Draft, not yet released. In stewardship review. Not indexed until the first approved release.

Data appendix

The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.

11 min read0 figures7 tables27 notesNR-REGIONAL-SAM-2026-BASELINE

Contents
  1. ·Edition home
  2. ·Executive summary
  3. 1South America’s risk travels through shared rivers, grids and gas
  4. 2Key findings
  5. 3Systems and sectors at baseline
  6. 4Risks and capability
  7. 5Basin drought across the Paraná corridor and the Amazon
  8. 6Readings from the other desks
  9. 7The 2027 agenda
  10. 8Systems in depth
  11. AMethodology
  12. BData appendix
    1. B.1 The indicator set
    2. B.2 Regional source register
    3. B.3 Regional reading: South America by member country
    4. B.4 Atlas card: Paraná–La Plata basin
    5. B.5 South America system card
    6. B.6 Licences
    7. B.7 Formats and provenance
  13. CReferences and record
  14. ·Complete edition, for print

B.1The indicator set

Table B.1Baseline indicator set
IndicatorValueUnitYearStateSource
Brazil population212.8million2025Reported1
Argentina population45.9million2025Reported1
Brazil GDP2,279.9USD billion2025Reported2
Argentina GDP683.1USD billion2025Reported2
Brazil emissions excluding land use1,299.2Mt CO₂e2024Reported6
Argentina emissions excluding land use374.3Mt CO₂e2024Reported6
Share of two-member emissions, Brazil77.6%2024Estimated6
Brazil low-carbon share of electricity89%2025Reported13
Argentina low-carbon share of electricity42%2025Reported14
Brazil renewable share of final energy46.5%2021Reported4
Argentina renewable share of final energy9.2%2021Reported4
Brazil forest area58.5% of land2024Reported3
Argentina forest area17.1% of land2024Reported3
Brazil protected area29.4% of territory2025Reported7
Argentina protected area9.7% of territory2025Reported7
Rio Grande do Sul damage and loss88.9BRL billion2024Reported16
Brazil safely managed drinking water88.6%2024Reported8
Argentina safely managed drinking waterNot bound%n/aNOT BOUND8
Paraná low-water daysNot bounddaysn/aNOT BOUND25
Binational hydropower outputNot boundGWhn/aNOT BOUND41
Dengue cases, 2025Not boundcasesn/aNOT BOUND26
Indicators, CSVIndicators, JSON

B.2Regional source register

The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.

Domains bound by the register

  • WAT
  • ENE
  • FOO
  • HLT
  • BIO
  • CLI
  • INF
  • FIN
  • TRD
  • MIN
Table B.3Regional source register
SourceCategoryCoveragePeriodCadenceRole
Population and output121012international statisticsBrazil, Argentina2023–2025annualprofile
Renewable energy and electricity451314statistics and think tankmembers2021–2025annualENE
Greenhouse gases6international statisticsmembers2024annualCLI
Forest and protected areas37international statisticsmembers2024–2025annualBIO
Regional climate report15agency assessmentregion2025annualCLI
Flood assessment16joint assessmentBrazil2024one-offCLI
Storm imagery17agency imageryArgentina2025one-offCLI
Dengue1826agency reportingregion2024weeklyHLT
Water89international statisticsmembers2022–2024annualWAT
Pledges1920government and trackermembers2024–2025five-yearlyCLI

B.3Regional reading: South America by member country

Map plates for every member country follow in Q2 2027, when boundary sources and public-safe resolutions are bound. This page gives the regional reading in table form for the 2 member countries named in the series registry.

Selected indicators16

212.8million

Brazil

45.9million

Argentina

1,299Mt CO₂e

Brazil emissions

374Mt CO₂e

Argentina emissions

Table B.4Regional reading: South America by member country
MemberPrincipal hazardsSystems most exposedBaseline evidence
Brazilriver flooding in Rio Grande do Sul in 202416; Amazon river lows in 202424; dengue in 202418water, energy, health, biodiversitypopulation 212.8 million; emissions 1,299.2 Mt; low-carbon 89% of electricity; forest 58.5%13613
Argentinarainfall record at Bahía Blanca in 202517; low Paraná in 202125water, energy, foodpopulation 45.9 million; emissions 374.3 Mt; low-carbon 42% of electricity; forest 17.1%13614

B.4Atlas card: Paraná–La Plata basin

  • basin
  • shared river system
  • navigation and hydropower
  • members: Brazil, Argentina
Systems in view
water, energy and freight
Defining instruments
River Plate Basin treaty39; Itaipú Treaty41; Guarani Aquifer Agreement21
Couplings
CLI → WAT → ENE; WAT → FOO
Capability evidence
treaty bodies and binational plant operators exist; performance not bound
Gaps
low-water days, plant output, basin area by country
Agenda items
A-03

The basin reaches Brazil and Argentina and other countries outside the member set. Basin area and population by country are not bound. The Paraná fell to its lowest level in nearly 80 years in 2021 by press accounts [25].

