- United Arab Emirates 2026
- Chapter 6
Readings from the other desks
The baseline is read through each steward’s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks’ own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.
Contents
- ·Edition home
- ·Executive summary
- 1The United Arab Emirates’ risk is heat, water and supply at once
- 2Key findings
- 3Systems and sectors at baseline
- 4Risks and capability
- 5Humid summer heat peak with grid and desalination stress
- 6Readings from the other desks
- 6.1 The other desks’ editions of this subject
- 6.2 Three lenses
- 6.3 Standards, Academy and steward contributions
- 6.4 GCRI reading: the model card
- 6.5 Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays
- 6.6 Global Risks Alliance reading: q1 2027 readiness pack
- 6.7 Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch
- 6.8 Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments
- 7The 2027 agenda
- 8Systems in depth
- AMethodology
- BData appendix
- CReferences and record
- ·Complete edition, for print
6.1The other desks’ editions of this subject
Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.
| Desk | Edition | State | Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|
| GCRI Systems Evidence | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| GRF Public Deliberation | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| GRA Capital Readiness | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| Standards Progress | Outside this desk’s remit | Not in remit | |
| Academy Capability | Outside this desk’s remit | Not in remit | |
| Index Measurement | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle |
6.2Three lenses
One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.
GCRI · KEY T
Technical Truth
The evidence supports a coupled reading of the United Arab Emirates’ risk: heat, scarce water and a gas-heavy but changing power system act together. Evidence is strongest for emissions, generation and fiscal series, and weakest for heat illness, infrastructure condition and capability.
CLI-001 · WAT-005 · SYS-012
GRF · KEY M
Public Meaning
For most residents risk arrives as a summer of extreme heat, a sudden flood or a water-supply question. The baseline asks that public debate weigh how a fast-growing, largely urban and international population is exposed, and how outdoor workers are protected.
HLT-009 · CLI-008
GRA · KEY F
Capital Meaning
Readiness implications only. Fuel income carries public finance, and insurance and reserve data are not bound. These show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an endorsement.
FIN-011 · SYS-012
NEXUS
Synthesis
The United Arab Emirates is changing its power mix quickly and is thinner on published data for heat illness, reserves and lifeline continuity. The 2027 programme should map heat–power–water dependencies, test the summer peak, and bind the missing series.
SYS-012 · A-01 · A-02
6.3Standards, Academy and steward contributions
How the Nexus Standards drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for the United Arab Emirates. The standards are preparatory working drafts (October 2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.
| Quarter | Edition | Question | Boundary |
|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | State and Agenda | What matters this year, and what is the starting position? | observed baseline stays distinct from planned work |
| Q2 | Evidence and Build | What new evidence and capability have been developed? | a configured capability is not a validated result |
| Q3 | Stress Test and Readiness | What do scenarios and tests reveal? | simulated loss or performance is not observed impact |
| Q4 | Annual Synthesis and Renewal | What did the year establish, and what changes next? | release follows review, not event publicity deadlines |
| Steward or body | Role | Contribution route |
|---|---|---|
| The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI Canada) | Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T) | science and practice communities · GCRI gateway |
| The Global Risks Forum (GRF) | leadership, dialogue and the Universe programme; public meaning (key M) | policy, Universe and national adoption · GRF gateway |
| The Global Risks Alliance (GRA) | finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F) | finance and insurance · GRA gateway |
| Nexus Standards | preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods | Standards site · working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI |
| Risk Academy | learning pathways tied to the agenda questions | Academy gateway · learning by review |
| United Arab Emirates | national pathway: Desk, Leadership Council, Consortium, Working Groups | national Commons room |
Standards drafts used in this edition
- Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary
- Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects
- Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech
Standards calendar to watch
- Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026
- Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027
- Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition
6.4GCRI reading: the model card
GCRI’s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. Annex A, methodology
6.5Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays
Four signed essays by the Reports editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.
