Reports · GCRI · Established
Methods and modelling · Risk management and systemic risk · Research and evidence
Ilmu Sistem dan Pemodelan di Reports
Fondasi matematika dan rekayasa bersama untuk setiap bidang Nexus: bagaimana sistem are modelled, tested, validated and explained, so that a flood model, a grid model and a contagion model can be compared and combined honestly. This page shows the series it feeds, the evidence behind it and how to contribute.
- Seri
- 2
- Sistem
- 4
- Metode
- 8
01In brief
What this area brings to the editions.
Fondasi matematika dan rekayasa bersama untuk setiap bidang Nexus: bagaimana sistem are modelled, tested, validated and explained, so that a flood model, a grid model and a contagion model can be compared and combined honestly.
02Bidang
Systems Science and Modelling on the map.
Peta interaktif memerlukan JavaScript. Daftar lapisan dan sumber tersedia di bawah.
Lapisan 3
Bahaya dan keterpaparan, untuk halaman ini
Tentang lapisan ini
- Bukti
- Estimasi
- Sumber
- Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Universitas Columbia))
- Penyedia
- NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Universitas Columbia)
- Lisensi
- CC BY 4.0
- Tahun data
- produk statis; estimasi berbasis sensus, statis (2020)
- Resolusi
- kisi sekitar 1 km
- Ketidakpastian
- Estimasi berbasis sensus jumlah penduduk per kilometer persegi pada 2020, ditampilkan sebagai konteks keterpaparan; bukan hitungan orang yang terdampak bahaya apa pun.
- Dijangkau melalui
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
- Bukti
- Teramati (awan menyisakan celah)
- Sumber
- Produk Banjir Global VIIRS (NASA LANCE)
- Penyedia
- NASA LANCE
- Lisensi
- Data terbuka NASA
- Tahun data
- harian; deteksi satelit; awan menyisakan celah
- Terbaru saat build
- 2026-10-14
- Resolusi
- kisi sekitar 250 m
- Ketidakpastian
- Deteksi satelit; awan menyisakan celah. Raster satelit atau model sebagaimana diterbitkan penyedia. Awan, celah jalur sapuan, dan galat pengambilan data menyisakan celah dan derau; nilai-nilainya adalah indikator, bukan pengukuran di suatu tempat.
- Dijangkau melalui
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
- Bukti
- Teramati
- Sumber
- VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2) (NASA LAADS DAAC)
- Penyedia
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- Lisensi
- Data terbuka NASA
- Tahun data
- harian; radiansi satelit, dikoreksi untuk cahaya bulan dan atmosfer
- Terbaru saat build
- 2026-10-12
- Resolusi
- kisi sekitar 500 m
- Ketidakpastian
- Pancaran radiasi satelit pada malam hari untuk tanggal yang ditampilkan; cahaya adalah proksi penggunaan listrik dan pemadaman, bukan ukuran pasokan atau akses.
- Dijangkau melalui
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
- Bukti
- Teramati
- Sumber
- Reflektansi terkoreksi VIIRS NOAA-20 (NASA LANCE)
- Penyedia
- NASA LANCE
- Lisensi
- Data terbuka NASA
- Tahun data
- harian; citra satelit
- Terbaru saat build
- 2026-10-14
- Resolusi
- kisi sekitar 250 m
- Ketidakpastian
- Citra satelit. Raster satelit atau model sebagaimana diterbitkan penyedia. Awan, celah jalur sapuan, dan galat pengambilan data menyisakan celah dan derau; nilai-nilainya adalah indikator, bukan pengukuran di suatu tempat.
- Dijangkau melalui
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
- Bukti
- Teramati (awan dan waktu lintasan menyisakan celah)
- Sumber
- VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS) (NASA LANCE FIRMS)
- Penyedia
- NASA LANCE FIRMS
- Lisensi
- Data terbuka NASA
- Tahun data
- harian; deteksi satelit; awan dan waktu lintasan menyisakan celah
- Terbaru saat build
- 2026-10-13
- Resolusi
- kisi sekitar 500 m
- Ketidakpastian
- Deteksi titik panas satelit pada hari yang ditampilkan, termasuk suar gas dan panas industri; bukan kebakaran yang terkonfirmasi, laporan insiden, atau peringatan.
