Draft, not yet released. In stewardship review. Not indexed until the first approved release.

Data appendix

The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.

11 min read0 figures8 tables22 notesNR-XTECH-SYNBIO-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE

Contents
  1. ·Edition home
  2. ·Executive summary
  3. 1Synthetic biology is a build capability and a governance test
  4. 2Key findings
  5. 3Systems and sectors at baseline
  6. 4Risks and capability
  7. 5Design capability outpaces screening and oversight
  8. 6Readings from the other desks
  9. 7The 2027 agenda
  10. 8Systems in depth
  11. AMethodology
  12. BData appendix
    1. B.1 The indicator set
    2. B.2 Global source register
    3. B.3 Regional reading, synthetic biology across ten clusters
    4. B.4 Cluster card: DNA synthesis and screening chain
    5. B.5 How countries appear in the synthetic biology edition
    6. B.6 Licences
    7. B.7 Formats and provenance
  13. CReferences and record
  14. ·Complete edition, for print

B.1The indicator set

Table B.1Global baseline indicator set
IndicatorValueUnitYearStateSource
Codons in the standard genetic code64codons2025Reported2
Codons in the Syn61 strain61codons2019Reported3
Codons in the Syn57 strain57codons2025Reported2
Codons recoded in Syn6118,214codons2019Reported3
Codons recoded in Syn57>101,000codons2025Reported2
Fragments in the Syn57 assembly38fragments2025Reported2
Synthetic yeast chromosomes in one strain6.5chromosomes2023Reported4
Genome of the first synthetic cell1.08million base pairs2010Reported5
Genetic circuits built by one tool60circuits2016Reported6
Circuits correct in every output state45circuits2016Reported6
Patients treated in the exa-cel phase 3 study44patients2024Reported8
Patients free of severe crises for 12 months29 of 30evaluable patients2024Reported8
US commission recommendations49recommendations2025Reported14
US commission funding recommended, minimum15USD billion over five years2025Scenario14
Twist Bioscience revenue, nine months to 30 June 2026332.8USD million2026Reported16
Twist Bioscience fiscal 2026 revenue guidance456 to 457USD million2026Scenario16
Ginkgo Bioworks revenue170.2USD million2025Reported17
Ginkgo Bioworks net loss312.8USD million2025Reported17
US planning awards for bioindustrial manufacturing, cumulative to September 202425awards2024Reported24
Funding of those awards, cumulative to September 202442USD million2024Reported24
Award for the bioindustrial manufacturing institute87USD million over seven years2020Reported23
Indicators, CSVIndicators, JSON

B.2Global source register

The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.

Domains bound by the register

  • BLD
  • SEC
  • GOV
  • FIN
  • CLN
  • ENE
  • WAT
  • FOO
  • CLI
  • MIN
Table B.3Global source register
SourceCategoryCoveragePeriodCadenceRole
Robertson et al. in Science1peer-reviewed journalone organism2025one-offgenomes
MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology news2research instituteone organism2025one-offgenomes
Cell paper on synthetic yeast4peer-reviewed journalone lineage2023one-offgenomes
Nielsen et al. in Science6peer-reviewed journalmethod2016one-offdesign tools
Journal records for therapies810peer-reviewed journalclinical2024 and 2025one-offclinical
FDA announcement9national regulatorUS2023one-offclinical
Screening study in Science13peer-reviewed journalmethod2025one-offbiosecurity
CRS note on the US commission14legislative research serviceUS2025one-offpolicy
OECD policy papers1819intergovernmental organisationOECD members2025 and 2026periodicgovernance
Company filings1617company filingtwo firms2025 and 2026quarterlyinvestment

B.3Regional reading, synthetic biology across ten clusters

Regional plates follow with the regional editions. This page gives the regional reading of synthetic biology infrastructure and governance in table form and ranks no region.

