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Araştırma protokolleri

A research protocol fixes, before data are collected, what a study asks, how it will answer and what would count as an answer: the hypotheses, the design, the controls, the outcomes, the sample and the analysis. Many failures of credibility trace back to a protocol that was vague, unwritten or changed after the data were seen. This page sets out how protocols are built, registered, reviewed and reported, and what ethics committees, editors and funders rely on when they accept a study’s claims.

01Tuval

İşin nasıl yürüdüğü.

Sistem · bu konunun çevresindeÖrnekleyici

Protokol ve tekrar çalışması panosu

Research protocols · Labs · Quarter 3

İki tekrar çalışıyorGCRI · Labs

Protokoller

PR-378 sensor driftSaha deneyiEvetOnaylandıÇalışıyor
PR-705 AI triageRastgeleEvetKoşullarKurulum
PR-694 message recallAnket deneyiEvetOnaylandıTamamlandı
PR-360 heat exposureKohortHayırBeklemedeTaslak

Replication R-25

Özgün etki
0.4 SD
Tekrar etkisi
0.2 SD
Hüküm
Daha küçük, aynı işaret
Yayımlandı
veri ve kodla

Test ortamı kullanılabilirliği

Protocol and replication board: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Research protocols.Örnek adlar ve örnekleyici değerler; bir tasarımdır, kayıt veya canlı bir sistem değildir.

Şek.Protocol and replication board: example names and illustrative values, not a record or a live system.

02Soru

Research protocols: how the risk develops.

Hypotheses, controls and scientific acceptance. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mekanizma

Flexibility becomes bias

When outcomes, exclusions, covariates or stopping rules are chosen after the data are seen, many analyses become possible and the most striking one tends to be reported. Each choice looks reasonable alone; together they inflate false positives and effect sizes.

Mekanizma

Weak controls confound results

A missing control, unblinded assessment or non-random allocation lets something other than the intervention explain the difference. Design flaws cannot be repaired by analysis; they travel into every result and review built on the study.

Mekanizma

Underpowered designs mislead twice

Small samples miss real effects, and the effects they do detect tend to be overestimated. Underpowered studies that reach significance seed literatures that later, larger replications cannot match.

Mekanizma

Deviations go unreported

Protocols change for good reasons, such as slow recruitment or a safety signal. When a change is not dated, explained and reported, readers cannot tell a justified amendment from outcome switching, and reviews pool what should not be pooled.

03Yöntemler ve kanıt

How research protocols is modelled, measured and tested.

Model, varsayımları, verileri ve belirsizliği, bir bilim insanının veya mühendisin kontrol edeceği biçimde. Yapılar yayımlanmış yöntemleri izler. Çizilen değerler bulgu değil, açıklayıcıdır.

Model, denklemler ve varsayımlar

The model structure used for research protocols, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.

i öğesinin riskiRi = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)tehlike, maruziyet, kırılganlık ve başa çıkma kapasitesi
Beklenen yıllık kayıpEAL = ∑k pk · Lkyıllık olasılığı pk
Bağlı sistemlerxt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error
VarsayımNeden yapıldığıNasıl sınanır
Bir olay içinde tehlike ve maruziyet bağımsızdırKayıp integralini çözülebilir tutarOrtak kayıtlara uydurulmuş bir kopula ile karşılaştırın
Bağlantılar çalışma noktası yakınında doğrusaldırŞokların A üzerinden yayılmasına izin verirDoğrusal aralığın ötesine itin ve karşılaştırın
Kırılganlık eğrileri yerler arasında aktarılabilirYerel eğriler nadiren mevcutturMevcut olduğunda gözlemlenen kayıplarla doğrulayın
Girdiler
kaynağı belgelenmiş, sürümlü veri setleri
Çıktılar
dağılımlar, asla tek sayılar değil
Kod
model kartı ve testlerle birlikte yayımlanır
Yeniden üretim
aynı veri, kod, ortam ve tohum değeri
Standart risk ve durum uzayı formülasyonları; listelenen varsayımlar yöntemin tipik varsayımlarıdır, inceleme için belirtilmiştir, sonuç değildir.
FAIR yol gösterici ilkeleri · GO FAIR ve FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumBelirsizliklerin tutarlı ele alınmasına ilişkin kılavuz · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Yer Gözlem Uyduları Komitesi
04In the five domains

Protocols are registered before results in every domain.