- Dijangkau melalui
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Tentang lapisan ini
- Bukti
- Dimodelkan (tahun terbaru yang diterbitkan GIBS)
- Sumber
- MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)
- Penyedia
- NASA LP DAAC
- Lisensi
- Data terbuka NASA
- Tahun data
- tahunan; klasifikasi satelit; tahun terbaru yang diterbitkan GIBS
- Terbaru saat build
- 2024-01-01
- Resolusi
- kisi sekitar 500 m
- Ketidakpastian
- Kelas tutupan lahan satelit untuk tahun yang ditampilkan, termasuk lahan pertanian; klasifikasi dengan kesalahan yang diketahui, bukan register pertanian.
- Dijangkau melalui
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, hanya setelah Anda mengizinkan peta langsung
Papan ketik, dengan peta terfokus
Tahan Ctrl atau ⌘ dan gulir untuk memperbesar
Terbaru yang tersedia
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © kontributor OpenStreetMap (ODbL) · Natural Earth
Memuat citra NASA terbaru.
Seret untuk menggeser. Ctrl atau ⌘ dan gulir, cubit, atau gunakan tombol untuk memperbesar. Arahkan kursor untuk melihat nilai di bawah penunjuk. Setel ulang untuk kembali ke wilayah.
Bahaya dan keterpaparan, dibingkai pada Amerika Utara.Produk satelit dan model sebagaimana diterbitkan NASA, masing-masing dengan tanggalnya sendiri. Produk ini adalah indikator, bukan penilaian atas tempat mana pun.
Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © kontributor OpenStreetMap · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · U.S. Geological Survey · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT
Sumber dan lisensi
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Data terbuka NASA
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Data terbuka NASA
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Dilisensikan di bawah CC BY 4.0. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- Produk near-real-time VIIRS (banjir, suhu permukaan daratan, tutupan salju, reflektansi terkoreksi), NASA LANCE. Citra melalui NASA GIBS. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). Data terbuka NASA
- Cahaya malam VIIRS Black Marble, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Didistribusikan oleh NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive and Distribution System (LAADS DAAC). Citra melalui NASA GIBS. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). Data terbuka NASA
- NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), produk kebakaran aktif VIIRS 375 m, NASA LANCE. Ubin vektor melalui NASA GIBS. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). Data terbuka NASA
- MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into H3 cells where shown (modified). Data terbuka NASA
- ASTER GDEM adalah produk METI dan NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC). Citra melalui NASA GIBS. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). Kutip sebagai: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. Data terbuka NASA
- Dibuat dengan Natural Earth. Data peta vektor dan raster gratis @ naturalearthdata.com. Domain publik
- © kontributor OpenStreetMap (ODbL), melalui NASA GIBS (garis pantai, batas wilayah, jalan, dan nama tempat). Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). ODbL
- Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory. Citra melalui NASA GIBS. Warna digambar ulang dari peta warna yang diterbitkan. Nilai dirata-ratakan ke dalam sel H3 bila ditampilkan (dimodifikasi). Data terbuka NASA
- Konteks pada globe dan peta datar: garis pantai, batas wilayah, jalan, dan nama tempat dari lapisan acuan NASA GIBS (data OpenStreetMap, ODbL, © kontributor OpenStreetMap). Citra Blue Marble sebagai peta dasar opsional. Medan 3D dan keterangan elevasi dari indeks warna elevasi ASTER GDEM (kelas 5 m hingga 200 m, dilebih-lebihkan agar terbaca). Batas wilayah digambar sebagaimana diterbitkan dan tidak menyiratkan posisi atas wilayah mana pun.
- Globe: MapLibre GL JS 6.9.1, BSD-3-Clause, © kontributor MapLibre.
- Peristiwa langsung: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET). Peristiwa bersifat indikatif dan mempertahankan tautan sumber aslinya.
- Langsung: NASA EONET. Peristiwa bersifat indikatif, bukan peringatan otoritas.
- Langsung: U.S. Geological Survey. Peristiwa bersifat indikatif, bukan peringatan otoritas.
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- Prakiraan debit sungai, 30 hari dengan rentang (GloFAS melalui Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Emergency Management Service information 2026; bukan peringatan banjir.
