GCRI · 社会与人类发展

城市社会脆弱性

In cities, hazards strike people unequally. Low-income residents, renters, migrants, older people, people with disabilities and those in informal settlements often face more exposure and have fewer resources to cope and recover. This page sets out how social vulnerability arises in cities, how it is measured and mapped, and what evidence serves the city governments and agencies that plan for it.

01登记

Urban social vulnerability on the record.

02问题

Urban social vulnerability: how the risk develops.

Community resilience and informal services. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Exposure follows affordability

Cheaper housing is often in flood zones, near industry or in hotter neighbourhoods, so low-income residents face more hazard.

机制

Coping capacity differs

Savings, insurance, social networks, mobility and language skills shape how people prepare for and recover from shocks.

机制

Some groups are invisible

Undocumented migrants, homeless people and informal workers may be missed by registers and warnings and avoid help from the authorities.

机制

Recovery widens gaps

Owners with insurance rebuild while renters are displaced, so recovery can deepen inequality in a city.

03地理

Urban signals in Latin America and the Caribbean.

拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的人口密度、夜间灯光和白天地表热量,来自 NASA GIBS。每个图层均标有各自日期。

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页的城市信号

关于本图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
提供方
NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(持续云层仍会造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3,8 天(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
8 天;卫星 8 天合成;持续云层仍会造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-09-14
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
截至所示日期的 8 天内地表的卫星皮肤温度,是高温风险暴露指标;不是气温、热指数,也不是高温预警。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
OMI Aura(NASA GES DISC)
提供方
NASA GES DISC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星反演;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-10
处理结果
约 2 公里网格
不确定性
所示日期低层大气二氧化氮的卫星柱含量,主要来自燃烧;不是地面浓度,也不是健康预警。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

Urban signals, framed on Latin America and the Caribbean.NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · 美国地质调查局 · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • OMI 二氧化氮(Aura)和 OMPS 气溶胶指数(Suomi NPP),NASA;由 NASA GES DISC 分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 空气质量预报,5 天,PM2.5(CAMS,经由 Open-Meteo):包含经修改的 Copernicus 大气监测服务 2026 年信息。
  • 过去一年的每日气温和日照(NASA POWER):这些数据来自 NASA 兰利研究中心(LaRC)POWER 项目,该项目由 NASA 地球科学/应用科学计划资助。
  • 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
  • 可选图层(图层列表中有 16 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)在开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报是模型输出,派生指数是估计值。

图层与日期

  • 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 地表温度,日间,8 天合成:VIIRS NOAA-20 3 级产品,8 天,NASA LANCE · 2026年9月14日
  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
  • 二氧化氮,低层大气柱:OMI Aura,NASA GES DISC · 2026年10月10日

04跨领域

Urban vulnerability concentrates where services are weakest.

05监测

人道主义需求概览。

团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。

Humanitarian needs overview: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Urban social vulnerability.示例名称和示意数值;是设计方案,并非记录或实时系统。
06指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
Population in hazard zones by income grouppeople每次评估Census and hazard overlays估算
Households without insurancepercent of householdsper surveyHousehold surveys已报告
Older people living alone计数per censusCensus已发布统计
Renters as share of householdspercentper censusCensus已发布统计
Language barriers to warningspercent of residents with limited national languageper censusCensus已发布统计
Homelessnesspeople counted by a stated definitionper countAdministrative counts已报告
07模拟器

在相互依存的网络中的一次级联。

A 危害足迹 takes out co-located assets in every layer; fragmentation, dependency between layers and overload of the survivors then spread the failure. The 3D view separates the layers by depth. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows Latin America and the Caribbean; the model itself is not tied to a place.

控制措施

每个图层的资产
18
危害足迹
占面积的 8%
依赖其他图层的资产
60%
备用容量(容差)
30%

读数

受危害冲击的资产
11%
仍在运行的资产
17%
初始损害的放大
7.5 times
结算步数
3
数字、方法与来源
步骤交通运行(%)电力运行(%)电信运行(%)
0838994
1503383
2112250
3111722

方法

  1. 相互依存网络 Buldyrev 等(2010),Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks,Nature 464
  2. 过载级联 Motter and Lai (2002), Physical Review E 66
  3. 介数负载 Brandes (2001), Journal of Mathematical Sociology 25
  4. 多层网络 Kivela and others (2014), Journal of Complex Networks 2
  5. 基础设施相互依赖 Rinaldi, Peerenboom and Kelly (2001), IEEE Control Systems 21(6)
  6. 不确定性扇形图(参数蒙特卡罗) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
  7. 单因素敏感性(龙卷风图) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley

数据

The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:

  • 主要道路 Natural Earth
  • 铁路 Natural Earth
  • 海港 Natural Earth
  • 机场 Natural Earth
  • 城市范围 Natural Earth
  • 今晚的夜间灯光、停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段) NASA/NOAA VIIRS(Suomi NPP)· 登记 nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
  • 自然事件(NASA EONET) NASA EONET · 登记 nasa.eonet.events
级联在相互依存的网络中传播。示意性教学模型:它依据控件设定的数值运行,而非实测数据。方法:Interdependent networks (Buldyrev and others (2010), Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks, Nature 464);Overload cascades (Motter and Lai (2002), Physical Review E 66);Betweenness load (Brandes (2001), Journal of Mathematical Sociology 25)。
08来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
National censuses and small-area statisticsPopulation characteristics by neighbourhoodLicence per statistics office
CDC/ATSDR Social Vulnerability Index documentationA published method for combining census variables, for method referencePublic domain, US government
Household surveys with urban samplesAssets, insurance and copingLicence per survey
Local hazard mapsFlood, heat and other hazard zonesLicence per authority
UN-Habitat urban dataUrban inequality and housing indicatorsPublic, UN-Habitat terms (to check)
09孪生与级联模拟器