Nuclear and solar changed the grid in six years. Gas fell from 97% to 68% of generation while total output rose by a third. Desalination and cooling ride on the same grid, so the baseline treats the mix as a coupling problem.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 01
Gas still makes two thirds of power, and the mix is moving
Natural renewable water is about 15 m³ a person, and cities rely on desalination, which needs power. In Abu Dhabi groundwater supplied 60% of the water consumed and was drawn at 24 times its recharge. The missing evidence is how much supply each source carries today.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 02
Water is imported as energy
The 2035 aim is set against 196.3 Mt, a 2019 base that was 225 Mt in the 2023 update. The 2022 inventory shows 195.2 Mt, so the gap to the 2035 aim is about 92 Mt. A baseline edition names the base and what is missing, so that later editions can test progress.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 03
A target with a moving base
Outdoor work stops at midday each summer, and in April 2024 a day of rain exceeded anything recorded since 1949. Both hazards load the same grid, roads and health services, and published series on heat illness are the missing evidence.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 04
Heat is a design condition, and extreme rain now is too
6.6Global Risks Alliance reading: q1 2027 readiness pack
The registers that open the first operational quarter. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.
| Item | Register | State at baseline | First Q1 2027 entry |
|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | National risk state delta | baseline set by this edition | changes against the baseline |
| E2 | WEFH+B state delta | five system readings set | indicator updates and freshness |
| E3 | Agenda and Portfolio movement | eight agenda items · 7 proposed objects | admission decisions |
| E4 | NWG delivery register | no groups yet | first monthly outputs |
| E5 | NNC capability register | membership opens in Q1 2027 | first contributions |
| E6 | NLC questions and challenges | none yet | first challenge log |
| E7 | Foundry technical state | environment prepared | first sealed cut |
| E8 | Publication candidates | twelve findings carried forward | PUBLISH · HOLD dispositions |
| E9 | Universe readiness | one candidate mission | admission and role spine |
| E10 | Correction register | none | first correction cycle |
Publication dispositions
- Publish
- Hold
- Needs evidence
- Restricted
- Superseded
6.7Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch
Instruments that shape the systems in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one’s compliance.
- IN FORCE
- ADOPTED
- SUBMITTED
- UNDER REVIEW
- PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY
| Instrument | Body | Scope | Status | Relevance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paris Agreement · third NDC, 47% below 2019 by 2035, net zero 2050143 | UNFCCC · United Arab Emirates | national | SUBMITTED 2024 | emissions pathway |
| Third update of the second NDC, 19% below 2019 by 20302 | UNFCCC · United Arab Emirates | national | SUBMITTED 2023 | emissions pathway |
| Federal Decree-Law No. 11 of 2024 on climate change effects29 | Federal Government | national | IN FORCE 2025 | emissions reporting |
| National Food Security Strategy 205122 | Federal Government | national | PUBLISHED | food supply |
| UAE Water Security Strategy 2036121 | Federal Government | national | PUBLISHED 2017 | water demand and reuse |
| Midday outdoor-work break, 15 June to 15 September26 | Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation | national | IN FORCE 2025 | heat protection |
| Kunming-Montreal Framework32 | CBD | international | ADOPTED 2022 | 30by30 |
| Sendai Framework42 | UNDRR | international | ADOPTED 2015 | disaster risk reduction |
Changed since 2024
6.8Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments
The review behind this edition covers peer-reviewed science, national and international assessments and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Full systematic reviews begin in Q1 2027 for each agenda item.
Review protocol
- Question
- What does the published evidence establish about the United Arab Emirates’ coupled water, energy, food, health and biodiversity risks?