- Data cuaca oleh Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), dilisensikan di bawah CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
- Lapisan opsional (11 sumber dalam daftar lapisan: langsung, prakiraan, teramati, dan konteks) mencantumkan kredit penyedianya di peta dan di sini saat diaktifkan; prakiraan adalah keluaran model dan indeks turunan adalah estimasi.
Lapisan dan tanggal
- Kepadatan penduduk, 2020: Penduduk: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · statis
- Genangan banjir, komposit 3 hari: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE · 14 Okt 2026
- Cahaya malam, harian: VIIRS Black Marble (VNP46A2), NASA LAADS DAAC · 12 Okt 2026
- Warna asli: reflektansi terkoreksi VIIRS NOAA-20, NASA LANCE · 13 Okt 2026
- Kebakaran aktif dan anomali termal: VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m (FIRMS), NASA LANCE FIRMS · 13 Okt 2026
- Tipe tutupan lahan (IGBP), tahunan: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC · 2024
03In the editions
9 findings of the drafted editions that bear on Systems Science and Modelling.
Drawn from the Baseline Edition 2026 drafts through the sistem this area reads. Each opens at its anchor in its edition, with its numbered sources.
- AREUni Emirat ArabThe leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is a humid summer heat peak that loads power, desalination and outdoor-work protection together.EXPERT INPUT · COUNTRY-ARE-SYS-012
- ARGArgentinaThe leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is a multi-year drought with low Paraná flows that cuts harvests, river exports, hydropower and public revenue together.EXPERT INPUT · COUNTRY-ARG-SYS-012
- AUUni AfrikaThe leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is a drought year across several member states, met by high food prices and a disease outbreak.EXPERT INPUT · COUNTRY-AU-SYS-012
- AUSAustraliaThe leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is a hot, dry summer in which fire, smoke, heat and grid stress coincide in the populated south-east.EXPERT INPUT · COUNTRY-AUS-SYS-012
- BRABrasilThe leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is a strong El Niño drought that lowers Amazon rivers and hydropower while fire and thermal dispatch rise together.EXPERT INPUT · COUNTRY-BRA-SYS-012
- CHESwissThe leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is a dry year with low reservoirs and low river flows that cuts hydropower and raises winter import dependence at the same time as farm and forest stress.EXPERT INPUT · COUNTRY-CHE-SYS-012
- CHNTiongkokThe leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is extreme rain on a dense plain in a hot summer that cuts roads, underground transport, water and care together.EXPERT INPUT · COUNTRY-CHN-SYS-012
- EUUni EropaThe leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is a summer of heat, drought and fire across several member states at once, met by tight energy supply.EXPERT INPUT · COUNTRY-EU-SYS-012
- GS-02Energi GlobalThe leading compound pathway for 2027 testing is a fuel supply shock that coincides with a hot, high-demand season and a stressed grid.EXPERT INPUT · SECTOR-ENERGY-GLOBAL-SYS-012
04Evidence path
From Foundry evidence to the series.
The evidence, step by step, from the sistem this area reads to the series it feeds.
How Systems Science and Modelling reaches Laporan: what it reads, how it reads it, the sealed cut and the series it feeds.
| Langkah | Apa yang terjadi | Sumber |
|---|---|---|
| 01 What it reads | Systems Science and Modelling reads NXS-DSS (kasus keputusan dan deliberasi) , dan NXS-LAB (penelitian, eksperimen, dan simulasi): governed sources with their releases, never a value without its source. | |
| 02 How it reads them | Systems engineering and Probability and statistics turn the evidence into findings, with assumptions and limits stated beside each value. | |
| 03 The cut is sealed | Each quarter the evidence is sealed in one cut, so OBSERVED, REPORTED and ESTIMATED values stay apart and every edition can be rebuilt. | |
| 04 The series it feeds | The cut feeds Methods and Technical and Scenario and Stress-Test, from the Baseline Edition 2026 into the quarterly series. | |
| 05 Who decides | Decisions stay with the authorities that hold them, under their own rules; an edition informs a decision and never makes it. |
A teaching model of the evidence path, not a forecast and not a record of any run; the systems, methods and series named come from the registries. Sources: Ilmu Sistem dan Pemodelan di Reports (2026); Systems Science and Modelling home (2026).