05Göstergeler

Neyin ve ne kadar iyi ölçüldüğü.

Her gösterge birimini, sıklığını, ardındaki kaynak türünü ve bir değerin taşıyacağı kanıt etiketini taşır. Hiçbir değer gösterilmez: değerleri bir program kendi yetkisi altında sağlar.

GöstergeBirimSıklıkKaynak türüEtiket
Registration before data collectionpercent of studies with a time-stamped registrationyıllıkTrial and study registriesYayımlanmış istatistikler
Primary outcome consistencypercent of reports matching the registered primary outcomeyıllıkRegistry and publication comparisonGÖZLENEN
Sample size justificationpercent of protocols with a power or precision rationaleyıllıkProtocol auditGÖZLENEN
Reporting guideline adherencepercent of applicable checklist items reportedçalışma başınaAssessment against CONSORT, PRISMA, ARRIVE or STROBETAHMİNİ
Protocol amendmentscount per study, each with a stated reasonçalışma başınaRegistry history and ethics committee recordsYayımlanmış istatistikler
Registered report availabilitynumber of journals offering the formatyıllıkCenter for Open Science journal listBİLDİRİLMİŞ
Results posting timelinessmonths from primary completion to posted resultsçalışma başınaTrial registriesYayımlanmış istatistikler
Randomisation and blinding reportedpercent of eligible studiesyıllıkRisk-of-bias assessmentsTAHMİNİ
06Kaynaklar

Kanıtın nereden geldiği.

Her biri lisans sınıfıyla birlikte, adı belirtilmiş kamuya açık veri kümeleri ve kurumsal kayıtlar. Anlaşmaya dayalı kaynaklar yalnızca koşullarına göre kullanılır ve asla yeniden yayımlanmaz.

KaynakSağladıklarıLisans sınıfı
OSF Registries (Center for Open Science)Time-stamped preregistrations and registered report protocols across disciplinesOpen, licence per registration
ClinicalTrials.gov (US National Library of Medicine)Registered trials, protocol change history and posted resultsKamu malı
WHO International Clinical Trials Registry PlatformSearch across primary national trial registriesFree, WHO terms of use
PROSPERO (NIHR)Registered protocols for systematic reviewsFree access, terms of use
protocols.ioVersioned, citable step-by-step laboratory and field methodsOpen, CC BY for public protocols
EQUATOR Network libraryReporting guidelines by study design, with extensionsFree access, licence per guideline
Crossref metadataLinks between registrations, articles, corrections and fundersOpen metadata, no restrictions
07Kararlar

Kim karar verir ve kanıt neye hizmet eder.

Laboratuvarlar prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Kim karar verirSoruBu sayfanın hizmet ettiği kanıt
Research ethics committees and institutional review boardsWhether a protocol’s risks, consent and design justify approval, and whether an amendment needs fresh reviewComplete protocol, sample size rationale, amendment history with reasons
Journal editorsWhether to accept a registered report in principle, or whether a submitted analysis matches its planTime-stamped registration compared line by line with the manuscript
Araştırma fon sağlayıcılarıWhether a proposal’s design can answer its question before money is committedPower or precision rationale, control conditions, data management plan
Medicines and device regulatorsWhether trial evidence was generated under the protocol submitted to themRegistry history, deviation logs, results posting record

Bu konunun ürettiği çıktılar

  • Protocol templates stating hypotheses, controls, outcomes and analysis plans before data collection
  • Registration records with time stamps and version history
  • Deviation logs that date and explain every amendment
  • Reporting checklists completed against the relevant EQUATOR guideline
08Temel sorular

What experts ask of any protocol.

  • What exactly is the hypothesis, and what result would count against it?
  • What is the comparison: a control group, a baseline period, a counterfactual model or a randomised arm?
  • Which outcomes are primary, which are secondary, and how will each be measured?
  • What sample, duration or number of runs is needed to detect an effect of the size that matters?
  • What would make the team stop early, for safety or for futility, and who decides?
  • What will be published if the result is null or the experiment fails?
09Mekanizmalar ve etkenler

Why experiments drift without a protocol.

Every experiment involves choices: which observations to exclude, which covariates to adjust for, which time window to use. Each choice may be reasonable alone, but when they are made after seeing the data, the number of possible analyses grows quickly and one of them will usually show something. This is the problem methodologists call analytic flexibility, and it is a central reason why published effects often shrink or vanish when repeated.