WATER

A shared river system

Source: plant operators. Blocker: not retrieved at evidence close [41].

ENERGY

Binational hydropower

Source: national waterway and port agencies. Blocker: not retrieved at evidence close.

FREIGHT

Navigation depth

B.5South America system card

The card through which South America appears in the global edition and in the sector series. It summarises; it does not rank.

Table B.5South America system card
SystemBaseline stateCoupling to watchCoverage
Waterlarge freshwater stocks; Negro River record low in 2024924low flow into energy and farmingPARTIAL
Energylow-carbon 89% and 42% of electricity1314hydro dependence and gas routesPARTIAL
Foodagriculture 6.1% and 5.5% of GDP11drought and river logisticsTHIN
Healthover 3.5 million dengue cases in the Americas to March 202418seasonal outbreaksTHIN
Biodiversityforest 58.5% and 17.1% of land3clearing and condition at sourceTHIN

Context

Archetype
two members sharing basins, an aquifer, power links and gas supply
Population
212.8 million in Brazil and 45.9 million in Argentina (2025)1
Trade
Argentine gas exports to Brazil through Bolivia began in early 202628
Hazard
floods of 2024 caused BRL 88.9 billion of damage and loss16

The member editions (Brazil, Argentina) and this regional edition share finding identifiers where they read the same evidence, so a correction travels to every edition at once.

MEMBER EDITIONS

Same findings, same IDs

South America evidence enters the water, energy, food, finance and climate sector reports through the same finding identifiers.

GLOBAL SECTOR SERIES

Regional evidence, sector reports

In the global edition South America is read against peer distributions and thresholds, never placed in a league table.

GLOBAL FLAGSHIP

Peers, not ranks

B.6Licences

Table B.6Licences of each kind of material
MaterialLicence
TextCC BY 4.0
Dataon the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0
FiguresNexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited
Mapsboundary source and licence printed on each plate
MetadataCC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it
Third-party data, figures and textThe source’s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed
Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence.

B.7Formats and provenance

Table B.7This edition in every format
FormatKindStateWhat it isIdentifier
Web editionHTMLOn this siteDraft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.NR-REGIONAL-SAM-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Print editionPDFAt releaseA4 portrait · screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.NR-REGIONAL-SAM-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Indicator dataCSV · JSONOn this site21 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.NR-REGIONAL-SAM-2026-BASELINE data release v1
FiguresSVG · PNGOn this site4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.FIG-REGIONAL-SAM-2026-BASELINE-*
SlidesPDFNot recordedNo slide deck is recorded for this edition.
Evidence briefHTML · PDFNot recordedNo evidence brief is recorded for this edition.
Dataset with DOIDataCiteAt releaseConcept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.

Provenance

Edition pack
The edition’s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built
Evidence cut
NQ-REG-SAM-2026-Q0-1, closed 30 September 2026
Reproducibility
sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters
Self-check
14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release
Review
five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)
Publisher of record
The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium
Corrections
Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

