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GCRI · 系统科学与建模

不确定性下的优化

Plans for infrastructure, reserves and portfolios must work across futures that cannot be predicted. Optimisation under uncertainty chooses decisions that perform well on average, hold up in bad cases or stay acceptable across many scenarios. This page sets out the main approaches, from stochastic to robust optimisation and decision-making under 深度不确定性, how their results are tested, and what evidence serves the planners who rely on them.

01登记

Optimisation under uncertainty on the record.

02问题

Optimisation under uncertainty: how the risk develops.

Robust and adaptive decisions when futures are deeply uncertain. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Optimal for one future is fragile

A plan optimised for a single forecast can perform badly if the future differs. Representing uncertainty explicitly avoids this trap.

机制

Stochastic methods use probabilities

Stochastic programming optimises expected performance across scenarios with assigned probabilities, which needs those probabilities to be credible.

机制

Robust methods guard the worst case

Robust optimisation chooses decisions that perform acceptably for all scenarios within a set, trading average performance for protection.

机制

Adaptive plans keep options open

Plans with decision points and triggers adapt as uncertainty resolves, avoiding commitments that lock in poor outcomes.

03地理

北美的危害与暴露。

Flood water, population density and daytime surface heat over North America, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页面的危害与暴露

关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS 全球洪水产品(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星探测;云层造成缺口。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
提供方
NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(持续云层仍会造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3,8 天(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
8 天;卫星 8 天合成;持续云层仍会造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-09-14
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
截至所示日期的 8 天内地表的卫星皮肤温度,是高温风险暴露指标;不是气温、热指数,也不是高温预警。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层和过境时间造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 375 米(FIRMS)(NASA LANCE FIRMS)
提供方
NASA LANCE FIRMS
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星探测;云层和过境时间造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星热点探测结果,包括天然气火炬和工业热源;并非已确认的火情、事件报告或预警。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

危害与风险暴露,以北美为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · 美国地质调查局 · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • NASA 资源管理火灾信息系统(FIRMS),VIIRS 375 m 活跃火点产品,NASA LANCE;矢量瓦片来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • 实时:美国地质调查局。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 河流流量预报,30天及区间(GloFAS,经Open-Meteo):包含经修改的Copernicus Emergency Management Service 2026年信息;非洪水警报。
  • 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
  • 可选图层(图层列表中有 11 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报是模型输出,派生指数是估计值。

图层与日期

  • 洪水水体,3 日合成:VIIRS 全球洪水产品,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月14日
  • 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 地表温度,日间,8 天合成:VIIRS NOAA-20 3 级产品,8 天,NASA LANCE · 2026年9月14日
  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
  • 活跃火点与热异常:VIIRS NOAA-20 375 m(FIRMS),NASA LANCE FIRMS · 2026年10月13日

04跨领域

Optimisation under uncertainty supports decisions in every domain.

05监测

耦合模型运行器。

团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。

耦合模型运行器

Optimisation under uncertainty · Coupled model A · Scenario set 3

集合运行中GCRI · 系统科学与建模

模型耦合图

节点:模型 · 边:交换的变量

耦合组件

水文学1 day径流是
电力系统1 h需求,停运是
经济1 个季度产出,价格部分
人口1 year暴露是

集合输出

Coupled model runner: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Optimisation under uncertainty.示例名称和示意数值;是设计方案,并非记录或实时系统。
06指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
Scenarios evaluated计数per analysisAnalysis documentation已声明
Regret of chosen plandifference from best plan in each scenarioper analysisRobustness analysis模型生成
Value of the stochastic solutiondifference between stochastic and deterministic plansper analysisOptimisation outputs模型生成
Satisficing sharepercent of scenarios meeting objectivesper analysisRobustness analysis模型生成
Adaptation triggers defined计数per planPlan documentation已声明
Out-of-sample performanceobjective value on held-out scenariosper analysis测试中模型生成
07孪生与级联模拟器

Model optimisation under uncertainty as a system. Run the cascade.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 复合与级联危害标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-3 风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NRS-H61 危害族:级联失效(NHS-1 sys.cascade)
  • NRS-H62 危害类别:复合与多危害事件(NHS-1 sys.compound)
  • NRS-H60 危害类别:供应链与流动中断(NHS-1 sys.supply-chain)
  • NRS-H94 危害族:系统性网络事件(NHS-1 cyber.systemic-cyber)
  • NRS-H107 危害族:数字基础设施集中与单一化(NHS-1 tech.digital-concentration)
  • NRS-H7 危害类别:大尺度环流异常(NHS-1 atmo.climate-mode)

观测

  • Copernicus EMS rapid mapping activations (listed for reference)
  • OpenStreetMap planet and replication (listed for reference)
  • ERA5 再分析(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
  • 灾害造成的直接经济损失与全球国内生产总值之比
  • Number of disruptions to basic services attributed to disasters

