GCRI · Labs
پرۆتۆکۆلەکانی توێژینەوە
A research protocol fixes, before data are collected, what a study asks, how it will answer and what would count as an answer: the hypotheses, the design, the controls, the outcomes, the sample and the analysis. Many failures of credibility trace back to a protocol that was vague, unwritten or changed after the data were seen. This page sets out how protocols are built, registered, reviewed and reported, and what ethics committees, editors and funders rely on when they accept a study’s claims.
چۆن کارەکە بەڕێوە دەچێت.
تەختەی پرۆتۆکۆڵ و دووبارەکردنەوە
Research protocols · Labs · Quarter 3
پرۆتۆکۆڵەکان
| PR-378 sensor drift | تاقیکردنەوەی مەیدانی | بەڵێ | پەسەندکراو | کارا |
| PR-705 AI triage | هەڕەمەکی | بەڵێ | مەرجەکان | ڕێکخستن |
| PR-694 message recall | تاقیکردنەوەی ڕاپرسی | بەڵێ | پەسەندکراو | تەواو |
| PR-360 heat exposure | کۆهۆرت | نەخێر | چاوەڕوان | پێشنووس |
Replication R-25
- کاریگەریی ڕەسەن
- 0.4 SD
- کاریگەریی دووبارەکردنەوە
- 0.2 SD
- بڕیار
- بچووکتر، هەمان نیشانە
- بڵاوکراوە
- لەگەڵ داتا و کۆد
بەردەستبوونی شوێنی تاقیکردنەوە
وێنەProtocol and replication board: example names and illustrative values, not a record or a live system.
Research protocols: how the risk develops.
Hypotheses, controls and scientific acceptance. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Flexibility becomes bias
When outcomes, exclusions, covariates or stopping rules are chosen after the data are seen, many analyses become possible and the most striking one tends to be reported. Each choice looks reasonable alone; together they inflate false positives and effect sizes.
Weak controls confound results
A missing control, unblinded assessment or non-random allocation lets something other than the intervention explain the difference. Design flaws cannot be repaired by analysis; they travel into every result and review built on the study.
Underpowered designs mislead twice
Small samples miss real effects, and the effects they do detect tend to be overestimated. Underpowered studies that reach significance seed literatures that later, larger replications cannot match.
Deviations go unreported
Protocols change for good reasons, such as slow recruitment or a safety signal. When a change is not dated, explained and reported, readers cannot tell a justified amendment from outcome switching, and reviews pool what should not be pooled.
How research protocols is modelled, measured and tested.
مۆدێلەکە، گریمانەکانی، داتاکانی و نادڵنیاییەکەی، بەو شێوەیەی زانا یان ئەندازیارێک دەیپشکنێت. پێکهاتەکان ڕێگا بڵاوکراوەکان دەگرنەبەر. بەهاکانی کێشراو نموونەییە، نەک دۆزینەوە.
مۆدێل، هاوکێشەکان و گریمانەکان
The model structure used for research protocols, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.
Ri = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)مەترسیدەر، ڕووبەڕووبوون، لاوازی و توانای مامەڵەکردنEAL = ∑k pk · Lkبەسەر ڕووداوەکانی k بە ئەگەری ساڵانەی pkxt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error| گریمانە | بۆچی دروست دەکرێت | چۆن تاقی دەکرێتەوە |
|---|---|---|
| مەترسیدەر و ڕووبەڕووبوون لە ناو پێشهاتێکدا سەربەخۆن | ئینتێگراڵی زیان بە ئاسانی دەهێڵێتەوە | بەراورد بکە لەگەڵ گونجاندنی کۆپیولا لەسەر تۆمارە هاوبەشەکان |
| هاوبەستییەکان لە نزیک خاڵی کارکردن هێڵین | ڕێگە دەدات شۆکەکان بڵاو ببنەوە لە A | لە دەرەوەی مەودای هێڵیی شڵەژێنە و بەراورد بکە |
| چەمکەکانی لاوازی لە شوێنێکەوە بۆ شوێنێکی تر دەگوازرێنەوە | چەمکی ناوخۆیی بە دەگمەن بەردەستە | لەگەڵ زیانە چاودێریکراوەکان پشتڕاستی بکەرەوە کە هەن |
- تێکردنەکان
- کۆمەڵە داتای وەشانکراو لەگەڵ ڕەسەنایەتی
- دەرچووەکان
- دابەشبوون، نەک یەک ژمارە
- کۆد
- بڵاوکراوەتەوە لەگەڵ کارتی مۆدێل و تاقیکردنەوەکان
- بەرهەمهێنانەوە
- هەمان داتا، کۆد، ژینگە و تۆو
Protocols are registered before results in every domain.
