- India 2026
- Annex B
Data appendix
The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.
Contents
- ·Edition home
- ·Executive summary
- 1India’s risk is monsoon-dependent, heat-loaded and changing fast in power
- 2Key findings
- 3Systems and sectors at baseline
- 4Risks and capability
- 5A second deficient monsoon across groundwater, kharif output, power demand and food budgets
- 6Readings from the other desks
- 7The 2027 agenda
- 8Systems in depth
- AMethodology
- BData appendix
- CReferences and record
- ·Complete edition, for print
B.1The indicator set
| Indicator | Value | Unit | Year | State | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 1,463,865,525 | people | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| Urban population share | 35.7 | % | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| Gross domestic product, current prices | 3,956 | USD billion | 2025 | Reported | 2 |
| Life expectancy at birth | 72.2 | years | 2024 | Reported | 2 |
| Population aged 65 or over | 7.4 | % | 2025 | Reported | 2 |
| Net energy imports | 36.0 | % of energy use | 2024 | Reported | 3 |
| Forest area | 24.4 | % of land | 2024 | Reported | 3 |
| Terrestrial protected area | 7.7 | % of land | 2024 | Reported | 3 |
| CO₂ emissions excluding land use | 3,154 | Mt | 2024 | Reported | 4 |
| GHG emissions excluding land use | 2,959 | Mt CO₂e | 2020 | Reported | 5 |
| Energy-sector emissions | 2,238 | Mt CO₂e | 2020 | Reported | 5 |
| Non-fossil installed capacity | 300.50 | GW | 31 Jul 2026 | Reported | 9 |
| Fossil share of generation | ≈73 | % | 2025 | Reported | 12 |
| Annual mean temperature anomaly | +0.28 | °C vs 1991–2020 | 2025 | Reported | 14 |
| Monsoon rainfall, all India | 87 | % of LPA | 2026 | Reported | 16 |
| Groundwater stage of extraction | 60.63 | % | 2025 | Reported | 18 |
| Foodgrain production, third advance estimate | 376.563 | Mt | 2025–26 | Reported | 19 |
| Extreme-weather deaths | ≈2,760 | deaths | 2025 | Reported | 14 |
| CO₂ per person (derived) | ≈2.2 | t CO₂ | 2024 | Estimated | 41 |
| Heat deaths, national season total | Not bound | deaths | n/a | NOT BOUND | NCDC · state health departments |
| GHG inventory after 2020 | Not bound | Mt CO₂e | n/a | NOT BOUND | next biennial update report5 |
| National reservoir storage | Not bound | % of live capacity | n/a | NOT BOUND | Central Water Commission45 |
| Insured disaster losses | Not bound | USD | n/a | NOT BOUND | IRDAI · general insurers |
B.2National source register
The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.
Domains bound by the register
- WAT
- ENE
- FOO
- HLT
- BIO
- CLI
- INF
- FIN
- TRD
- MIN
| Source | Category | Coverage | Period | Cadence | Role |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emissions inventory, 20205 | government report to the UNFCCC, read through press | national | 2020 | biennial | CLI |
| Climate and monsoon statements1416 | national technical authority | national | 2025–2026 | annual | CLI |
| Groundwater assessment18 | national board, read through a press summary | blocks and states | 2025 | annual | WAT |
| Power capacity910 | ministry data, via press | national | 2026 | monthly | ENE |
| Electricity review111213 | independent analyst | national | 2025 | annual | ENE |
| Crop estimates1920 | ministry · FAO | national | 2025–2026 | four a year | FOO |
| Heat-death reports2122 | non-profit review · press report of RTI data | national | 2025 | one-off | HLT |
| World Bank indicators1234 | international organisation | national | 2019–2025 | annual | profile |
| Climate contribution67 | government · independent assessment | national | 2026 | periodic | CLI |
| Census notices23 | Registrar General | national | 2026 | decennial | population |
| Peer-reviewed literature2425262728 | journals | regional | 2009–2021 | one-off | WAT · CLI · HLT |
B.3Regional reading, India by region
Map plates for every state follow in Q2 2027, when boundary sources and public-safe resolutions are bound. This page gives the regional reading in table form.
