Draft, not yet released. In stewardship review. Not indexed until the first approved release.

References and record

Every source the edition rests on, the publication record, the corrections log and the open record.

11 min read0 figures1 table0 notesNR-COUNTRY-KOR-2026-BASELINE

Contents
  1. ·Edition home
  2. ·Executive summary
  3. 1Korea’s risk is demographic, climatic and import-dependent at once
  4. 2Key findings
  5. 3Systems and sectors at baseline
  6. 4Risks and capability
  7. 5Heat and heavy-rain sequence over the capital region
  8. 6Readings from the other desks
  9. 7The 2027 agenda
  10. 8Systems in depth
  11. AMethodology
  12. BData appendix
  13. CReferences and record
    1. C.1 45 sources
    2. C.2 Publication record
    3. C.3 Corrections log
    4. C.4 Open record
    5. C.5 Where this edition sits among the six pillars
  14. ·Complete edition, for print

C.145 sources

NR-CIT-1, editor first. A DOI is linked where the source has one; Nexus records carry a UNI once the catalogue allocates it (NS-1).

  1. 1Statistics Korea (KOSTAT) (ed.), “Birth Statistics in 2025.” KOSTAT, Daejeon, 26 August 2026. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://mods.go.kr/board.es?mid=a20108010000&bid=11773&act=view&list_no=447264 Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8
  2. 2World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: Korea, Rep. (population and GDP). World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://data.worldbank.org/country/korea-rep Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 6
  3. 3World Bank (ed.), “The World Bank in Korea: overview” (GNI per capita). World Bank, Washington DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/korea/overview Cited in the summary, chapter 6
  4. 4International Monetary Fund (ed.), Republic of Korea country page: 2025 Article IV report and July 2026 World Economic Outlook Update projections. IMF, Washington DC. Observation year 2025 and 2026 projection. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/KOR Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6
  5. 5Ember (ed.), “South Korea” country page, electricity shares. Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://ember-energy.org/countries-and-regions/south-korea/ Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8
  6. 6Climate Action Tracker (ed.), “South Korea” country assessment. Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute, updated 29 December 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/south-korea/ Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6, chapter 8
  7. 7Climate Action Tracker (ed.), “South Korea: 2035 NDC.” Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute, December 2025. Observation year 2025. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/south-korea/2035-ndc/ Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 7
  8. 8Food and Agriculture Organization (ed.), GIEWS Country Brief: Republic of Korea, reference date 2 September 2026. FAO, Rome. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=KOR Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8
  9. 9Greenhouse Gas Inventory and Research Center of Korea (ed.), National GHG Inventory (1990–2022 listed). GIR, Sejong. Observation year 2022 (page lists; figures not read). Accessed 3 November 2026. https://www.gir.go.kr/eng/index.do Cited in the summary, chapter 1
  10. 10Government of the Republic of Korea (ed.), Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality and Green Growth for Coping with Climate Crisis. Seoul, 2021. Observation year 2021. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6
  11. 11Government of the Republic of Korea (ed.), Republic of Korea’s 2035 Nationally Determined Contribution. Submission to the UNFCCC, December 2025. Observation year 2025. Submission text not read; cited through [7]. Cited in chapter 6
  12. 12Government of the Republic of Korea (ed.), 2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy of the Republic of Korea: Towards a Sustainable and Green Society (long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategy). Seoul, 2020. Observation year 2020. Cited in chapter 6
  13. 13Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (ed.), Basic Plan for Long-term Electricity Supply and Demand. MOTIE, Sejong. Observation year 2025 (latest plan). Not opened at evidence close. Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8
  14. 14Korea Meteorological Administration (ed.), Annual Climate Report. KMA, Seoul. Source for climate extremes; not bound at evidence close. Observation year none bound. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4
  15. 15Korea Forest Service (ed.), Wildfire statistics and damage records. Korea Forest Service, Daejeon. Source for a designed gap; the page returned an error at evidence close. Observation year none bound. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 3, chapter 5, chapter 8
  16. 16Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (ed.), Heat-related illness surveillance report. KDCA, Cheongju. Source for a designed gap; the page returned an error at evidence close. Observation year none bound. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 8