- تەندروستیIn practiceTrials register protocols following SPIRIT.What a reader can checkRegistration before enrolment
- ئاوIn practiceField experiments state hypotheses and methods first.What a reader can checkPre-registration
- خۆراکIn practiceAgricultural trials state sites, seasons and treatments.What a reader can checkTrial registry
Protocols feed the زنجیرەی Labs Evidence. Registered Reports and EQUATOR guidelines set practice; studies with people follow the Declaration of Helsinki (revised 2024).
- Protocols for review.
- Replication proposals.
What is measured, and how well.
Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.
| Indicator | Unit | Cadence | Source type | ناونیشان |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Registration before data collection | percent of studies with a time-stamped registration | annual | Trial and study registries | ئامارە بڵاوکراوەکان |
| Primary outcome consistency | percent of reports matching the registered primary outcome | annual | Registry and publication comparison | چاودێریکراو |
| Sample size justification | percent of protocols with a power or precision rationale | annual | Protocol audit | چاودێریکراو |
| Reporting guideline adherence | percent of applicable checklist items reported | per study | Assessment against CONSORT, PRISMA, ARRIVE or STROBE | مەزەندەکراو |
| Protocol amendments | count per study, each with a stated reason | per study | Registry history and ethics committee records | ئامارە بڵاوکراوەکان |
| Registered report availability | number of journals offering the format | annual | Center for Open Science journal list | REPORTED |
| Results posting timeliness | months from primary completion to posted results | per study | Trial registries | ئامارە بڵاوکراوەکان |
| Randomisation and blinding reported | percent of eligible studies | annual | Risk-of-bias assessments | مەزەندەکراو |
Where the evidence comes from.
Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.
| سەرچاوە | What it gives | Licence class |
|---|---|---|
| OSF Registries (Center for Open Science) | Time-stamped preregistrations and registered report protocols across disciplines | Open, licence per registration |
| ClinicalTrials.gov (US National Library of Medicine) | Registered trials, protocol change history and posted results | دۆمەینی گشتی |
| WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform | Search across primary national trial registries | Free, WHO terms of use |
| PROSPERO (NIHR) | Registered protocols for systematic reviews | Free access, terms of use |
| protocols.io | Versioned, citable step-by-step laboratory and field methods | Open, CC BY for public protocols |
| EQUATOR Network library | Reporting guidelines by study design, with extensions | Free access, licence per guideline |
| Crossref metadata | Links between registrations, articles, corrections and funders | Open metadata, no restrictions |
Who decides, and what the evidence serves.
Labs prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| کێ بڕیار دەدات | The question | Evidence this page serves |
|---|---|---|
| Research ethics committees and institutional review boards | Whether a protocol’s risks, consent and design justify approval, and whether an amendment needs fresh review | Complete protocol, sample size rationale, amendment history with reasons |
| Journal editors | Whether to accept a registered report in principle, or whether a submitted analysis matches its plan | Time-stamped registration compared line by line with the manuscript |
| Research funders | Whether a proposal’s design can answer its question before money is committed | Power or precision rationale, control conditions, data management plan |
| Medicines and device regulators | Whether trial evidence was generated under the protocol submitted to them | Registry history, deviation logs, results posting record |
Outputs this topic produces
- Protocol templates stating hypotheses, controls, outcomes and analysis plans before data collection
- Registration records with time stamps and version history
- Deviation logs that date and explain every amendment
- Reporting checklists completed against the relevant EQUATOR guideline
What experts ask of any protocol.
- What exactly is the hypothesis, and what result would count against it?
- What is the comparison: a control group, a baseline period, a counterfactual model or a randomised arm?
- Which outcomes are primary, which are secondary, and how will each be measured?
- What sample, duration or number of runs is needed to detect an effect of the size that matters?
- What would make the team stop early, for safety or for futility, and who decides?
- What will be published if the result is null or the experiment fails?
Why experiments drift without a protocol.
Every experiment involves choices: which observations to exclude, which covariates to adjust for, which time window to use. Each choice may be reasonable alone, but when they are made after seeing the data, the number of possible analyses grows quickly and one of them will usually show something. This is the problem methodologists call analytic flexibility, and it is a central reason why published effects often shrink or vanish when repeated.
Interdisciplinary work adds its own drivers. Disciplines differ in what they treat as a control, how they handle missing data and what level of evidence they expect. A hydrologist, an economist and an epidemiologist may each consider a design rigorous by their own standard while disagreeing about what it shows. A protocol forces those differences into the open before work starts.
Incentives matter too. Positive, novel findings are easier to publish and fund, which rewards flexibility and penalises null results. Pre-registration and registered reports are the main structural responses.