Table B.4Regional reading, synthetic biology across ten clusters
RegionPrincipal hazardsSystems most exposedBaseline evidence
North Americaresearch laboratories; federal commission report; screening framework in fluxgovernance, manufacturingCRS14; programme page24
South Americaearly national programmes; CBD participationgovernanceregional evidence (not bound)
EuropeBiotech Act proposal; research strengthgovernance, researchEU proposal summary22; OECD18
Eurasiaresearch programmesresearchregional evidence (not bound)
Middle East and North Africaemerging programmesgovernanceregional evidence (not bound)
Africaskills and access; gene drive field programmesworkforce, releaseKyrou11; regional evidence (not bound)
South Asianational mission programmesresearch, skillsregional evidence (not bound)
East Asiamanufacturing and research programmesmanufacturing, researchregional evidence (not bound)
ASEANbioeconomy planninggovernance, manufacturingregional evidence (not bound)
Oceania-Pacificresearch programmes; skillsresearch, workforceregional evidence (not bound)

B.4Cluster card: DNA synthesis and screening chain

  • supply chain
  • DNA synthesis
  • screening
  • oversight
Systems in view
synthesis providers, design tools, sequence data, oversight bodies
Defining events
the 2025 screening study and the 2025 US executive order1326
Couplings
DAT → BIO sequence data; GOV → SEC frameworks
Capability evidence
industry and national guidance exists3132
Gaps
coverage by provider; benchtop devices; compliance
Agenda items
Q-01 · Q-03

Open machine-learning protein design software can produce variants that screening tools often missed [13].

TOOLS

Open design software

The 2024 US framework and the 2025 order left the current text unclear in sources read [26] [27].

RULES

A framework in flux

Patches improved detection in the study, and industry and national guidance exists, but coverage is not counted [13] [31] [32].

RESPONSE

Patches and guidance

B.5How countries appear in the synthetic biology edition

Countries enter the synthetic biology edition through the readiness chapters of their own national editions, on one card grammar. They are read against peer distributions and thresholds, never ranked.

Table B.5How countries appear in the synthetic biology edition
Card fieldWhat it showsSource
WEFH+B stateeach core system against peer distribution bandsnational edition
Couplingsthe national dependency matrixnational edition
Risk objectsthe national risk portfolionational edition
Capability rungsthe national capability laddernational edition
Evidence ageoldest and newest source datesnational source register

Editions in the 2026 Baseline programme

26national

countries and unions

10regional

clusters

16global

flagship and sector

14strategic

systems reports

20frontier

technology reports

How to read a country card

  • Each system is shown against the distribution of its peers, with thresholds where they exist
  • Couplings and risk objects come from the country’s own national edition
  • Capability rungs record evidence, not a judgement of institutions
  • Evidence age is printed, so older national data are visible as such
Table B.6National Baseline Editions in the 2026 programme
WaveCountries and unionsState
W0CanadaISSUED
W1United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, European Union, SwitzerlandPLANNED
W2Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Türkiye, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Senegal, Kenya, African Union, India, China, Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, AustraliaPLANNED

B.6Licences

Table B.7Licences of each kind of material
MaterialLicence
TextCC BY 4.0
Dataon the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0
FiguresNexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited
Mapsboundary source and licence printed on each plate
MetadataCC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it
Third-party data, figures and textThe source’s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed
Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence.

B.7Formats and provenance

Table B.8This edition in every format
FormatKindStateWhat it isIdentifier
Web editionHTMLOn this siteDraft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source.NR-XTECH-SYNBIO-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Print editionPDFAt releaseA4 portrait · screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release.NR-XTECH-SYNBIO-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0
Indicator dataCSV · JSONOn this site21 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release.NR-XTECH-SYNBIO-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE data release v1
FiguresSVG · PNGOn this site4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder.FIG-XTECH-SYNBIO-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-*
SlidesPDFNot recordedNo slide deck is recorded for this edition.
Evidence briefHTML · PDFNot recordedNo evidence brief is recorded for this edition.
Dataset with DOIDataCiteAt releaseConcept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet.

Provenance

Edition pack
The edition’s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built
Evidence cut
DC-XTECH-SYNBIO-GLOBAL-2026-B0, closed 30 September 2026
Reproducibility
sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters
Self-check
14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release
Review
five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)
Publisher of record
The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium
Corrections
Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

