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GCRI · 系统科学与建模

网络与级联

Many systemic risks travel along networks: supply chains, power grids, financial exposures, transport and contact networks. Network models represent who is connected to whom and simulate how a failure or infection spreads. This page sets out how networks are built and analysed, how cascade models work and fail, and what evidence serves the institutions that use network analysis to manage interconnected risk.

01画布

工作如何开展。

系统 · 围绕本主题示意

耦合模型运行器

Networks and cascades · Coupled model A · Scenario set 3

集合运行中GCRI · 系统科学与建模

模型耦合图

节点:模型 · 边:交换的变量

耦合组件

水文学1 day径流是
电力系统1 h需求,停运是
经济1 个季度产出,价格部分
人口1 year暴露是

集合输出

Coupled model runner: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Networks and cascades.示例名称和示意数值;是设计方案,并非记录或实时系统。

图Coupled model runner: example names and illustrative values, not a record or a live system.

02问题

Networks and cascades: how the risk develops.

用于依赖、传导和 级联失效. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Structure shapes spread

Highly connected nodes, short paths and clusters determine how fast and far a cascade travels. The same shock spreads differently on different structures.

机制

Thresholds and load matter

Nodes fail when stress exceeds a threshold, and failed nodes shift load to neighbours, which can trigger further failures.

机制

Missing links distort results

Real networks are rarely fully observed. Missing links can make a system look more or less fragile than it is.

机制

Networks are layered

Real 系统 form multilayer networks, such as power and communications, where failures jump between the layers.

03地理

北美的危害与暴露。

北美的人口密度、洪水水体和夜间灯光,来自 NASA GIBS。每个图层均标有各自日期。

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页面的危害与暴露

关于本图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
提供方
NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星探测;云层造成缺口。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层和过境时间造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 375 米(FIRMS)(NASA LANCE FIRMS)
提供方
NASA LANCE FIRMS
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层和过境时间造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星热点探测结果,包括天然气火炬和工业热源;并非已确认的火情、事件报告或预警。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

危害与风险暴露,以北美为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · 美国地质调查局 · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • NASA 资源管理火灾信息系统(FIRMS),VIIRS 375 m 活跃火点产品,NASA LANCE;矢量瓦片来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 河流流量预报,30天及区间(GloFAS,经Open-Meteo):包含经修改的Copernicus Emergency Management Service 2026年信息;非洪水警报。
  • 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
  • 可选图层(图层列表中有 11 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报是模型输出,派生指数是估计值。

图层与日期

  • 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
  • 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 活跃火点与热异常:VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m(FIRMS),NASA LANCE FIRMS · 2026年10月13日
  • 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024

04跨领域

Network models trace cascades across domains.

Network studies are designed for the 全球系统风险与韧性系列. Buldyrev and colleagues (2010) showed abrupt collapse in coupled networks; real 系统 have operators and buffers the theory omits.

  • Network datasets under terms.
  • Cascade case studies.
05孪生与级联模拟器

Model networks and cascades as a system. Run the cascade.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 复合与级联危害标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NRS-H61 危害族:级联失效(NHS-1 sys.cascade)
  • NRS-H62 危害类别:复合与多危害事件(NHS-1 sys.compound)
  • NRS-H60 危害类别:供应链与流动中断(NHS-1 sys.supply-chain)
  • NRS-H94 危害族:系统性网络事件(NHS-1 cyber.systemic-cyber)
  • NRS-H107 危害族:数字基础设施集中与单一化(NHS-1 tech.digital-concentration)
  • NRS-H7 危害类别:大尺度环流异常(NHS-1 atmo.climate-mode)

观测

  • Copernicus EMS rapid mapping activations (listed for reference)
  • OpenStreetMap planet and replication (listed for reference)
  • ERA5 再分析(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
  • 灾害造成的直接经济损失与全球国内生产总值之比
  • Number of disruptions to basic services attributed to disasters

示例地理范围

  • 孟加拉国:134 个六边形单元
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
  • Carbon monoxide, smoke transport (AIRS), NASA GIBS
  • Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS
06指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
Network sizenodes and linksper datasetNetwork data观测
Degree distributiondistribution shapeper dataset网络分析估算
Centrality of key nodescentrality scoreper analysis网络分析估算
Cascade size in simulationshare of nodes failedper scenarioCascade models模型生成
Data completenessestimated share of links observedper datasetData assessment估算
Interlayer dependencies计数per datasetMultilayer network data已声明
07方法与证据

How networks and cascades is modelled, measured and tested.