Tools protocols draw on, and where they stop.
- 01
Pre-registration
A time-stamped record of hypotheses and analysis plans. It limits post hoc changes but cannot stop a poorly chosen question.
- 02
Power and design analysis
Estimates how much data is needed to detect a meaningful effect, using ئەگەر و ئامار. It depends on assumed effect sizes that are often uncertain.
- 03
Causal designs
Randomisation, difference-in-differences, regression discontinuity and instrumental variables from causal inference. Each rests on assumptions that must be stated and, where possible, tested.
- 04
Acceptance criteria
Pre-agreed thresholds for when a method, model or prototype is considered to work. They make success testable but can be gamed if set too loosely.
A protocol cannot make a bad measurement good or fix a biased sample. Deviations from protocol are permitted when justified, but are reported with their reasons.
How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.
- 01ئەگەر و ئامارSample size and power planning · Meta-analysis with bias assessmentApplied here
- 02دەرهێنانی هۆکاری و هەڵسەنگاندنی کاریگەریRandomised pilots and stepped rollouts · Quasi-experimental programme evaluationApplied here
- 03ژماردنی نادڵنیایی و پشتڕاستکردنەوەی مۆدێلMeasurement uncertainty budgets · Sensitivity analysis of simulation modelsApplied here
- 04ئەندازیاری سیستەمەکانRequirements to verification traceability · Stage-gate readiness reviewsApplied here
Where this page’s references lead.
ئەو لەش و بەڵگەنامانەی ئەم لاپەڕەیەیان لەگەڵ دەخوێنرێتەوە. دۆخ و وەشانەکان دەگۆڕێن؛ هەر بەستەرێک دەچێتە لای لەشی دەرکەر.
پرسیار و وەڵام.
What is the difference between a preregistration and a registered report?
Does preregistration forbid exploratory analysis?
Which reporting guideline applies to my study?
Can a protocol be changed after registration?
Is pre-registration required for every Labs study?
Can a protocol change during a study?
Who writes the protocol?
لەم لاپەڕەیەوە بەڵگە پێشکەش بکە.
Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
- ئیمەیڵدەروازەی GW-GCRIلەم لاپەڕەیەوە بینێرەبەڵگە، ڕاستکردنەوە، بابەت، ڕێگا، پێداچوونەوە، وەرگێڕان یان تێکردنی پڕۆفایل. بە نیشانەی ئەم لاپەڕەیە دەگات، بۆ ئەوەی دەستکاریکەری خاوەنەکەی وەریبگرێت.
- Zenodoتەکیەی کراوەدایبنێ و بیدە بە کۆمەڵگاتۆماری خۆت لە Zenodo بە ORCID iD ی خۆت بڵاو بکەرەوە، پاشان لەوێ بیدە بە کۆمەڵگای Reports. سەرپەرشتیارەکان پێداچوونەوەی بۆ دەکەن؛ DOI هەر هی تۆیە.
- ReportsGCRIهەموو ڕێگاکانی بەشداری ببینەجۆرەکانی بەشداری، هەریەکە چۆن پێداچوونەوەی بۆ دەکرێت، چ ناوبردنێک وەردەگریت، مۆڵەتەکە و ئەوەی هەرگیز وەرناگیرێت.
هەرگیز داتای کەسی، وردەکاریی هەستیاری ژێرخان یان هیچ شتێک مەنێرە کە مافی بڵاوکردنەوەت نییە. بەشدارییەک پێش بەکارهێنان پێداچوونەوەی بۆ دەکرێت؛ ناردنی ماف نابەخشێت بە نووسەرایەتی یان بەڕێوەبردنی ڕاگەیاندن، و پاڵپشتی دارایی هەرگیز دۆزینەوەیەک ناکڕێت.
ڕێگایەک، کۆمەڵە داتایەک یان پرسیارێک بهێنە.
زانیاری و پرسیار ئەمڕۆ کراوەن. پرسیارێک ژمارەی ئاماژەی پێدەدرێت و هەنگاوی دواتر دیاری دەکات؛ داواکاری، پارەدان، تەرخانکردنی کۆمپیوتەر و تۆمارکردن تەنیا کاتێک دەکرێنەوە کە تیم، مەرج و توانای پێداچوونەوەیان هەبێت.
بەڵگەنامە یاساییەکان.
نەخشە، داتا و وێنەکانی ئەم ماڵپەڕە بۆ ناوەڕۆک و زانیاریی گشتی پیشان دراون. ئامۆژگاری، پێشبینی یان ئاگادارکردنەوە نین؛ سنوورەکانی زانیارییەکە لە ڕەتکردنەوەی بەرپرسیارێتی و ئاگاداریی داتادا دەستنیشان کراون.