05Seri
The series it feeds, and what backs each.
| Seri | Foundry systems it draws on | Academy disciplines | Series home |
|---|---|---|---|
| Metode dan Teknis | The Global Risks Index (NXS-GRX) the methods, indicators and validation studies behind each product NXS-LAB method comparisons under transparent test conditions NXS-NXQ (perangkat lunak, model, dan siklus hidup kapabilitas) the fitness record of models and tools the methods use | Analisis risiko kuantitatif dan statistik Risiko model and validation Indikator risiko dan indeks komposit | Methods and Technical series home |
| Skenario dan Uji Tekanan | NXS-DSS combined scenario sets and the option appraisals run on them NXS-GRX the cascade paths a stress test follows | Analisis skenario dan uji tekanan Ketidakpastian dan pengambilan keputusan Systemic, compound and berjenjang | Scenario and Stress-Test series home |
06Backed by
The systems, methods and teaching behind it.
- NXS-DSSNXS-DSSNXS-DSSRooms: Scenarios, Decisions.
- NXS-LABNXS-LABNXS-LABRooms: Experiments, Benchmarks.
- NXS-NXQNXS-NXQNXS-NXQRooms: Capabilities, Competence.
- NXS-COR (komputasi, simpul, dan runtime)NXS-CORNXS-CORNXS-COR
- Metode STEMSTEM CommonsRekayasa sistemThe canonical method page, with its limits.
- Metode STEMSTEM CommonsProbabilitas dan statistikaThe canonical method page, with its limits.
- Metode STEMSTEM CommonsKuantifikasi ketidakpastian dan validasi modelThe canonical method page, with its limits.
- Metode STEMSTEM CommonsIlmu jaringan dan penularanThe canonical method page, with its limits.
- Metode STEMSTEM CommonsSistem kompleks dan pemodelan berbasis agenThe canonical method page, with its limits.
- Metode STEMSTEM CommonsOptimisasi dan riset operasiThe canonical method page, with its limits.
- Academy disciplineRisk AcademySistem kompleks dan pemodelan sistemFakultas Kajian Sistem dan Nexus
- Academy disciplineRisk AcademyKetidakpastian dan pengambilan keputusanFakultas Ilmu dan Metode Risiko
- BidangGCRIMetode dan pemodelanThe field across science, governance and finance.
- BidangGCRIManajemen risiko dan risiko sistemikThe field across science, governance and finance.
- BidangGCRIRiset dan buktiThe field across science, governance and finance.
07Di seluruh Konsorsium
Where the same subject is reported elsewhere.
- Counterpart · GRFLaporanResearch NexusShared: Research and evidence.
- Counterpart · GRFLaporanPolicy NexusShared: Risk management and systemic risk.
- Counterpart · GRFLaporanForesight NexusShared: Risk management and systemic risk.
- Counterpart · GRFLaporanGovernance NexusShared: Risk management and systemic risk.
- Counterpart · GRALaporanStabilitas KeuanganShared: Risk management and systemic risk.
- Counterpart · GRALaporanRisiko Aktuaria dan KuantitatifShared: Methods and modelling.
- Standards areaNexus StandardsData dan datasetData and evidence. Parts NS-3, NS-3b, NS-11, NS-1.
- Standards areaNexus StandardsDokumentasi dan publikasiData and evidence. Parts NS-2, NS-4, NS-7, NS-8.
- Standards areaNexus StandardsAsal-usul dan buktiData and evidence. Parts NS-3b, NS-11, NS-3.
- Standards areaNexus StandardsVerifikasi dan pemantauanTrust, verification and assurance. Parts NS-11, NS-10, NS-14.
- Standards areaNexus StandardsPrivasi dan pelindungan dataData and evidence. Parts NS-10, NS-11, NS-3.
- Standards areaNexus StandardsData keuangan dan pembayaranFinance, insurance and the economy. Parts NS-9, NS-10, NS-11, NS-14.
08Topik
Topic pages on Systems Science and Modelling.
09Berkontribusi
Contribute on Systems Science and Modelling.
Evidence, a case, a correction, a method or profile input on this subject. The composer tags it with this area and its series.
Contribution composer
Write a contribution the editor can act on.
