GCRI · Labs
پروتکل‌های پژوهشی
A research protocol fixes, before data are collected, what a study asks, how it will answer and what would count as an answer: the hypotheses, the design, the controls, the outcomes, the sample and the analysis. Many failures of credibility trace back to a protocol that was vague, unwritten or changed after the data were seen. This page sets out how protocols are built, registered, reviewed and reported, and what ethics committees, editors and funders rely on when they accept a study’s claims.
چگونه کار اجرا می‌شود.
تابلوی پروتکل و تکرار
Research protocols · Labs · Quarter 3
پروتکل‌ها
| PR-378 sensor drift | آزمایش میدانی | بله | تأییدشده | در حال اجرا |
| PR-705 AI triage | تصادفی‌سازی‌شده | بله | شرایط | راه‌اندازی |
| PR-694 message recall | آزمایش پیمایشی | بله | تأییدشده | کامل |
| PR-360 heat exposure | همگروه | خیر | در انتظار | پیش‌نویس |
Replication R-25
- اثر اولیه
- 0.4 SD
- اثر تکرار
- 0.2 SD
- حکم
- کوچک‌تر، با همان علامت
- منتشرشده
- با داده و کد
در دسترس بودن بستر آزمون
شکل.Protocol and replication board: example names and illustrative values, not a record or a live system.
Research protocols: how the risk develops.
Hypotheses, controls and scientific acceptance. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Flexibility becomes bias
When outcomes, exclusions, covariates or stopping rules are chosen after the data are seen, many analyses become possible and the most striking one tends to be reported. Each choice looks reasonable alone; together they inflate false positives and effect sizes.
Weak controls confound results
A missing control, unblinded assessment or non-random allocation lets something other than the intervention explain the difference. Design flaws cannot be repaired by analysis; they travel into every result and review built on the study.
Underpowered designs mislead twice
Small samples miss real effects, and the effects they do detect tend to be overestimated. Underpowered studies that reach significance seed literatures that later, larger replications cannot match.
Deviations go unreported
Protocols change for good reasons, such as slow recruitment or a safety signal. When a change is not dated, explained and reported, readers cannot tell a justified amendment from outcome switching, and reviews pool what should not be pooled.
How research protocols is modelled, measured and tested.
مدل، مفروضات، داده‌ها و عدم قطعیت آن، به شکلی که دانشمند یا مهندس بررسی می‌کند. ساختارها از روش‌های منتشرشده پیروی می‌کنند. مقادیر ترسیم‌شده تبیینی‌اند، نه یافته.
مدل، معادلات و مفروضات
The model structure used for research protocols, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.
Ri = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)مخاطره، مواجهه، آسیب‌پذیری و ظرفیت مقابلهEAL = ∑k pk · Lkبر رویدادهای k با احتمال سالانهٔ pkxt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error| فرض | چرا ساخته می‌شود | چگونه آزموده می‌شود |
|---|---|---|
| مخاطره و مواجهه در یک رویداد مستقل‌اند | انتگرال زیان را تحت‌کنترل نگه می‌دارد | مقایسه با برازش مفصل بر سوابق مشترک |
| جفت‌شدگی‌ها نزدیک نقطهٔ کار خطی‌اند | اجازه می‌دهد شوک‌ها از طریق A منتشر شوند | فراتر از دامنهٔ خطی آشفته کنید و مقایسه کنید |
| منحنی‌های آسیب‌پذیری میان مکان‌ها منتقل می‌شوند | منحنی‌های محلی به‌ندرت در دسترس‌اند | اعتبارسنجی در برابر زیان‌های مشاهده‌شده در جاهایی که وجود دارند |
- ورودی‌ها
- مجموعه‌داده‌های نسخه‌دار با خاستگاه
- خروجی‌ها
- توزیع‌ها، هرگز تک‌رقم‌ها
- کد
- منتشرشده با کارت مدل و آزمون‌ها
- بازتولید
- همان داده، کد، محیط و بذر
Protocols are registered before results in every domain.