- Sources searched
- peer-reviewed literature; national and international assessments; official releases; industry loss data
- Window
- releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026
- Selection
- sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition
- Next step
- systematic reviews for agenda items A-01 to A-05 in Q1 2027
| Reference | Type | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPCC Synthesis Report41 | assessment | 2023 | context | forcing |
| McElwee et al. (eds.)44 | assessment | 2024 | framework | nexus interlinkages |
| Zscheischler et al.40 | journal article | 2018 | framework | compound events |
| Pal and Eltahir38 | journal article | 2016 | context | heat limits |
| Lelieveld et al.39 | journal article | 2016 | context | heat extremes |
| Raymond et al.31 | journal article | 2020 | supports | humid heat |
| Foundational Edition45 | edition | 2026 | framework | method and positions |
| Global baseline46 | edition | 2026 | framework | global context |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| World Weather Attribution24 | rapid study | 2024 | supports | flood attribution |
| Climate Action Tracker30 | independent assessment | 2024 | context | climate policy |
| Copernicus climate highlights via press37 | assessment | 2026 | context | global warming level |
| Global Biodiversity Framework32 | agreement | 2022 | context | 30by30 |
| IMF Article IV5 | assessment | 2025 | supports | economy and adaptation |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population estimates7 and6 | FCSC via GLMM · World Bank from UN | 2024 | supports | profile |
| Water and sanitation indicators1011 | World Bank from FAO and WHO/UNICEF | 2022–2024 | supports | water |
| Health indicators9 | World Bank from UN, WHO and GBD | 2021–2024 | context | health |
| Biennial Transparency Report3 and review record4 | MOCCAE · UNFCCC | 2022–2025 | supports | emissions |
| Dubai population8 | Dubai Data and Statistics Establishment via press | 2025 | context | cities |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Third NDC1 and update2 | Government of the United Arab Emirates | 2023–2024 | supports | climate aim |
| Ember yearly data1718 | Ember | 2025 | supports | power mix |
| Capacity statistics19 | IRENA via press | 2025 | supports | renewables |
| Groundwater policy20 | Environment Agency Abu Dhabi | 2022 | supports | groundwater |
Where the evidence agrees
Where it is unsettled
- How much potable water is desalinated today, given a 2022 ministerial figure of 42% and no current federal figure21
- Which 2019 base applies: 225 Mt in the 2023 update, 196.3 Mt in the third NDC and 196.8 Mt in the inventory table123
- Why an independent estimate of 264 Mt for 2024 excluding land use sits above the national inventory of 201.8 Mt for 2022316
Notes
Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references
- 1Ministry of Climate Change and Environment (ed.), The United Arab Emirates’ Third Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC 3.0): Accelerating Action Towards Mission 1.5C. Submission to the UNFCCC, Abu Dhabi, November 2024. Observation years 2019–2035. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/2024-11/UAE-NDC3.0.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 43UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNFCCC (ed.), Paris Agreement. United Nations, Paris, 2015. Details from memory. Used as a standards reference only.back
- 2Ministry of Climate Change and Environment (ed.), Third Update of Second Nationally Determined Contribution for the UAE. Submission to the UNFCCC, Abu Dhabi, 2023. Observation years 2019–2030. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2023-07/Third%20Update%20of%20Second%20NDC%20for%20the%20UAE_v15.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 29Government of the United Arab Emirates (ed.), Federal Decree-Law No. 11 of 2024 on the Reduction of Climate Change Effects, as described in “Landmark UAE climate law aims to curb emissions and boost net zero ambitions,” The National, Abu Dhabi, 2 June 2025. Observation year 2025. https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/uae/2025/06/02/landmark-uae-climate-law-aims-to-curb-emissions-and-boost-net-zero-ambitions, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 22Government of the United Arab Emirates (ed.), National Food Security Strategy 2051. u.ae, Abu Dhabi, page updated 30 December 2024. Observation year 2024. https://u.ae/about-the-uae/strategies-initiatives-and-awards/strategies-plans-and-visions/environment-and-energy/national-food-security-strategy-2051, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 21Ministry of Climate Change and Environment (ed.), statement that the UAE meets 42 per cent of its drinking water needs through desalination, World Water Day, 22 March 2022, reported in “UAE needs to recycle every drop of water it has, minister says,” The National, Abu Dhabi, 23 March 2022. Observation year 2022. https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/environment/2022/03/22/uae-needs-to-recycle-every-drop-of-water-it-has-minister-says, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 26Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation (ed.), midday outdoor-work break, 15 June to 15 September 2025 (12:30 to 15:00; 134,000 inspections in 2024, 51 infractions), reported in “UAE midday break for workers starts today,” The National, Abu Dhabi, 15 June 2025. Observation years 2024–2025. https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/uae/2025/06/15/uae-midday-break-for-workers-starts-today/, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 32Convention on Biological Diversity (ed.), Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, Decision 15/4. CBD Secretariat, Montreal, 2022. Observation year 2022. Landing page read; target text not read. https://www.cbd.int/gbf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 42UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNDRR (ed.), Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. UNDRR, Geneva, 2015. Details from memory; the issuer page returned an access error. Used as a standards reference only.back