模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。

模型、方程与假设

The model structure used for networks and cascades, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.

要素 i 的风险Ri = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)危害、风险暴露、脆弱性和应对能力
预期年度损失EAL = ∑k pk · Lk对年概率为 pk
耦合系统xt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error
假设为何制作如何检验
在一次事件中,危害与暴露相互独立使损失积分保持可计算与基于联合记录拟合的 copula 进行比较
耦合在工作点附近是线性的让冲击通过 A 传播在线性范围之外施加扰动并比较
脆弱性曲线可以在不同地点之间迁移使用很少有本地曲线可用在有观测损失的地方据此进行验证
输入
带溯源信息的版本化数据集
成果
分布,绝不是单一数字
代码
连同模型卡和测试一起发布
复现
相同的数据、代码、环境和随机种子
标准的风险与状态空间表述;所列假设是该方法的典型假设,供审查之用,并非结果。
FAIR 指导原则 · GO FAIR 和 FORCE11W3C PROV · 万维网联盟关于一致处理不确定性的指南 · IPCCCEOS 分析就绪数据 · 地球观测卫星委员会
08来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
Published network datasets such as SNAP and NetzschleuderBenchmark networks for methods testingOpen, licence per dataset
Input-output and trade networks (OECD ICIO, BACI)Economic dependency networksPublic, OECD terms; open, Etalab licence
Power grid network models for researchGrid topology datasetsLicence per dataset (to check)
NetworkX, igraph and graph-toolOpen-source network analysis softwareOpen source, BSD and GPL licences
Network science literature on cascadesModels and validation studiesLicence per publication
09决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

系统 Science and Modelling prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Analysts across Nexus platformsWhich network methods suit their dependency data建筑业 guides; model comparisons
Regulators and operatorsHow to read network-based risk findingsSensitivity analyses
Data ownersWhich links most need to be observedMissing link sensitivity

该主题产生的产出

  • Network construction guides for dependency data
  • Cascade model comparisons
  • Sensitivity analyses for missing links
  • Method notes for platforms using network analysis
10核心问题

What experts ask about networks.

  • Which nodes or links, if removed, would cause the largest disruption?
  • How does network structure, such as clustering or hubs, affect the spread of failures?
  • When do small shocks trigger large cascades?
  • How do interdependent networks, such as power and communications, amplify failures?
  • How can redundancy and modularity make networks more robust?
11机制与驱动因素

How cascades happen.

Network science has shown that many real networks have heterogeneous structures, with a few highly connected hubs. Such networks are robust to random failures but vulnerable to targeted loss of hubs. The same structure that makes them efficient makes them fragile in specific ways.

Cascades occur when a failure overloads neighbours, which then fail in turn. In power grids, a line failure shifts flow to other lines; in finance, a default imposes losses on creditors; in supply chains, a missing part halts downstream production. Whether a shock stays local or spreads depends on load, capacity and connectivity.

Interdependent networks add risk. Power 系统 depend on communications for control, which depend on power. Failures can bounce between networks, producing larger collapses than either network alone would suffer.

12方法与数据

方法及其局限。

  1. 01

    Graph metrics

    Centrality, connectivity and clustering measures, using 网络科学. They describe structure but not dynamics.

  2. 02

    Cascade models

    Simulating failure propagation with load-redistribution or threshold rules. Results depend on assumed rules.

  3. 03

    Interdependent network models

    Coupling networks to study cross-system failure. Data on real interdependencies are scarce.

  4. 04

    Robustness optimisation

    Designing redundancy, using optimisation. Trade-offs with cost and efficiency.

Network data are often incomplete or confidential, and stylised models may not capture operational detail.

13方法

如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。

14Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。

15问题

问题与解答。

What is a cascade in network science?
A sequence of failures or adoptions that spreads from node to node along network links, often triggered by a small initial event.
What is a multilayer network?
A network with several types of links or several interconnected networks, such as power and communications, where nodes in one layer depend on another.
Why do missing links matter?
Because cascade size and critical nodes depend on structure, so incomplete data can lead to wrong conclusions about fragility.
Are hubs always a weakness?
They make networks efficient and robust to random failures, but vulnerable to targeted or correlated loss.
Can cascades be prevented?
Their likelihood and size can be reduced with redundancy, buffers and controlled separation, at a cost.
What data are needed?
Data on nodes, links and capacities. Such data are often confidential, which limits public analysis.
Do financial networks behave like power grids?
They share structural features, but mechanisms differ. Methods transfer with adaptation.
报告贡献

从本页贡献证据。

报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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