  17. 17Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (ed.), Food Balance Sheet and self-sufficiency statistics. MAFRA, Sejong. Source for a designed gap; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 8
  18. 18Ministry of Environment (ed.), Waterworks statistics. MoE, Sejong. Source for a designed gap; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound. Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 8
  19. 19Convention on Biological Diversity (ed.), National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan profile: Republic of Korea. CBD Secretariat, Montreal. Source for a designed gap; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound. Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 8
  20. 20Statistics Korea (KOSTAT) (ed.), Population Projections. KOSTAT, Daejeon. Source for a designed gap; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
  21. 21Korea Energy Economics Institute (ed.), Yearbook of Energy Statistics. KEEI, Ulsan. Source for a designed gap; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound. Cited in chapter 4, chapter 8
  22. 22Bank of Korea (ed.), Financial Stability Report. Bank of Korea, Seoul. Observation year 2026 (latest report). Not opened at evidence close. Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6
  23. 23Korea Sustainability Standards Board (ed.), Korean Sustainability Disclosure Standards. KSSB, Seoul. Status not bound at evidence close. Observation year none bound. Cited in chapter 6
  24. 24Government of the Republic of Korea (ed.), Act on the Allocation and Trading of Greenhouse-Gas Emission Permits. Seoul. Observation year 2015 (enactment). Cited in chapter 6
  25. 25UNDRR (ed.), Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. UNDRR, Geneva, 2015. Observation year 2015. Cited in chapter 6
  26. 26H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.), Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. IPCC, Geneva, 2023. Observation year 2023. Cited in chapter 6
  27. 27Convention on Biological Diversity (ed.), Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Decision 15/4. CBD Secretariat, Montreal, 2022. Observation year 2022. Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8
  28. 28UNFCCC (ed.), Paris Agreement. United Nations, Paris, 2015. Observation year 2015. Cited in chapter 6
  29. 29International Energy Agency (ed.), Korea 2020: Energy Policy Review. IEA, Paris, 2020. Observation year 2020.
  30. 30International Energy Agency (ed.), Global Energy Review 2025. IEA, Paris, 2025. Observation year 2024.
  31. 31Munich Re (ed.), Natural disasters in 2025: NatCatSERVICE full-year figures. Munich Re, Munich, January 2026. Observation year 2025. Cited in chapter 6
  32. 32P. D. McElwee, P. A. Harrison, T. L. van Huysen et al. (eds.), Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, 2024. doi:10.5281/zenodo.13850054. Observation year 2024. doi:10.5281/zenodo.13850054 Cited in chapter 6
  33. 33J. Zscheischler, S. Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk et al., “Future climate risk from compound events,” Nature Climate Change, vol. 8, pp. 469–477, 2018. Observation year 2018. Cited in chapter 6
  34. 34World Health Organization (ed.), World Health Statistics 2025. WHO, Geneva, 2025. Observation year 2025. Cited in chapter 6
  35. 35S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Reports: The Foundational Edition, Volumes I and II. Reports series, Edition 2026–2030, V1.0. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. Observation year 2026.
  36. 36S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Global Systems Risk & Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. Observation year 2026.
  37. 37OECD (ed.), OECD Economic Surveys: Korea 2024. OECD Publishing, Paris, 2024. Observation year 2024. Not opened at evidence close. Cited in chapter 6
  38. 38United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (ed.), World Population Prospects 2024. United Nations, New York, 2024. Observation year 2024. Cited in chapter 6
  39. 39UNDRR (ed.), Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2025. UNDRR, Geneva, 2025. Observation year 2025. Cited in chapter 6
  40. 40United Nations Environment Programme (ed.), Emissions Gap Report 2025. UNEP, Nairobi, 2025. Observation year 2025. Cited in chapter 6
  41. 41Food and Agriculture Organization (ed.), AQUASTAT: Republic of Korea. FAO, Rome. Source for a designed gap; not retrieved at evidence close. Observation year none bound. Cited in chapter 8
  42. 42World Meteorological Organization (ed.), State of the Climate in Asia 2024. WMO, Geneva, 2025. Observation year 2024. Cited in chapter 6
  43. 43F. Grigoli, S. Cesca, E. Priolo et al., “The November 2017 Mw 5.5 Pohang earthquake: a possible case of induced seismicity in South Korea,” Science, vol. 360, pp. 1003–1006, 2018. Observation year 2017. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 7
  44. 44Government of the Republic of Korea (ed.), Framework Act on the Management of Disasters and Safety. Seoul. Observation year none bound (current consolidated text not read). Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6
  45. 45Statistics Korea (KOSTAT) (ed.), Vital Statistics monthly releases (July 2026 release dated 23 September 2026; listing read, figures not read). KOSTAT, Daejeon. Observation year 2026. Accessed 3 November 2026. https://mods.go.kr/menu.es?mid=a20108000000 Cited in the summary