- 4UNFCCC secretariat (ed.), Record of the facilitative sharing of views at the sixty-third session of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation: United Arab Emirates, FCCC/WEB/2025/FSVR.1/ARE. UNFCCC, Bonn, 19 December 2025. Observation years 2021–2031. https://www.unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/FSVR1_UAE_Nov2025.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 41UNVERIFIED, not opened (Crossref bibliographic record only): H. Lee and J. Romero (eds.), Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the IPCC. IPCC, Geneva, 2023. doi:10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647. Used as context only. doi:10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647back
- 44UNVERIFIED, not opened: P. D. McElwee, P. A. Harrison, T. L. van Huysen et al. (eds.), Thematic Assessment Report on the Interlinkages among Biodiversity, Water, Food and Health. IPBES secretariat, Bonn, 2024. doi:10.5281/zenodo.13850054. Details from memory. Used as framework only. doi:10.5281/zenodo.13850054back
- 40UNVERIFIED, not opened (Crossref bibliographic record only): J. Zscheischler, S. Westra, B. J. J. M. van den Hurk et al., “Future climate risk from compound events,” Nature Climate Change, vol. 8, pp. 469–477, 2018. Observation year 2018. doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0156-3. Used as framework only. doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0156-3back
- 38UNVERIFIED, not opened (Crossref bibliographic record only): J. S. Pal and E. A. B. Eltahir, “Future temperature in southwest Asia projected to exceed a threshold for human adaptability,” Nature Climate Change, vol. 6, pp. 197–200, 2016. Observation year projection. doi:10.1038/nclimate2833. Used as context only. doi:10.1038/nclimate2833back
- 39UNVERIFIED, not opened (Crossref bibliographic record only): J. Lelieveld, Y. Proestos, P. Hadjinicolaou et al., “Strongly increasing heat extremes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in the 21st century,” Climatic Change, vol. 137, pp. 245–260, 2016. Observation year projection. doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1665-6. Used as context only. doi:10.1007/s10584-016-1665-6back
- 31C. Raymond, T. Matthews and R. M. Horton, “The emergence of heat and humidity too severe for human tolerance,” Science Advances, vol. 6, no. 19, eaaw1838, 2020. Observation years 1979–2017. Abstract read through Europe PMC (doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw1838), accessed 2026-11-03. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaw1838back
- 45UNVERIFIED, not opened: S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Reports: The Foundational Edition, Volumes I and II. Reports series, Edition 2026–2030, V1.0. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. Internal edition, not located or re-read in this task.back
- 46UNVERIFIED, not opened: S. Valadbaygi (ed.), Global Systems Risk & Resilience Report 2026: Baseline Edition. GCRI for the Nexus Consortium, Toronto, 2026. Internal edition, not re-read in this task.back
- 24World Weather Attribution (ed.), Heavy precipitation hitting vulnerable communities in the UAE and Oman becoming an increasing threat as the climate warms. Imperial College London and partners, London, 2024. Rapid study, not peer-reviewed. Observation year 2024. https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/heavy-precipitation-hitting-vulnerable-communities-in-the-uae-and-oman-becoming-an-increasing-threat-as-the-climate-warms, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 30Climate Action Tracker (ed.), UAE: country assessment, assessment dated 15 November 2024. Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute, Berlin, 2024. Observation year 2024. The page rates the 2030 target of the 2023 update; a separate 2035 analysis is not read. https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/uae/, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 37Copernicus Climate Change Service (ed.), Global Climate Highlights 2025 (2025 about 1.47 °C above pre-industrial), as reported in “Gulf will become more humid and hot as global temperatures rise, researchers say,” The National, Abu Dhabi, 14 January 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/uae/2026/01/13/gulf-will-become-more-humid-and-hot-as-global-temperatures-rise-researchers-say, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 5International Monetary Fund (ed.), United Arab Emirates: 2025 Article IV Consultation, Press Release, Staff Report and Statement by the Executive Director, IMF Country Report No. 25/327. IMF, Washington DC, December 2025. Observation years 2024–2026. https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/cr/2025/english/1areea2025001-source-pdf.