  1. 1World Bank (ed.), Population, total (SP.POP.TOTL), Brazil, Argentina and Latin America & Caribbean aggregate, World Development Indicators API. World Bank, Washington, DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  2. 2World Bank (ed.), GDP, current US$ (NY.GDP.MKTP.CD), Brazil, Argentina and Latin America & Caribbean aggregate, World Development Indicators API. World Bank, Washington, DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  3. 6World Bank (ed.), Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF, Mt CO2e, AR5 basis (EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5), Brazil, Argentina and Latin America & Caribbean aggregate, World Development Indicators API. World Bank, Washington, DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  4. 13Ember (ed.), Brazil electricity country page (low-carbon share 89%, hydro 52%, wind and solar 27%, fossil 11% of generation in 2025; no generation total on the page). Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  5. 14Ember (ed.), Argentina electricity country page (low-carbon share 42%, wind and solar 16%, fossil 58% of generation in 2025; no generation total on the page). Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  6. 4World Bank (ed.), Renewable energy consumption, % of total final energy consumption (EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS), Brazil and Argentina, World Development Indicators API (latest value returned is 2021). World Bank, Washington, DC. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  7. 3World Bank (ed.), Forest area, % of land area (AG.LND.FRST.ZS), Brazil and Argentina, World Development Indicators API. World Bank, Washington, DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  8. 7World Bank (ed.), Terrestrial and marine protected areas, % of total territorial area (ER.PTD.TOTL.ZS), Brazil and Argentina, World Development Indicators API. World Bank, Washington, DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  9. 16Inter-American Development Bank, with ECLAC and the World Bank Group (eds.), Damage and loss assessment of the April and May 2024 floods in Rio Grande do Sul (BRL 88.9 billion), as reported by Agência Brasil on 29 November 2024; the assessment itself was not opened. IDB, Washington, DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  10. 8World Bank (ed.), People using safely managed drinking water services, % of population (SH.H2O.SMDW.ZS), Brazil and Argentina, World Development Indicators API (no value returned for Argentina). World Bank, Washington, DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  11. 25UNVERIFIED, not opened: Associated Press and trade press (eds.), Drought hits South America river, threatening vast ecosystem (Paraná at its lowest level in nearly 80 years, 2021; reports of 77 and 80 years differ; Itaipú output). AP, New York, August 2021. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  12. 41UNVERIFIED, not opened: Treaty of Itaipú between Brazil and Paraguay on the hydroelectric use of the Paraná river, signed in 1973. Observation year 1973. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  13. 26UNVERIFIED, not opened: Pan American Health Organization (ed.), Epidemiological alert: increase in dengue cases in the Americas region, 7 October 2024 (11,732,921 cases to epidemiological week 36; Brazil 5,303 deaths, Argentina 408; taken from search summaries because the PDF text could not be read). PAHO, Washington, DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  14. 19Climate Action Tracker (ed.), Brazil: targets (second NDC, 59% to 67% below 2005 by 2035, 850 to 1,050 Mt CO2e including land use, submitted 13 November 2024; page updated 30 June 2026). Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  15. 20Subsecretaría de Ambiente, Presidencia de la Nación (ed.), Argentina presentó la tercera contribución determinada a nivel nacional (net emissions not above 375 Mt CO2e for 2030 and 2035, 3 November 2025). Government of Argentina, Buenos Aires. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  16. 10World Bank (ed.), Population ages 65 and above, % of total population (SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS), Brazil and Argentina, World Development Indicators API (Brazil 11.5%, Argentina 12.6% in 2025; consulted for the profile, not used in a finding). World Bank, Washington, DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  17. 12World Bank (ed.), Urban population, % of total population (SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS), Brazil and Argentina, World Development Indicators API. World Bank, Washington, DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  18. 5World Bank (ed.), Renewable electricity output, % of total electricity output (EG.ELC.RNEW.ZS), Brazil and Argentina, World Development Indicators API (latest value returned is 2021). World Bank, Washington, DC. Observation year 2021. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  19. 15World Meteorological Organization (ed.), State of the Climate in Latin America and the Caribbean 2025 (series page, published 18 May 2026, updated 12 June 2026; key messages only, the full report was not opened). WMO, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  20. 17NASA Earth Observatory (ed.), Bahía Blanca inundated (image of the day, 17 March 2025; about 400 mm in 8 hours on 7 March 2025, previous daily record 175 mm in 1930; page updated 31 January 2026). NASA, Washington, DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  21. 18Pan American Health Organization (ed.), PAHO calls for collective action in response to record increase in dengue cases in the Americas (news release, 28 March 2024; data as of 26 March 2024). PAHO, Washington, DC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  22. 9World Bank (ed.), Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, cubic metres (ER.H2O.INTR.PC), Brazil and Argentina, World Development Indicators API. World Bank, Washington, DC. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  23. 24UNVERIFIED, not opened: Associated Press (ed.), Drought has dried a major Amazon River tributary to its lowest level in over 122 years (Negro River at the port of Manaus 12.66 m, October 2024; the page opened returned not found). AP, New York. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  24. 39UNVERIFIED, not opened: Treaty of the River Plate Basin (Tratado da Bacia do Prata), signed by the basin states in 1969. Observation year 1969. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  25. 21F. Sindico, in M. Fitzmaurice, A. Tanzi and A. Papantoniou (eds.), The Guarani Aquifer Agreement 2010, in Multilateral Environmental Treaties, Elgar Encyclopedia of Environmental Law. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 2017, pp. 299–310 (catalogue page opened; parties Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay). Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  26. 11World Bank (ed.), Agriculture, forestry and fishing, value added, % of GDP (NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS), Brazil and Argentina, World Development Indicators API. World Bank, Washington, DC. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  27. 28UNVERIFIED, not opened: Energy Intelligence (ed.), Argentina’s piped gas exports to Brazil take step forward (first Vaca Muerta gas to Brazil through Bolivian pipelines, early 2026; 3 million m3 a day transit offer; taken from search summaries). Energy Intelligence, London. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back

Cite this annex

Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Annex B: Data appendix. In South America Regional Systems Risk and Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition, The State of South America’s Interdependent Systems. (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-REGIONAL-SAM-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI).

Every citation form of the whole report, BibTeX and RIS included, is on the edition home. Cite this report

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