C.2Publication record

Publication

Title
Republic of Korea Systems Risk & Resilience Report 2026, Baseline Edition
Series
Reports · Edition 2026–2030
Edition
Baseline Edition 2026 · inaugural annual
Version
v1.0.0 · draft for stewardship review
Publication ID
NR-COUNTRY-KOR-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Evidence close
30 September 2026
Publication date
October 2026
DOI
concept and version DOI at deposit

Publisher

Publisher of record
The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), for the Nexus Consortium
Place
Toronto
Editor
Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor
Stewards
GCRI · technical truth · the Global Risks Forum (GRF) · public meaning · the Global Risks Alliance (GRA) · capital meaning
Licence
text CC BY 4.0; data on the terms of each source
Copyright
© 2026 GCRI · Nexus Consortium
Language
English (en-GB) source edition
Correspondence
Registry correction pathway · editorial office

Colophon

Format
A4 portrait · screen, print and archival PDF
Typefaces
Space Grotesk (display) · Geist (text) · IBM Plex Sans Italic (standfirsts) · IBM Plex Mono (data)
Design standard
Reports Foundational Edition, Volume I, Part VII
Accessibility
tagged PDF and HTML targets; text alternatives for every figure
Production
Reports editorial team, GCRI

Release path for this version

Table C.1Release path for this version
StepWhat happensWhen
Drafteditorial self-check complete at evidence closeOctober 2026
Steward reviewfive passes on the exact draft (keys T · M · F · N)Q4 2026
Approvalpublication authority approves the exact digestbefore release
Depositconcept and version DOI minted; registry pointer setat release
Successionthe Q1 2027 edition reports changes against this baselineQ1 2027
Current version
v1.0.0 draft, stewardship review
Previous edition
none, first edition of the series
Next edition
NR-COUNTRY-KOR-2027-Q1-v1.0.0
Latest version
resolve the concept DOI or the registry record
Correction route
Registry correction pathway
Notice types
erratum · addendum · supersession · withdrawal

C.3Corrections log

0correction notices. No edition has been released yet, so none can be corrected; the log below lists each edition’s current version.

EditionVersionDateStateChangeNotice
KORNR-COUNTRY-KOR-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0October 2026DraftBaseline Edition 2026, inaugural annual edition,None

Notice types: erratum, addendum, supersession, withdrawal. A correction is a new version with a published notice; the earlier version stays resolvable, and no edition is ever edited in silence.

C.4Open record

This edition’s open record

Publication ID
NR-COUNTRY-KOR-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Desk identifier and series alias
NR-NAT-KOR-2026-BL
Collection
None
DOI
Concept and version DOI at deposit, on Zenodo with DataCite metadata
Versions
Each correction is a new version (isNewVersionOf); the concept DOI resolves to the latest
Bundle
RO-Crate 1.2 with CITATION.cff, CodeMeta and PROV-O provenance; a signed manifest
Licence
CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0

Credit and identity

ORCID
Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record
ROR
Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone
CRediT
Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing
Account
None needed to contribute; never a password

Find and follow

Search the open indexes for Republic of Korea; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage, and a quantified scenario run is preregistered on OSF before it is run. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.

Mirrors and harvest

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C.5Where this edition sits among the six pillars

Foundry seals the evidence and Universe tests it; Reports publishes it; Standards takes its corrections and Academy teaches from it.

  1. F03 Sealed observations and indicator series Foundry Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).
  2. F04 After-action and scenario findings for Universe After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).
  3. F05 National Portfolio movement for chapter Foundry National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).
  4. Applied in editions Standards Nexus Standards: applied in editions.
  5. KOR edition Reports Republic of Korea 2026, published in every format with its sources, citation and corrections.
  6. F06 Method and correction findings as change Standards Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).
  7. F12 Q4 synthesis informs the next-year Universe Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).
  8. Taught in the open Academy Risk Academy: taught in the open.

What Foundry and Universe hand to this edition, and what it hands to Standards, Universe and Academy. From the programme spine; KOR is a drafted Baseline Edition, so these handoffs run from its first operational quarter.

HandoffBetweenWhat crosses, and when
F03Foundry to ReportsSealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).
F04Universe to ReportsAfter-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).
F05Foundry to ReportsNational Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).
RingNexus Standards to ReportsNexus Standards: applied in editions.
F06Reports to Nexus StandardsMethod and correction findings as change proposals (correction).
F12Reports to UniverseQ4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).
RingReports to Risk AcademyRisk Academy: taught in the open.

Cite this annex

Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Annex C: References and record. In Republic of Korea Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026: The State of Korea’s Interdependent Systems (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-COUNTRY-KOR-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI).

Every citation form of the whole report, BibTeX and RIS included, is on the edition home. Cite this report

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