References and record
Every source the edition rests on, the publication record, the corrections log and the open record.
Contents
- ·Edition home
- ·Executive summary
- 1Technology rests on a few physical inputs
- 2Key findings
- 3Systems and sectors at baseline
- 4Risks and capability
- 5Local grid constraint that overlaps a chip or mineral supply constraint
- 6Readings from the other desks
- 7The 2027 agenda
- 8Systems in depth
- AMethodology
- BData appendix
- CReferences and record
- ·Complete edition, for print
C.143 sources
NR-CIT-1, editor first. A DOI is linked where the source has one; Nexus records carry a UNI once the catalogue allocates it (NS-1).
- 1IEA (ed.), Energy and AI (World Energy Outlook Special Report). International Energy Agency, Paris, April 2025. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 2IEA (ed.), Global Energy Review 2026 (revised version, May 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8
- 3IEA (ed.), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2026 (revised version, July 2026). International Energy Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8
- 4WSTS (ed.), Global Semiconductor Market grows 26% in 2025 to USD 796 billion (release page; sales of USD 795.6 billion, up 26.2%). World Semiconductor Trade Statistics, Dec 2025 data, release dated March 2026 by file name. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 5SIA (ed.), Global Annual Semiconductor Sales Increase 25.6% to $791.7 Billion in 2025 (release of 6 February 2026). Semiconductor Industry Association, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 6
- 6POST-CLOSE, context only: Post-close, context only: NIST (ed.), CHIPS for America (programme page; award notices to October 2026; supports no baseline claim). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 7European Court of Auditors (ed.), The EU’s strategy for microchips, special report 12/2025 (news item read; the 20% target and the Commission forecast of 9.8% in 2022 and 11.7% in 2030; the full report was not opened). European Court of Auditors, Luxembourg. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 7, chapter 8
- 8European Commission (ed.), European Chips Act (policy page; Regulation (EU) 2023/1781; three pillars; 19 State aid decisions with over EUR 33 billion of public and private investment). European Commission, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 9Eurostat (ed.), Cloud computing: statistics on the use by enterprises (Statistics Explained; 52.74% of EU enterprises with 10 or more persons used paid cloud services in 2025). Eurostat, Luxembourg. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 10Eurostat (ed.), Use of artificial intelligence in enterprises (Statistics Explained; 19.95% of EU enterprises with 10 or more persons in 2025; large enterprises 55.03%). Eurostat, Luxembourg. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 2, chapter 6
- 11Stanford Institute for Human-Centered AI (ed.), The 2026 AI Index Report (report page; private AI investment in 2025 of USD 285.88 billion in the United States, USD 20.92 billion in Europe and USD 12.41 billion in China). Stanford University, Stanford. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 12Central Statistics Office (ed.), Data Centres Metered Electricity Consumption 2024 (release of 10 June 2025; 22% of metered electricity in 2024, 21% in 2023, 5% in 2015). CSO, Cork. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 5, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 13ITU (ed.), Facts and Figures (page titled 2025 whose text describes the 2026 edition; 6.3 billion people online, 76%; 2 billion offline; 93% in high-income and 32% in low-income countries). International Telecommunication Union, Geneva. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 6
- 14POST-CLOSE, context only: Epoch AI (ed.), Frontier data centres (tracker page updated 1 November 2026; 96 sites, 15.1 GW of IT power; estimated coverage of about 45% of deployed AI compute). Epoch AI. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 15EuroHPC Joint Undertaking (ed.), AI Factories (programme page; states 19 AI Factories and 13 antennas while the listing shows 18 entries; no amounts). EuroHPC Joint Undertaking, Luxembourg. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6
- 16European Commission (ed.), AI Act (policy page; Regulation (EU) 2024/1689; in force 1 August 2024; general application 2 August 2026; omnibus in force 27 July 2026). European Commission, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 17European Commission (ed.), Data Act (policy page; Regulation (EU) 2023/2854; in force 11 January 2024; applies from 12 September 2025). European Commission, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6
- 18European Commission (ed.), Cyber Resilience Act (policy page; Regulation (EU) 2024/2847; in force 10 December 2024; reporting from 11 September 2026; main obligations from 11 December 2027). European Commission, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6
- 19European Commission (ed.), NIS2 Directive (policy page; Directive (EU) 2022/2555; transposition deadline 17 October 2024). European Commission, Brussels. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6
- 20European Commission (ed.), The Draghi report: A competitiveness strategy for Europe (page read for title and date, 9 September 2024; no figures used). European Commission, Brussels. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 21UK Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (ed.), National Semiconductor Strategy (page read for date, 19 May 2023, and three objectives; no figures used). UK Government, London. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 22UNCTAD (ed.), Technology and Innovation Report 2025 (publication page read for date, 7 April 2025; no figures used). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 23UNVERIFIED, not opened: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (ed.), 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report, December 2024, cited from memory; no figure used; the page returned an access error. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 24UNVERIFIED, not opened: USGS (ed.), Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026, rare earths chapter, cited as the primary table for mine and refining shares; the file returned an access error and no figure is used. US Geological Survey, Reston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.
