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GCRI · 工作与技能的未来

工作与社会保护

社会保护 shields workers and families from loss of income through unemployment, sickness, injury, maternity, disability and old age. Coverage is far from universal, and informal, platform and self-employed workers are often left out. This page sets out how social protection supports workers through change, how coverage and adequacy are measured, and what evidence serves the ministries and social security institutions responsible.

01登记

Work and social protection on the record.

02问题

Work and social protection: how the risk develops.

Income, inequality and transition safeguards. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

机制

Coverage follows formal employment

Contributory schemes reach workers with formal contracts. Informal and self-employed workers often have no unemployment or sickness cover.

机制

Protection smooths transitions

Unemployment benefits and active labour market programmes let displaced workers search and retrain rather than take any job.

机制

Adequacy matters as much as coverage

Benefits that are too low or too short leave workers in poverty even when they are covered.

机制

Systems must scale in shocks

系统 that can expand quickly, as many did during the pandemic, protect more people in crises.

03地理

东南亚的人口与风险暴露。

Population density, night lights and land cover over Southeast Asia, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.

交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。

图层 3

本页的人口与暴露情况

关于本图层
证据
估计值
来源
世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
提供方
NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
许可协议
CC BY 4.0
年份版本
null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
提供方
NASA LAADS DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-12
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(持续云层仍会造成缺口)
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 Level 3,8 天(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
8 天;卫星 8 天合成;持续云层仍会造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-09-14
处理结果
约 1 公里网格
不确定性
截至所示日期的 8 天内地表的卫星皮肤温度,是高温风险暴露指标;不是气温、热指数,也不是高温预警。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测
来源
VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星图像
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-14
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
来源
MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
提供方
NASA LP DAAC
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
构建时的最新内容
2024-01-01
处理结果
约 500 米网格
不确定性
所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
证据
观测(云层造成缺口)
来源
MODIS Terra EVI(NASA LANCE)
提供方
NASA LANCE
许可协议
NASA 开放数据
年份版本
每日;卫星指数;云层造成缺口
构建时的最新内容
2026-10-13
处理结果
约 250 米网格
不确定性
截至所示日期 8 天的卫星植被指数,是栖息地状况指标;不衡量物种或生物多样性。
经由以下途径到达
gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问

最新可用

NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth

正在加载最新的NASA影像。

拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。

人口与风险暴露,以东南亚为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。

数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可

  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
  • Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
  • VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
  • 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
  • © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
  • Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
  • 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
  • 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
  • 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
  • Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
  • 空气质量预报,5 天,PM2.5(CAMS,经由 Open-Meteo):包含经修改的 Copernicus 大气监测服务 2026 年信息。
  • 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
  • 可选图层(图层列表中有 9 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报是模型输出,派生指数是估计值。

图层与日期

  • 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
  • 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
  • 地表温度,日间,8 天合成:VIIRS NOAA-20 3 级产品,8 天,NASA LANCE · 2026年9月14日
  • 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
  • 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
  • 增强型植被指数,滚动 8 天:MODIS Terra EVI,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日

04跨领域

Social protection cushions workers against shocks from every domain.

05监测

技能与暴露控制台。

团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。

技能与暴露控制台

Work and social protection · Labour market A · Year 2

数据岗位缺口GCRI · 工作与技能的未来

按暴露程度划分的职业

文书支持29,7240.7替代数据运营
机器操作人员55,7010.7混合机器人维护
护理工作者29,7340.1补充技能提升
分析人员18,1450.5补充技能提升

按技能划分的职位空缺

050100每 100 名求职者对应的职位空缺数数据照护行业工种绿色管理

再培训路径

  1. 评估技能概况
  2. 匹配目标岗位
  3. 培训18 周
  4. 地点雇主
  5. 跟进6 个月
Skills and exposure console: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Work and social protection.示例名称和示意数值;是设计方案,并非记录或实时系统。
06指标

衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。

每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。

指标单位节奏来源类型标签
Population covered by at least one 社会保护 benefitpercent每次评估ILO World Social Protection data已发布统计
Unemployed receiving benefitspercent of unemployed年度Social security records已发布统计
Employment injury coveragepercent of labour force每次评估ILO data已发布统计
Pension coveragepercent above statutory pensionable age receiving a pension每次评估ILO data已发布统计
Benefit replacement ratepercent of previous earnings每次评估Benefit rules and models估算
Spending on active labour market programmes占 GDP 的百分比年度Labour market programme statistics已发布统计
07孪生与级联模拟器

Model work and social protection as a system. Run the cascade.

Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 社会与信息风险标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.