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 7Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre (ed.), Total population residing in the UAE and demographic growth rates, 2000–2024, as compiled by the Gulf Labour Markets, Migration and Population programme. GLMM, Cambridge, 2025 (11,294,243 residents in 2024). Observation year 2024. https://gulfmigration.grc.net/uae-total-population-residing-in-the-uae-and-demographic-growth-rates-2000-2024/, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 6DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: SP.POP.TOTL, SP.POP.65UP.TO.ZS, SP.POP.0014.TO.ZS, SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS and SM.POP.TOTL.ZS for the United Arab Emirates, from UN World Population Prospects and the UN International Migrant Stock. World Bank, Washington DC, database updated 8 October 2026. Observation years 2024–2025. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ARE/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 10DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: ER.H2O.INTR.PC, ER.H2O.INTR.K3, ER.H2O.FWTL.ZS, ER.H2O.FWAG.ZS, ER.H2O.FWDM.ZS and ER.H2O.FWIN.ZS for the United Arab Emirates, from FAO AQUASTAT. World Bank, Washington DC, database updated 8 October 2026. Observation year 2022. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ARE/indicator/ER.H2O.INTR.PC, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 11DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: SH.H2O.BASW.ZS and SH.STA.BASS.ZS for the United Arab Emirates, from the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme. World Bank, Washington DC, database updated 8 October 2026. Observation year 2024. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ARE/indicator/SH.H2O.BASW.ZS, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 9DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: SP.DYN.LE00.IN, SP.DYN.IMRT.IN, SH.MED.PHYS.ZS, SH.DYN.NCOM.ZS and EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3 for the United Arab Emirates, from UN World Population Prospects, WHO and the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. World Bank, Washington DC, database updated 8 October 2026. Observation years 2021–2024. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ARE/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 3Ministry of Climate Change and Environment (ed.), United Arab Emirates’ First Biennial Transparency Report 2024. Submission to the UNFCCC, Abu Dhabi, submitted 6 November 2025. Observation years 2019–2022. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/UAE’s%20First%20BTR%20-%20Submission%20Document.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03. The text (195,065 Gg) and Table 1 (195,185 Gg) differ for 2022; Table 1 is used.back
- 8Dubai Data and Statistics Establishment (ed.), Dubai population at the end of 2025 (about 4.58 million, up 7.5%), as reported by The National, Abu Dhabi, 30 July 2026. Observation year 2025. https://thenationalnews.com/news/uae/2026/07/30/dubai-population-surpassed-45-million-by-end-of-2025, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 17Ember (ed.), Yearly electricity data: generation by country and source (release_generation_yearly_global), United Arab Emirates 2019–2025. Ember, London, 2026. Observation year 2025. https://files.ember-energy.org/public-downloads/generation/outputs/release_generation_yearly_global.csv, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 18Ember (ed.), United Arab Emirates: country page (32% low-carbon, 68% fossil), last updated 22 April 2026. Ember, London, 2026. Observation year not stated on the page. https://ember-energy.org/countries-and-regions/united-arab-emirates/, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 19International Renewable Energy Agency (ed.), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026, United Arab Emirates (7,907 MW at the end of 2025), read through “UAE renewable capacity rises to 7.9 GW in 2025 as solar drives additions,” Zawya Projects, Dubai, 2026. Observation year 2025. https://www.zawya.com/en/projects/utilities/uae-renewable-capacity-rises-to-79-gw-in-2025-as-solar-drives-additions-sbzbtfh4, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 20Executive Council of Abu Dhabi (ed.), Executive Council Resolution No. 182 of 2022 concerning the General Policy for the Management, Regulation and Protection of Groundwater in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Environment Agency Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, 13 December 2022. Observation year 2022. https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/uae221944E.pdf, accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 16DATA VINTAGE AFTER CLOSE: World Bank (ed.), World Development Indicators: EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5, EN.GHG.CO2.MT.CE.AR5 and EN.GHG.ALL.PC.CE.AR5 for the United Arab Emirates (264 Mt CO₂e excluding land use in 2024), from the EDGAR database of the European Commission Joint Research Centre. World Bank, Washington DC, database updated 8 October 2026. Observation year 2024. This series is read as an independent estimate: it differs from the national inventory in [3]. https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/ARE/indicator/EN.GHG.ALL.MT.CE.AR5, accessed 2026-11-03.back