- سلامتIn practiceTrials register protocols following SPIRIT.What a reader can checkRegistration before enrolment
- آبIn practiceField experiments state hypotheses and methods first.What a reader can checkPre-registration
- غذاIn practiceAgricultural trials state sites, seasons and treatments.What a reader can checkTrial registry
Protocols feed the مجموعهٔ Labs Evidence. Registered گزارش‌ها and EQUATOR guidelines set practice; studies with people follow the Declaration of Helsinki (revised 2024).
- Protocols for review.
- Replication proposals.
What is measured, and how well.
Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.
| Indicator | Unit | دورهٔ تکرار | Source type | برچسب |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Registration before data collection | percent of studies with a time-stamped registration | annual | Trial and study registries | آمارهای منتشرشده |
| Primary outcome consistency | percent of reports matching the registered primary outcome | annual | Registry and publication comparison | مشاهده‌شده |
| Sample size justification | percent of protocols with a power or precision rationale | annual | Protocol audit | مشاهده‌شده |
| Reporting guideline adherence | percent of applicable checklist items reported | per study | Assessment against CONSORT, PRISMA, ARRIVE or STROBE | برآوردشده |
| Protocol amendments | count per study, each with a stated reason | per study | Registry history and ethics committee records | آمارهای منتشرشده |
| Registered report availability | number of journals offering the format | annual | Center for Open Science journal list | گزارش‌شده |
| Results posting timeliness | months from primary completion to posted results | per study | Trial registries | آمارهای منتشرشده |
| Randomisation and blinding reported | percent of eligible studies | annual | Risk-of-bias assessments | برآوردشده |
Where the evidence comes from.
Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.
| منبع | What it gives | Licence class |
|---|---|---|
| OSF Registries (Center for Open Science) | Time-stamped preregistrations and registered report protocols across disciplines | Open, licence per registration |
| ClinicalTrials.gov (US National Library of Medicine) | Registered trials, protocol change history and posted results | مالکیت عمومی |
| WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform | Search across primary national trial registries | Free, WHO terms of use |
| PROSPERO (NIHR) | Registered protocols for systematic reviews | Free access, terms of use |
| protocols.io | Versioned, citable step-by-step laboratory and field methods | Open, CC BY for public protocols |
| EQUATOR Network library | Reporting guidelines by study design, with extensions | Free access, licence per guideline |
| Crossref metadata | Links between registrations, articles, corrections and funders | Open metadata, no restrictions |
Who decides, and what the evidence serves.
آزمایشگاه‌ها prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| چه کسی تصمیم می‌گیرد | The question | Evidence this page serves |
|---|---|---|
| Research ethics committees and institutional review boards | Whether a protocol’s risks, consent and design justify approval, and whether an amendment needs fresh review | Complete protocol, sample size rationale, amendment history with reasons |
| Journal editors | Whether to accept a registered report in principle, or whether a submitted analysis matches its plan | Time-stamped registration compared line by line with the manuscript |
| Research funders | Whether a proposal’s design can answer its question before money is committed | Power or precision rationale, control conditions, data management plan |
| Medicines and device regulators | Whether trial evidence was generated under the protocol submitted to them | Registry history, deviation logs, results posting record |
Outputs this topic produces
- Protocol templates stating hypotheses, controls, outcomes and analysis plans before data collection
- Registration records with time stamps and version history
- Deviation logs that date and explain every amendment
- Reporting checklists completed against the relevant EQUATOR guideline
What experts ask of any protocol.
- What exactly is the hypothesis, and what result would count against it?
- What is the comparison: a control group, a baseline period, a counterfactual model or a randomised arm?
- Which outcomes are primary, which are secondary, and how will each be measured?
- What sample, duration or number of runs is needed to detect an effect of the size that matters?
- What would make the team stop early, for safety or for futility, and who decides?
- What will be published if the result is null or the experiment fails?
Why experiments drift without a protocol.
Every experiment involves choices: which observations to exclude, which covariates to adjust for, which time window to use. Each choice may be reasonable alone, but when they are made after seeing the data, the number of possible analyses grows quickly and one of them will usually show something. This is the problem methodologists call analytic flexibility, and it is a central reason why published effects often shrink or vanish when repeated.
Interdisciplinary work adds its own drivers. Disciplines differ in what they treat as a control, how they handle missing data and what level of evidence they expect. A hydrologist, an economist and an epidemiologist may each consider a design rigorous by their own standard while disagreeing about what it shows. A protocol forces those differences into the open before work starts.
