-triggered landslide events	Open, NASA data policy	Earthquakes and geohazards
NASA MODIS and VIIRS vegetation products	Vegetation indices and land surface temperature	Open, NASA data policy	Heat and drought
NASA NEX-GDDP-CMIP6	Statistically downscaled daily projections	Open, NASA data policy	Climate projections
National fire incident databases	Ignition causes, perimeters and suppression records	Licence per agency	Wildfire and land
NOAA Global Historical Climatology Network daily (GHCN-Daily)	Daily station temperature and precipitation worldwide	Public domain, US government data	Climate baselines
NOAA NCEI Global Historical Tsunami Database	Tsunami events and run-up observations	Public domain, US government data	Earthquakes and geohazards
Sendai Framework Monitor, target G	National reporting on early warning coverage and risk information	Public, UN terms of use	Climate services and warnings
Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program	Volcano and eruption records	Free with citation, terms to check	Earthquakes and geohazards
SPEIbase (CSIC)	Global gridded SPEI at multiple time scales	Open, licence to check	Heat and drought
UNDRR-ISC Hazard Information Profiles	Hazard definitions with notes on linked and cascading hazards	Public, UNDRR and ISC terms of use	Compound hazards
USGS ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat)	Global earthquake locations, magnitudes and ShakeMaps	Public domain, US government data	Earthquakes and geohazards
WMO Register of Alerting Authorities	Official alerting authorities and their CAP feeds	Public, WMO terms	Climate services and warnings
WMO State of Climate Services reports	Status of climate services capacity by country and sector	Public, WMO terms of use	Climate services and warnings

06Known gaps

Where the hazard data record is thin.

Station records in Africa, mountains and oceans.
Subdaily rainfall records for convective extremes.
Long homogeneous wildfire records.
Paleoseismic data for long-recurrence faults.

07Status

How the register grows.

Sources are added to the register as they are reviewed. A source is listed only once its terms permit the use described.

08Key terms

Terms used on this page.

Each term as this page uses it. Where a standard-setting body defines the term, the wording follows that body.

Term	Definition
Provenance	Information about the entities, activities and people involved in producing a record, used to judge its quality and reliability, in the W3C PROV model.
FAIR principles	Guiding principles that make data findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable by people and machines.
Open licence	A licence that allows anyone to access, reuse and redistribute data, sometimes with attribution.
Data lineage	The traceable path of data from its origin through each transformation to its current form.

09Sources

Where this page's references lead.

The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.

10Questions

Questions and answers.

Can I suggest a data source?

Yes. Write to contact@therisk.global with the source, its owner and its terms.

Around Climate and Hazards.

Climate and Hazards

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The current service level is R0: information and enquiries. An enquiry receives a reference and names the next step; applications, payments, compute allocations and registrations open only when their team, terms and review capacity exist.

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