Interdisciplinary work adds its own drivers. Disciplines differ in what they treat as a control, how they handle missing data and what level of evidence they expect. A hydrologist, an economist and an epidemiologist may each consider a design rigorous by their own standard while disagreeing about what it shows. A protocol forces those differences into the open before work starts.

Incentives matter too. Positive, novel findings are easier to publish and fund, which rewards flexibility and penalises null results. Pre-registration and registered reports are the main structural responses.

10Yöntemler ve veriler

Tools protocols draw on, and where they stop.

  1. 01

    Pre-registration

    A time-stamped record of hypotheses and analysis plans. It limits post hoc changes but cannot stop a poorly chosen question.

  2. 02

    Power and design analysis

    Estimates how much data is needed to detect a meaningful effect, using olasılık ve istatistiği. It depends on assumed effect sizes that are often uncertain.

  3. 03

    Causal designs

    Randomisation, difference-in-differences, regression discontinuity and instrumental variables from nedensel çıkarım. Each rests on assumptions that must be stated and, where possible, tested.

  4. 04

    Acceptance criteria

    Pre-agreed thresholds for when a method, model or prototype is considered to work. They make success testable but can be gamed if set too loosely.

A protocol cannot make a bad measurement good or fix a biased sample. Deviations from protocol are permitted when justified, but are reported with their reasons.

11Yöntemler

Nasıl incelendiği ve yöntemlerin söyleyemeyecekleri.

  1. Olasılık ve istatistikÖrneklem büyüklüğü ve güç planlaması · Yanlılık değerlendirmeli meta-analizBurada uygulanır
  2. Nedensel çıkarım ve etki değerlendirmesiRastgele pilot uygulamalar ve kademeli yaygınlaştırmalar · Yarı deneysel program değerlendirmesiBurada uygulanır
  3. Belirsizliğin nicelleştirilmesi ve model doğrulamasıÖlçüm belirsizliği bütçeleri · Simülasyon modellerinin duyarlılık analiziBurada uygulanır
  4. Sistem mühendisliğiGereksinimlerden doğrulamaya izlenebilirlik · Aşama kapısı hazırlık incelemeleriBurada uygulanır
12Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Bu sayfanın karşılaştırıldığı kuruluşlar ve belgeler. Durumlar ve sürümler değişir; her bağlantı yayımlayan kuruluşa gider.

13Sorular

Sorular ve yanıtlar.

What is the difference between a preregistration and a registered report?
A preregistration is a time-stamped plan deposited before analysis. A registered report is a journal format in which the plan is peer reviewed and accepted in principle before results exist, so publication does not depend on the outcome.
Does preregistration forbid exploratory analysis?
No. It separates the two. Planned analyses are reported as confirmatory; analyses suggested by the data are reported as exploratory, with that label, so readers can weigh them accordingly.
Which reporting guideline applies to my study?
It depends on the design: CONSORT for randomised trials, SPIRIT for trial protocols, PRISMA for systematic reviews, ARRIVE for animal research, STROBE for observational studies. The EQUATOR Network keeps the current list and extensions.
Can a protocol be changed after registration?
Yes, with a dated amendment and a stated reason, and with fresh ethics review where the change affects participants. What damages credibility is undisclosed change, not change itself.
Is pre-registration required for every Labs study?
It is designed to be the default for confirmatory work. Exploratory work is welcome but is labelled as exploratory, so that its findings are treated as hypotheses rather than conclusions.
Can a protocol change during a study?
Yes, for good reasons such as safety or an unforeseen data problem. Each change is dated, justified and reported alongside the result.
Who writes the protocol?
The research team writes it; a subject reviewer independent of the team is designed to check it before work begins.
RaporlarKatkıda bulunun

Bu sayfadan kanıt katkısında bulunun.

Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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Laboratuvarlar

Bir yöntem, bir veri seti ya da bir soru getirin.

Bilgi ve başvurular bugün açıktır. Bir başvuru bir referans numarası alır ve bir sonraki adımı belirtir; başvurular, ödemeler, işlem kapasitesi tahsisleri ve kayıtlar yalnızca ekipleri, koşulları ve inceleme kapasiteleri mevcut olduğunda açılır.