Model urban social vulnerability as a system. Run the cascade.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 社会与信息风险标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NS-12 软件、模型和 AI/ML 制品(供应链、模型卡、数据集说明)
  • NRS-H117 危害类别:社会凝聚力与暴行风险(NHS-1 soc.cohesion)
  • NRS-X7 信息完整性与公众信任
  • NRS-D2 社会、包容与人类发展风险
  • NRS-H52 危害类别:信息完整性攻击(NHS-1 cyber.integrity)
  • NRS-H79 危害类别:精神卫生危机(NHS-1 health.mental)
  • NRS-H59 危害类别:经济冲击与治理失灵(NHS-1 soc.economic)

观测

  • WorldPop gridded population (listed for reference)
  • World Bank Open Data 和 World Development Indicators API(仅列作参考)
  • 全球可持续发展目标指标数据库(仅列作参考)
  • 每100,000人中因灾害死亡、失踪和直接受影响的人数
  • Proportion of people living below 50 per cent of median income
  • Number of countries that adopt and implement guarantees for public access to information

示例地理范围

  • The Horn of Africa: 253 hexagonal cells
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
10决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

Society and Human Development prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
City governmentsWhere to target preparedness, outreach and recovery supportVulnerability maps; equity reviews
Emergency managersHow to reach groups missed by standard warningsOutreach gap analyses
Housing authoritiesHow to protect renters and low-income residents in recoveryRecovery equity evidence

该主题产生的产出

  • Neighbourhood social vulnerability maps with uncertainty
  • Equity reviews of emergency plans and recovery
  • Outreach gap analyses for warnings and services
  • Evidence notes for city resilience strategies
11方法与证据

How urban social vulnerability is modelled, measured and tested.

模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。

系统模型

The couplings between the systems in urban social vulnerability: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+社会信息社区经济R 增强B 平衡
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR 指导原则 · GO FAIR 和 FORCE11W3C PROV · 万维网联盟关于一致处理不确定性的指南 · IPCCCEOS 分析就绪数据 · 地球观测卫星委员会
12核心问题

专家提出的问题。

  • Who lives in the most hazardous parts of a city, and why?
  • How do informal services perform during shocks, and who relies on them?
  • How does insecure tenure affect investment in safety and recovery?
  • Which community institutions sustain resilience, and how can they be supported?
  • How do heat, flooding and service failure interact in dense neighbourhoods?
13机制

Informality, density and exposure.

Informal settlements often occupy land left undeveloped because it is hazardous: floodplains, steep slopes, coastal margins or land near industrial sites. Dense housing with little green space intensifies urban heat, and poor drainage turns rain into flooding. Insecure tenure discourages households from investing in safer housing and can exclude them from formal recovery support.

Informal providers, such as water vendors, informal transport and savings groups, fill service gaps and can be flexible in crises, but they may also raise prices or fail when supply chains break. Community networks and organisations are central to everyday resilience, sharing information, resources and labour. Evictions and relocation after disasters can destroy these networks and livelihoods.

Urban heat illustrates how these factors combine. Dense, poorly ventilated housing, lack of shade and green space, outdoor work, unreliable power and limited access to cooling or health care mean that the same 热浪 can be far more dangerous in an informal neighbourhood than in a planned district nearby.

14方法与数据

Methods and limits.

制图

Community mapping

Participatory and imagery-based mapping of settlements and services; government maps often omit informal areas.

Surveys

Neighbourhood surveys

Household and community surveys of exposure, services and tenure.

Spatial

Vulnerability indices

Spatial indices combine indicators; results depend on weighting choices.

Limits: informal areas are under-counted in censuses, vulnerability indices can hide the specific drivers that matter locally, and publishing detailed maps of settlements can expose residents to eviction.

15方法

如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。

  1. 空间统计与地统计小区域贫困估计 · 脆弱性与危害叠加在此应用
  2. 社会与行为科学面向难以接触群体的调查设计 · 定性与参与式研究在此应用
  3. 因果推断与影响评估现金转移评估 · 灾害对家庭的影响 · 教育项目评估在此应用
  4. 计量经济学基于面板数据的贫困动态 · 价格冲击归宿 · 不平等分解在此应用
16Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。

17问题

问题与解答。

What is social vulnerability?
The characteristics of people and communities that affect their capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from hazards.
How is social vulnerability mapped?
By combining census and survey variables such as income, age, disability, housing and language into indicators for small areas, with stated weights and uncertainty.
Why do some groups recover more slowly?
Because they have fewer savings, less insurance, insecure tenure or less access to assistance, so the same shock sets them back further.
Does the platform publish maps of informal settlements?
Only where residents and data owners agree and a public-safe review confirms that publication will not expose them to harm.
Are informal services part of the analysis?
Yes. They are often critical lifelines and are studied alongside formal services.
Does the platform work directly with communities?
Participatory research opens with authorised projects, ethical review and consent.
报告贡献

从本页贡献证据。

报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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