- 25UNVERIFIED, not opened: ESA (ed.), ESA Space Environment Report 2025, cited for orbital infrastructure context; the page returned an access error and no figure is used. European Space Agency, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8
- 26UNVERIFIED, not opened: Synergy Research Group (ed.), cloud infrastructure market share series, cited as the intended source of provider shares; the article address returned not found and no figure is used. Synergy Research Group, Reno. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 27CHIPS and Science Act of 2022, Public Law 117-167, United States (statute text opened; see reference [43]). Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 28UNVERIFIED, not opened: US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security, rescission of the 2025 AI diffusion export measure, May 2025, cited from memory; the Federal Register page redirected to an access gate. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6, chapter 8
- 29UNVERIFIED, not opened: Directive (EU) 2022/2557 on the resilience of critical entities, Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory; the EUR-Lex request returned no text. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6
- 30UNVERIFIED, not opened: European Commission and High Representative, Joint Communication on an EU Action Plan on Cable Security, February 2025, cited from memory; the policy page returned not found. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 31UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO/IEC 27001:2022, Information security management systems. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6
- 32UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 22301:2019, Security and resilience: business continuity management systems. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6
- 33UNVERIFIED, not opened: IEC 62443 series, Security for industrial automation and control systems. International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 4, chapter 6
- 34UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO 31000:2018, Risk management: guidelines. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 4
- 35UNVERIFIED, not opened: NIST, The NIST Cybersecurity Framework (CSF) 2.0, NIST CSWP 29, February 2024, cited from memory; the programme page read gave no figures. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 36UNVERIFIED, not opened: Digital Decade Policy Programme 2030, Decision (EU) 2022/2481, Official Journal of the European Union, 2022, cited from memory as the origin of the 20% chip target. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 37UNVERIFIED, not opened: Farrell, H. and Newman, A.L., Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion, International Security 44(1), 42 to 79, 2019, cited from memory. MIT Press. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6
- 38UNVERIFIED, not opened: Miller, C., Chip War: The Fight for the World’s Most Critical Technology. Scribner, New York, 2022, cited from memory; no figure used. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 39UNVERIFIED, not opened: Rinaldi, S.M., Peerenboom, J.P. and Kelly, T.K., Identifying, understanding, and analysing critical infrastructure interdependencies, IEEE Control Systems Magazine 21(6), 11 to 25, 2001, cited from memory. Observation year 2001. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6
- 40UNVERIFIED, not opened: Buldyrev, S.V. et al., Catastrophic cascade of failures in interdependent networks, Nature 464, 1025 to 1028, 2010, cited from memory. Springer Nature. Observation year 2010. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
- 41UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations General Assembly, Global Digital Compact (annex to the Pact for the Future), September 2024, cited from memory; no figure used. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.