灾害

控制措施

  • NS-0 章程与原则
  • NS-9 情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)
  • NS-11 验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)
  • NS-12 软件、模型和 AI/ML 制品(供应链、模型卡、数据集说明)
  • NRS-H117 危害类别:社会凝聚力与暴行风险(NHS-1 soc.cohesion)
  • NRS-X7 信息完整性与公众信任
  • NRS-D2 社会、包容与人类发展风险
  • NRS-H52 危害类别:信息完整性攻击(NHS-1 cyber.integrity)
  • NRS-H79 危害类别:精神卫生危机(NHS-1 health.mental)
  • NRS-H59 危害类别:经济冲击与治理失灵(NHS-1 soc.economic)

观测

  • WorldPop gridded population (listed for reference)
  • World Bank Open Data 和 World Development Indicators API(仅列作参考)
  • 全球可持续发展目标指标数据库(仅列作参考)
  • 每100,000人中因灾害死亡、失踪和直接受影响的人数
  • Proportion of people living below 50 per cent of median income
  • Number of countries that adopt and implement guarantees for public access to information

示例地理范围

  • The Horn of Africa: 253 hexagonal cells
  • 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
08来源

证据来自何处。

具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。

来源它提供什么许可类别
ILO World Social Protection Report and dataCoverage and spending by function and country开放,CC BY 4.0
OECD tax-benefit models and labour market programme dataBenefit adequacy and programme spendingPublic, OECD terms
World Bank ASPIRE databaseSocial protection and labour programme data开放,CC BY 4.0
ISSA social security country profilesSocial security programmes worldwidePublic, ISSA terms (to check)
National social security administrative dataBeneficiaries and paymentsLicence per institution
09方法与证据

How work and social protection is modelled, measured and tested.

模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。

系统模型

The couplings between the systems in work and social protection: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−++工作社会人工智能社区经济R 增强B 平衡
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR 指导原则 · GO FAIR 和 FORCE11W3C PROV · 万维网联盟关于一致处理不确定性的指南 · IPCCCEOS 分析就绪数据 · 地球观测卫星委员会
10决定

由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。

Future of Work and Skills prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

谁来决定问题本页面服务的证据
Ministries of labour and social affairsHow to extend coverage and improve adequacyCoverage and adequacy profiles
Social security institutionsHow to include informal and self-employed workersCoverage analyses
财政部门How to fund protection sustainablySpending and coverage evidence

该主题产生的产出

  • Coverage and adequacy profiles by worker type
  • Analyses of protection for informal and platform workers
  • Reviews of how 系统 scale up in shocks
  • Evidence notes for 社会保护 reform
11核心问题

What researchers ask about protection.

  • Who is covered by unemployment, sickness and pension schemes, and who falls through the gaps?
  • How well do benefits replace lost income during transitions?
  • Do active labour market programmes help people back into good work?
  • How do protection 系统 affect inequality and resilience to shocks?
12机制

Gaps in protection.

Many social insurance schemes were built for long-term employees with a single employer. Self-employed, part-time, temporary and platform workers often contribute less and are entitled to less, or nothing. Large informal sectors in many countries mean most workers have no contributory protection at all.

When shocks hit, such as a recession, a pandemic or a regional plant closure, gaps in protection turn job loss into poverty, with lasting effects on health and children’s prospects. Well-designed 系统 act as automatic stabilisers for the economy as well as safeguards for households.

13方法与数据

Evidence on protection.

  1. 01

    Coverage analysis

    Measuring who is eligible and who actually receives benefits, using 经济学与发展经济学. Take-up is often lower than eligibility.

  2. 02

    Microsimulation

    Modelling the effects of benefit and tax rules on household incomes. Models depend on survey 数据质量.

  3. 03

    Programme evaluation

    Assessing active labour market programmes and income support, using 计量经济学. Effects vary by design and context.

  4. 04

    Inequality measurement

    Tracking income and wealth distribution, with 社会与行为科学. Top incomes and informal income are hard to measure.

14方法

如何研究,以及方法无法说明的内容。

  1. 经济学与发展经济学基于任务的技术分析 · 劳动力市场制度 · 公正转型经济学在此应用
  2. 计量经济学基于关联数据的替代效应 · 培训项目评估 · 人才队伍预测在此应用
  3. 社会与行为科学工作质量调查 · 社会对话研究 · 学习者体验研究在此应用
15Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。

16问题

问题与解答。

What is a social protection floor?
Nationally defined basic social security guarantees that secure access to essential health care and basic income security across the life course, as set out in ILO Recommendation 202.
Why are informal workers often unprotected?
Because many schemes are financed by contributions tied to formal employment, which informal workers do not have.
What are active labour market programmes?
Programmes that help people find work, such as job search assistance, training, wage subsidies and public works.
What are automatic stabilisers?
Taxes and benefits that respond automatically to economic conditions, such as unemployment benefits that rise in a recession, supporting incomes and demand.
Is universal basic income the answer to automation?
It is one proposal among several. Evidence from pilots is limited in scale and duration, and its costs and effects depend heavily on design.
How are platform workers protected?
It varies by country. Some extend social insurance to the self-employed or create specific schemes; elsewhere, platform workers have little protection.
What makes protection portable?
Entitlements attached to the person rather than the employer, so that contributions and rights follow workers between jobs and forms of work.
Does the platform recommend policies?
It publishes evidence on what different designs achieve. Choosing policies is for governments and legislatures.
报告贡献

从本页贡献证据。

报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRI工作与技能的未来前瞻展望证据简报
工作与技能的未来

带来一种方法、一个数据集或一个问题。

信息和咨询现已开放。每项咨询都会获得一个编号,并告知下一步;申请、付款、算力分配和注册只有在相应团队、条款和审查能力就绪时才会开放。