示例地理范围

  • 孟加拉国:134 个六边形单元
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
  • Carbon monoxide, smoke transport (AIRS), NASA GIBS
  • Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS
08来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
Society for Decision Making under Deep Uncertainty resourcesMethods and case studies for robust and adaptive planningPublic, terms to check
Open-source optimisation tools such as Pyomo and JuMPModelling languages for stochastic and robust optimisationOpen source, BSD and MPL licences
EMA WorkbenchExploratory modelling and analysis toolkitOpen source, BSD licence
Operations research literature on stochastic programmingMethods and applicationsLicence per publication
已发布 adaptive pathway plans, such as delta programmesApplied adaptive planningPublic records, licence per government
09方法与证据

How optimisation under uncertainty is modelled, measured and tested.

模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。

模型、方程与假设

The model structure used for optimisation under uncertainty, the assumptions it makes and how each is tested.

要素 i 的风险Ri = f(Hi, Ei, Vi, Ci)危害、风险暴露、脆弱性和应对能力
预期年度损失EAL = ∑k pk · Lk对年概率为 pk
耦合系统xt+1 = A xt + B ut + εtA carries the couplings, u the shock, ε the error
假设为何制作如何检验
在一次事件中,危害与暴露相互独立使损失积分保持可计算与基于联合记录拟合的 copula 进行比较
耦合在工作点附近是线性的让冲击通过 A 传播在线性范围之外施加扰动并比较
脆弱性曲线可以在不同地点之间迁移使用很少有本地曲线可用在有观测损失的地方据此进行验证
输入
带溯源信息的版本化数据集
成果
分布,绝不是单一数字
代码
连同模型卡和测试一起发布
复现
相同的数据、代码、环境和随机种子
标准的风险与状态空间表述;所列假设是该方法的典型假设,供审查之用,并非结果。
FAIR 指导原则 · GO FAIR 和 FORCE11W3C PROV · 万维网联盟关于一致处理不确定性的指南 · IPCCCEOS 分析就绪数据 · 地球观测卫星委员会
10决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

系统 Science and Modelling prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Infrastructure and resource plannersWhich plans hold up across plausible futuresRobustness analyses; pathway designs
Analysts across Nexus platformsWhich optimisation approach suits their questionMethod selection guides
Finance and audit bodiesWhether planning analyses considered uncertainty adequatelyAnalysis documentation

该主题产生的产出

  • Method selection guides for planning under uncertainty
  • Robustness and regret analyses
  • Adaptive pathway designs with triggers
  • Teaching material on optimisation under uncertainty
11核心问题

What experts ask about decisions under uncertainty.

  • Is the aim to perform best on average, to avoid the worst outcomes, or to perform acceptably across many futures?
  • Which uncertainties can be described with probabilities, and which cannot?
  • Which decisions can be delayed, adapted or reversed as information arrives?
  • How do trade-offs between objectives change across scenarios?
  • What signals would indicate that a strategy needs to change?
12机制与驱动因素

Why optimal can be fragile.

Classical optimisation assumes a known model and known inputs. A strategy optimised for a single forecast can be finely tuned to that forecast and fragile if the future differs. In infrastructure planning, for example, a design optimised for one climate projection may fail under another.

Stochastic optimisation handles uncertainty described by probability distributions, seeking the best expected performance or managing risk measures. Robust optimisation seeks solutions that perform well across a set of possible conditions without probabilities.

Under 深度不确定性, when experts cannot agree on models or probabilities, methods such as robust decision making and adaptive pathways explore many futures, identify where strategies fail, and design plans that can change course when signposts are observed.

13方法与数据

方法及其局限。

  1. 01

    Stochastic programming

    Optimising expected outcomes over scenarios, using 优化与运筹学. Requires credible probabilities.

  2. 02

    Robust optimisation

    Optimising worst-case or regret across uncertainty sets. Can be conservative.

  3. 03

    Exploratory modelling

    Running models across many futures to find vulnerabilities, using decision analysis. Computationally demanding.

  4. 04

    Adaptive pathways

    Sequencing actions with triggers for change. Requires monitoring and institutional capacity.

These methods support judgement, they do not replace it. The choice of objectives and acceptable risks is a value choice for decision-makers.

15Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。

16问题

问题与解答。

What is robust optimisation?
An approach that finds solutions that remain feasible and perform acceptably for all values of uncertain parameters within a defined set.
What is deep uncertainty?
A situation where parties cannot agree on models, probabilities or how to value outcomes, so planning seeks robust and adaptive strategies.
What is an adaptive pathway?
A sequence of actions with decision points that lets a plan change course as conditions evolve, keeping future options open.
Is a robust strategy always more expensive?
Often it costs more upfront but reduces the risk of costly failure. The trade-off is made explicit.
Does the platform choose strategies?
No. It develops methods. Choices remain with decision-makers.
报告贡献

从本页贡献证据。

报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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