Rainfall geography, 2026 monsoon
| Region | Principal hazards | Systems most exposed | Baseline evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| Northwest India | groundwater depletion; heat; floods | wheat and rice, water, power for pumping | Punjab floods 202515 · extraction stage18 |
| Central India | monsoon variability; lightning | rain-fed crops, power demand | June 2026 at 50% of average16 · lightning deaths14 |
| East and Northeast India | cyclones; floods; the lowest 2026 season since 1901 | rice, ports, hydropower | season 202616 · Cyclone Montha 202514 |
| South Peninsula | cyclones; groundwater stress; deficient 2026 season | rice, cities, coasts | season 2026 at 76%16 · Cyclone Ditwah 202514 |
| Himalaya and foothills | cloudbursts; landslides; glacier and snow change | roads, hydropower, settlements | Kishtwar and Kheer Ganga cloudbursts 202514 · assessment48 |
| Coasts and deltas | cyclones; sea-level rise; flooding | ports, aquaculture, cities | four cyclonic storms in 202514 |
B.4Atlas card, Punjab and Haryana plains
- plains
- cereal basin
- groundwater
- flood
- Systems in view
- water, food and power for irrigation
- Defining events
- extraction above 100% of the extractable resource; floods of 20251518
- Couplings
- CLI → WAT → FOO; ENE → WAT
- Capability evidence
- not bound
- Gaps
- well-level extraction and power-subsidy data; crop-water use
- Agenda items
- A-01 · A-03
The stage of extraction was 156.36% in Punjab and 136.75% in Haryana in 2025. The resource is being drawn faster than it recharges in those states [18].
WATER
Extraction above the resource
The national foodgrain estimate for 2025–26 is a record [19]. The share from these plains is not bound in this edition.
FOOD
A record national estimate
Punjab had its worst floods since 1988 in 2025 [15]. The weather service reported 59 rain-related deaths in Punjab [14].
HAZARD
Floods in a deficient year for others
B.5India system card
The card through which India appears in the South Asia regional edition and the global series. It summarises; it does not rank.
| System | Baseline state | Coupling to watch | Coverage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water | groundwater extraction at 60.63% | monsoon deficit and over-extraction | PARTIAL |
| Energy | non-fossil 54% of capacity | evening peak and fossil generation | GOOD |
| Food | record foodgrain estimate for 2025–26 | short harvest after 2026 monsoon | PARTIAL |
| Health | life expectancy 72.2 years; heat data not bound | heat and air pollution | THIN |
| Biodiversity | forest 24.4% of land; 7.7% protected | fire and land-use change | PARTIAL |
Context
- Archetype
- very large economy with a monsoon-dependent water and food system and a fast-growing clean power fleet (Nexus reading)
- Population
- 1,463.9 million (2025)1
- Trade
- net energy imports 36.0% of energy use3
- Hazard
- about 2,760 extreme-weather deaths in 202514
India’s card sits beside its neighbours’; shared basins, grids, corridors and supply chains are read as one regional system.
SOUTH ASIA REGIONAL EDITION
One regional system
Indian evidence enters the water, energy, food, finance and climate sector reports through the same finding identifiers, so a correction travels everywhere at once.
GLOBAL SECTOR SERIES
Same findings, same IDs
In the global edition India is read against peer distributions and thresholds, never placed in a league table.
GLOBAL FLAGSHIP
Peers, not ranks
B.6Licences
| Material | Licence |
|---|---|
| Text | CC BY 4.0 |
| Data | on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0 |
| Figures | Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited |
| Maps | boundary source and licence printed on each plate |
| Metadata | CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it |
| Third-party data, figures and text | The source’s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed |
| Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence. | |
B.7Formats and provenance
| Format | Kind | State | What it is | Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Web edition | HTML | On this site | Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source. | NR-COUNTRY-IND-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 |
| Print edition | At release | A4 portrait · screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release. | NR-COUNTRY-IND-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 | |
| Indicator data | CSV · JSON | On this site | 23 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release. | NR-COUNTRY-IND-2026-BASELINE data release v1 |
| Figures | SVG · PNG | On this site | 4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder. | FIG-COUNTRY-IND-2026-BASELINE-* |
| Slides | Not recorded | No slide deck is recorded for this edition. | ||
| Evidence brief | HTML · PDF | Not recorded | No evidence brief is recorded for this edition. | |
| Dataset with DOI | DataCite | At release | Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet. |
Provenance
- Edition pack
- The edition’s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built
- Evidence cut
- NQ-IND-2026-Q0-1, closed 30 September 2026
- Reproducibility
- sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters
- Self-check
- 14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release
- Review
- five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)
- Publisher of record
- The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium
- Corrections
- Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version
Notes
Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references
- 1World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: India, population, total (SP.POP.TOTL) and urban population share (SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS). World Bank, Washington DC, data updated 8 October 2026. Observation year 2025.back
- 2World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: India, GDP in current US dollars (NY.GDP.MKTP.CD), life expectancy at birth (SP.DYN.LE00.IN) and population aged 65 and above (SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS). World Bank, Washington DC, data updated 8 October 2026. Observation years 2024–2025.back