- 42UNVERIFIED, not opened: Bradford, A., Digital Empires: The Global Battle to Regulate Technology. Oxford University Press, New York, 2023, cited from memory; no figure used. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in chapter 6
- 43US Congress (ed.), CHIPS and Science Act of 2022, Public Law 117-167, Division A, Title I, section 102 (statute text, US Government Publishing Office; CHIPS for America Fund appropriations for fiscal years 2022 to 2026 of USD 39 billion for manufacturing incentives under section 9902 and USD 11 billion for research; totals are sums of the annual amounts). Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03. Cited in the summary, chapter 1, chapter 2, chapter 3, chapter 4, chapter 6, chapter 8
C.2Publication record
Publication
- Title
- Strategic Systems Report 2026: Strategic Technology Infrastructure and Sovereign Readiness, Baseline Edition
- Series
- Reports · Strategic Systems Series SR-13
- Edition
- Baseline Edition 2026 · inaugural annual
- Version
- v1.0.0 · draft for stewardship review
- Publication ID
- NR-STRATEGIC-STRATTECH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
- Evidence close
- 30 September 2026
- Publication date
- October 2026
- DOI
- concept and version DOI at deposit
Publisher
- Publisher of record
- The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI), for the Nexus Consortium
- Place
- Toronto
- Editor
- Saeed Valadbaygi, Chief Steward and Managing Editor
- Stewards
- GCRI · technical truth · the Global Risks Forum (GRF) · public meaning · the Global Risks Alliance (GRA) · capital meaning
- Licence
- text CC BY 4.0; data on the terms of each source
- Copyright
- © 2026 GCRI · Nexus Consortium
- Language
- English (en-GB) source edition
- Correspondence
- Registry correction pathway · editorial office
Colophon
- Format
- A4 portrait · screen, print and archival PDF
- Typefaces
- Space Grotesk (display) · Geist (text) · IBM Plex Sans Italic (standfirsts) · IBM Plex Mono (data)
- Design standard
- Reports Foundational Edition, Volume I, Part VII
- Accessibility
- tagged PDF and HTML targets; text alternatives for every figure
- Production
- Reports editorial team, GCRI
Release path for this version
| Step | What happens | When |
|---|---|---|
| Draft | editorial self-check complete at evidence close | October 2026 |
| Steward review | five passes on the exact draft (keys T · M · F · N) | Q4 2026 |
| Approval | publication authority approves the exact digest | before release |
| Deposit | concept and version DOI minted; registry pointer set | at release |
| Succession | the 2027 strategic technology infrastructure edition reports changes against this baseline | 2027 |
- Current version
- v1.0.0 draft, stewardship review
- Previous edition
- none, first edition of the series
- Next edition
- NR-STRATEGIC-STRATTECH-GLOBAL-2027-v1.0.0
- Latest version
- resolve the concept DOI or the registry record
- Correction route
- Registry correction pathway
- Notice types
- erratum · addendum · supersession · withdrawal
C.3Corrections log
0correction notices. No edition has been released yet, so none can be corrected; the log below lists each edition’s current version.
| Edition | Version | Date | State | Change | Notice |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SR-13 | NR-STRATEGIC-STRATTECH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 | October 2026 | Draft | Baseline Edition 2026, inaugural annual edition, | None |
Notice types: erratum, addendum, supersession, withdrawal. A correction is a new version with a published notice; the earlier version stays resolvable, and no edition is ever edited in silence.
C.4Open record
This edition’s open record
- Publication ID
- NR-STRATEGIC-STRATTECH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
- Desk identifier and series alias
- NR-STR-SR-13-2026-BL
- Collection
- None
- DOI
- Concept and version DOI at deposit, on Zenodo with DataCite metadata
- Versions
- Each correction is a new version (isNewVersionOf); the concept DOI resolves to the latest
- Bundle
- RO-Crate 1.2 with CITATION.cff, CodeMeta and PROV-O provenance; a signed manifest
- Licence
- CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0
Credit and identity
- ORCID
- Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record
- ROR
- Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone
- CRediT
- Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing
- Account
- None needed to contribute; never a password
Find and follow
Search the open indexes for Strategic Technology Infrastructure and Sovereign Readiness; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage, and a quantified scenario run is preregistered on OSF before it is run. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.
Mirrors and harvest
The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.
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}C.5Where this edition sits among the six pillars
Foundry seals the evidence and Universe tests it; Reports publishes it; Standards takes its corrections and Academy teaches from it.
- F03 Sealed observations and indicator series Foundry Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout).
- F04 After-action and scenario findings for Universe After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review).
- F05 National Portfolio movement for chapter Foundry National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review).
- Applied in editions Standards Nexus Standards: applied in editions.
- SR-13 edition Reports Strategic Technology Infrastructure and Sovereign Readiness 2026, published in every format with its sources, citation and corrections.
- F06 Method and correction findings as change Standards Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction).
- F12 Q4 synthesis informs the next-year Universe Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal).
- Taught in the open Academy Risk Academy: taught in the open.
What Foundry and Universe hand to this edition, and what it hands to Standards, Universe and Academy. From the programme spine; SR-13 is a drafted Baseline Edition, so these handoffs run from its first operational quarter.
| Handoff | Between | What crosses, and when |
|---|---|---|
| F03 | Foundry to Reports | Sealed observations and indicator series behind a profile (closeout). |
| F04 | Universe to Reports | After-action and scenario findings for chapters 10 and 13 (after action review). |
| F05 | Foundry to Reports | National Portfolio movement for chapter 11 (after action review). |
| Ring | Nexus Standards to Reports | Nexus Standards: applied in editions. |
| F06 | Reports to Nexus Standards | Method and correction findings as change proposals (correction). |
| F12 | Reports to Universe | Q4 synthesis informs the next-year mandate (renewal). |
| Ring | Reports to Risk Academy | Risk Academy: taught in the open. |