Say what it is, where its record is kept and on which licence. It arrives tagged with this page, its area and its gateway, so it reaches the editor who owns it.
Your email opens with the subject and a template already filled in for GW-GCRI.
- Bukti
- Koreksi
- Studi kasus
- Analysis or method
- Tinjauan sejawat
- Penerjemahan
- Profile input
Never send personal data or sensitive infrastructure detail. A contribution is reviewed before use; sending it confers no authorship or editorial rights.
10Sains terbuka
Open science for Systems Science and Modelling.
How a contribution on this subject is deposited, identified, credited, licensed and found, and the metadata for it prefilled from this page.
Systems Science and Modelling’s open record
- Bidang
- Ilmu Sistem dan Pemodelan
- Feeds
- Methods and Technical, Scenario and Stress-Test
- Catatan
- A UNI for every accepted contribution; cited with its DOI in the edition that uses it
- Tautan
- isSupplementTo the edition it informs; isNewVersionOf its earlier version
- Lisensi
- CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0) for original material; metadata CC0 1.0
Credit and identity
- ORCID
- Your iD in the deposit and the contribution record; DataCite can then add the work to your ORCID record
- ROR
- Your organisation by its ROR identifier, never by a typed name alone
- CRediT
- Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualisation, Writing, review and editing
- Akun
- None needed to contribute; never a password
Find and follow
Search the open indexes for Systems Science and Modelling; software is cited by its SWHID from Software Heritage. Annotation is your choice: Hypothesis opens this page in its own viewer.
Mirrors and harvest
The DOI is canonical. At release each signed bundle is also given an IPFS content identifier and a bloxberg anchor as mirrors; both are listed in the record once they exist. Zenodo exposes every record over OAI-PMH, and reviews and endorsements can arrive through COAR Notify where the repository supports it.
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}11Terbaru
Releases for this area.
Releases tagged to this area appear here once released.
LaporanBerkontribusi
Send evidence on Systems Science and Modelling.
Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication, written by six desks. This page sits with the Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) Sistem Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI). Apa yang Anda ketahui tentang topik ini dapat menjadi bukti, studi kasus, atau koreksi pada edisi berikutnya, dengan mencantumkan nama Anda dan diterbitkan di bawah CC BY 4.0 jika itu karya Anda sendiri. Jika terkirim ke meja yang salah, kiriman diteruskan, bukan ditolak.
Meja Bukti Sistem GCRIIlmu Sistem dan PemodelanMetode dan TeknisSkenario dan Uji Tekanan
- SurelGerbang GW-GCRIKirim dari halaman iniBukti, koreksi, kasus, metode, tinjauan, terjemahan, atau masukan profil. Kiriman tiba dengan label halaman ini, sehingga editor pemiliknya menerimanya.
- ZenodoDeposit terbukaDeposit dan ajukan ke komunitasTerbitkan catatan Anda sendiri di Zenodo dengan ORCID iD Anda, lalu ajukan ke komunitas Reports di sana. Kurator meninjaunya; DOI tetap milik Anda.
- LaporanGCRILihat meja mana yang menangani keperluan AndaTabel perutean membuka halaman kontribusi: apa yang Anda miliki, meja yang menerimanya, bagaimana setiap kontribusi ditinjau dan dikreditkan, serta lisensinya.
Jangan pernah mengirim data pribadi, rincian infrastruktur sensitif, atau apa pun yang tidak berhak Anda bagikan. Kontribusi ditinjau sebelum digunakan. Mengirimkannya tidak memberikan hak kepenulisan atau editorial, dan sponsor tidak pernah membeli sebuah temuan.
Terkait
Around the reports at GCRI.
Reports · GCRI
Bring what you know to the next edition.
Every quarter closes on a sealed evidence cut. Contributions received before the cut are reviewed for that edition; later ones wait for the next.
Hukum
Dokumen hukum.
Peta, data, dan gambar di situs ini ditampilkan untuk konteks dan informasi umum. Semua itu bukan nasihat, prakiraan, atau peringatan; batasan informasinya dijelaskan dalam Penafian dan Pemberitahuan Data.
CC BY 4.0 Free to read. Text and figures: CC BY 4.0. Data: CC0 1.0. Authors keep copyright. Published by GCRI Canada.