- 3World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: India, net energy imports (EG.IMP.CONS.ZS), renewable internal freshwater per person (ER.H2O.INTR.PC), forest area (AG.LND.FRST.ZS), terrestrial protected area (ER.LND.PTLD.ZS) and irrigated agricultural land (AG.LND.IRIG.AG.ZS). World Bank, Washington DC, data updated 8 October 2026. Observation years 2022–2024.back
- 4World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: India, CO2 emissions excluding LULUCF (EN.GHG.CO2.MT.CE.AR5) and mortality attributed to household and ambient air pollution (SH.STA.AIRP.P5). World Bank, Washington DC, data updated 8 October 2026. Observation years 2019 and 2024.back
- 5Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (ed.), India’s Fourth Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, including the 2020 national greenhouse-gas inventory. MoEFCC, New Delhi, submitted 30 December 2024. Observation year 2020.back
- 9Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (ed.), installed non-fossil power capacity at 31 July 2026, as reported by Renewable Watch. New Delhi, 11 August 2026. Observation date 31 July 2026.back
- 12Ember (ed.), India: electricity data and analysis (country page). Ember, London, accessed 3 November 2026. Observation year 2025.back
- 14India Meteorological Department (ed.), Statement on the Climate of India during 2025. Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, press release of 1 January 2026, published by the World Meteorological Organization 12 January 2026. Observation year 2025.back
- 16India Meteorological Department (ed.), Salient Features of the 2026 Southwest Monsoon Season. Ministry of Earth Sciences, New Delhi, 30 September 2026. Observation year 2026.back
- 18Central Ground Water Board and Ministry of Jal Shakti (eds.), Dynamic Ground Water Resources Assessment of India 2025, as summarised by Vision IAS. New Delhi, 30 December 2025. Observation year 2025.back
- 19Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare (ed.), Third Advance Estimates of Production of Major Crops for 2025–26, released 27 May 2026. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, New Delhi. Observation year 2025–26.back
- 45Central Water Commission (ed.), Reservoir Storage Bulletin (weekly). CWC, New Delhi, 2026. Observation year 2026.back
- 10Government of India (ed.), power-capacity factsheet of 13 August 2026, as reported by the Indo-Asian News Service. New Delhi, 13 August 2026. Observation date July 2026.back
- 11Ember (ed.), Global Electricity Review 2026. Ember, London, 22 April 2026. Observation year 2025.back
- 13pv magazine (ed.), “Record solar, wind surge drives 3.3% drop in India’s fossil generation in 2025,” reporting Ember’s Global Electricity Review 2026. pv magazine, Berlin, 27 April 2026. Observation year 2025.back
- 20Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (ed.), GIEWS Country Brief: India. FAO, Rome, reference date 13 February 2026. Observation years 2025–2026.back
- 21HeatWatch (ed.), Struck by Heat: A News Analysis of Heatstroke Deaths in India in 2025, as reported by The Print. New Delhi, 22 August 2025. Observation period February to July 2025.back
- 22Press Trust of India (ed.), “India recorded over 7,000 suspected heatstroke cases, 14 deaths in March–June period: RTI,” reporting National Centre for Disease Control data. The Print, New Delhi, July 2025. Observation period 1 March to 24 June 2025.back
- 6Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (ed.), India’s Nationally Determined Contribution for 2031–2035. MoEFCC, New Delhi, submitted to the UNFCCC 24 April 2026. Observation year 2035 target.back
- 7Climate Action Tracker (ed.), India: 2035 NDC assessment. Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute, Berlin, September 2026. Observation year 2035 target.back
- 23Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India (ed.), Census 2027: houselisting and population enumeration notices. Ministry of Home Affairs, New Delhi, 2026. Observation year 2026.back
- 24M. Rodell, I. Velicogna and J. S. Famiglietti, “Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India,” Nature, vol. 460, pp. 999–1002, 2009. doi:10.1038/nature08238. Observation year 2009. doi:10.1038/nature08238back
- 25A. Asoka, T. Gleeson, Y. Wada and V. Mishra, “Relative contribution of monsoon precipitation and pumping to changes in groundwater storage in India,” Nature Geoscience, vol. 10, pp. 109–117, 2017. doi:10.1038/ngeo2869. Observation year 2017. doi:10.1038/ngeo2869back
- 26M. K. Roxy, S. Ghosh, A. Pathak et al., “A threefold rise in widespread extreme rain events over central India,” Nature Communications, vol. 8, article 708, 2017. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00744-9. Observation year 2017. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00744-9back
- 27E.-S. Im, J. S. Pal and E. A. B. Eltahir, “Deadly heat waves projected in the densely populated agricultural regions of South Asia,” Science Advances, vol. 3, no. 8, e1603322, 2017. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1603322. Observation year 2017. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1603322back
- 28A. Pandey, M. Brauer, M. L. Cropper et al., “Health and economic impact of air pollution in the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019,” The Lancet Planetary Health, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. e25–e38, 2021. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30298-9. Observation year 2019. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30298-9back
- 15Down To Earth (ed.), “2025 marked by rising night-time temperatures and extreme rainfall across seasons in India.” Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi, January 2026. Observation year 2025.back
- 48International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ed.), Water, Ice, Society, and Ecosystems in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: An Outlook. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, 2023. Observation year 2023.back