Incentives matter too. Positive, novel findings are easier to publish and fund, which rewards flexibility and penalises null results. Pre-registration and registered reports are the main structural responses.
Tools protocols draw on, and where they stop.
- 01
Pre-registration
A time-stamped record of hypotheses and analysis plans. It limits post hoc changes but cannot stop a poorly chosen question.
- 02
Power and design analysis
Estimates how much data is needed to detect a meaningful effect, using احتمال و آمار. It depends on assumed effect sizes that are often uncertain.
- 03
Causal designs
Randomisation, difference-in-differences, regression discontinuity and instrumental variables from causal inference. Each rests on assumptions that must be stated and, where possible, tested.
- 04
Acceptance criteria
Pre-agreed thresholds for when a method, model or prototype is considered to work. They make success testable but can be gamed if set too loosely.
A protocol cannot make a bad measurement good or fix a biased sample. Deviations from protocol are permitted when justified, but are reported with their reasons.
How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.
- 01احتمال و آمارSample size and power planning · Meta-analysis with bias assessmentApplied here
- 02استنباط علّی و ارزیابی اثرRandomised pilots and stepped rollouts · Quasi-experimental programme evaluationApplied here
- 03کمّی‌سازی عدم قطعیت و اعتبارسنجی مدلMeasurement uncertainty budgets · Sensitivity analysis of simulation modelsApplied here
- 04مهندسی سامانه‌هاRequirements to verification traceability · Stage-gate readiness reviewsApplied here
Where this page’s references lead.
نهادها و اسنادی که این صفحه بر پایهٔ آن‌ها خوانده می‌شود. وضعیت و ویراست‌ها تغییر می‌کنند؛ هر پیوند به نهاد صادرکننده می‌رود.
پرسش و پاسخ.
What is the difference between a preregistration and a registered report?
Does preregistration forbid exploratory analysis?
Which reporting guideline applies to my study?
Can a protocol be changed after registration?
Is pre-registration required for every Labs study?
Can a protocol change during a study?
Who writes the protocol?
شواهد را از همین صفحه ارسال کنید.
Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
- ایمیلدرگاه GW-GCRIاز همین صفحه ارسال کنیدشواهد، یک اصلاحیه، یک مورد، یک روش، یک داوری، یک ترجمه یا ورودی نمایه. با برچسب این صفحه میرسد تا ویراستار مسئول آن را دریافت کند.
- Zenodoسپردهٔ بازآن را واگذار کنید و به جامعه ارائه دهیدسابقهٔ خود را با شناسهٔ ORCID خود در Zenodo منتشر کنید و سپس آن را در همانجا به جامعهٔ Reports ارسال کنید. گزینشگران آن را داوری می‌کنند؛ DOI از آنِ شما میماند.
- گزارش‌هاGCRIهمهٔ راههای مشارکت را ببینیدانواع مشارکت، نحوهٔ بررسی هر یک، اعتباری که دریافت میکنید، مجوز و آنچه هرگز پذیرفته نمیشود.
هرگز داده شخصی، جزئیات حساس زیرساخت یا چیزی را که حق اشتراکش را ندارید نفرستید. هر مشارکت پیش از استفاده داوری می‌شود؛ ارسال آن حق مؤلفی یا ویرایشی نمی‌دهد و حمایت مالی هرگز یافته‌ای را نمی‌خرد.
یک روش، یک مجموعه‌داده یا یک پرسش بیاورید.
اطلاعات و درخواست‌ها امروز باز است. هر درخواست یک شمارهٔ پیگیری می‌گیرد و گام بعدی را مشخص می‌کند؛ درخواست‌های عضویت، پرداخت‌ها، تخصیص رایانش و ثبت‌نام‌ها تنها زمانی باز می‌شوند که تیم، شرایط و ظرفیت داوری آن‌ها فراهم باشد.
اسناد حقوقی.
نقشه‌ها، داده‌ها و ارقام این سایت برای زمینه و اطلاعات عمومی نشان داده می‌شوند. توصیه، پیش‌بینی یا هشدار نیستند؛ حدود این اطلاعات در سلب مسئولیت‌ها و اعلامیه‌های داده بیان شده است.