  1. 2MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology (ed.), Syn57 represents a new chapter in the genetic code of life (news page, 1 August 2025; over 101,000 codons recoded; 64 to 57 codons; genome of about 4 megabases built from 38 fragments of about 100 kilobases). MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  2. 3Fredens, J. et al., Total synthesis of Escherichia coli with a recoded genome, Nature 569 (7757), 514 to 518, 2019 (record read via Europe PMC: 18,214 codons recoded; 61-codon genome). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  3. 4Debugging and consolidating multiple synthetic chromosomes reveals combinatorial genetic interactions, Cell 186 (24), 5220 to 5236, 2023 (record read via Europe PMC: 6.5 synthetic chromosomes in one strain; over half of the Sc2.0 genome). Cell Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  4. 5Gibson, D.G. et al., Creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically synthesised genome, Science 329 (5987), 52 to 56, 2010 (record read via Europe PMC: 1.08 million base pair genome). American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington. Observation year 2010. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  5. 6Nielsen, A.A.K. et al., Genetic circuit design automation, Science 352 (6281), 2016 (record read via Europe PMC: 60 circuits; 45 correct in all output states; 92% of output states as predicted). American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington. Observation year 2016. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  6. 8Frangoul, H. et al., Exagamglogene autotemcel for severe sickle cell disease, New England Journal of Medicine 390 (18), 1649 to 1662, 2024 (record read via Europe PMC: 44 treated; 29 of 30 evaluable free of severe crises for 12 months; median follow-up 19.3 months). Massachusetts Medical Society, Waltham. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  7. 14Congressional Research Service (ed.), National Security Commission on Emerging Biotechnology: Final Report and Options for Congress, CRS Insight IN12546, 17 April 2025 (report of 8 April 2025; 49 recommendations; at least USD 15 billion over five years; National Biotechnology Coordination Office). Library of Congress, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  8. 16Twist Bioscience Corporation (ed.), Form 8-K exhibit 99.1, results for the fiscal third quarter ended 30 June 2026 (company filing; revenue USD 118.4 million; nine months USD 332.8 million; fiscal 2026 guidance USD 456 to 457 million; company statements and guidance are weak evidence). US Securities and Exchange Commission, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  9. 17Ginkgo Bioworks Holdings, Inc. (ed.), Form 8-K exhibit 99.1, fourth quarter and full year 2025 results (company filing of 26 February 2026; revenue USD 170.155 million against USD 227.043 million; net loss USD 312.763 million; company statements are weak evidence). US Securities and Exchange Commission, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  10. 24US Manufacturing Program (ed.), Bioindustrial (programme topic page; Distributed Bioindustrial Manufacturing Program awards announced 10 July to 13 September 2024; 25 awards; USD 42 million cumulative). Manufacturing USA, Gaithersburg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  11. 23BioMADE (ed.), DoD approves USD 87 million for newest bioindustrial manufacturing innovation institute (news page; seven years; the page shows Oct 20 and a 2023 footer, the press release is dated 2020 in search listings). BioMADE, Saint Paul. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  12. 1Robertson, W.E. et al., Escherichia coli with a 57-codon genetic code, Science 390 (6771), eady4368, published 23 October 2025 (record read via PubMed, PMID 40743368; the record gives a 4 megabase synthetic genome and six replaced sense codons). American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  13. 10Musunuru, K. et al., Patient-specific in vivo gene editing to treat a rare genetic disease, New England Journal of Medicine 392 (22), 2235 to 2243, 2025 (record read via Europe PMC: one infant; two infusions at about 7 and 8 months). Massachusetts Medical Society, Waltham. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  14. 9US Food and Drug Administration (ed.), FDA approves first gene therapies to treat patients with sickle cell disease (press announcement, 8 December 2023; Casgevy and Lyfgenia; ages 12 and over; 29 of 31 evaluable Casgevy patients free of severe crises for at least 12 months). FDA, Silver Spring. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  15. 13Strengthening nucleic acid biosecurity screening against generative protein design tools, Science 390 (6768), 82 to 87, 2025 (record read via Europe PMC; abstract only; no method detail used). American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  16. 18OECD (ed.), Anticipatory governance for responsible innovation in synthetic biology, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers No. 193, 21 May 2026 (record read via a bibliographic database; abstract only). OECD Publishing, Paris. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  17. 19OECD (ed.), Synthetic biology, AI and automation: a forward-looking technology assessment, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers No. 187, 4 December 2025 (record read via a bibliographic database; abstract only). OECD Publishing, Paris. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  18. 22Baker McKenzie (ed.), EU Biotech Act unveiled: Commission proposal to turn Europe into a biotech powerhouse (law firm summary, 19 December 2025; proposal of 16 December 2025; health focus; investment pilot with the European Investment Bank Group; 12-month certificate extension; biodefence measures; second act expected in Q3 2026). Secondary source, not the Commission text. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  19. 11Kyrou, K. et al., A CRISPR-Cas9 gene drive targeting doublesex causes complete population suppression in caged Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, Nature Biotechnology 36, 1062 to 1066, 2018 (record read via Europe PMC; laboratory cages only). Springer Nature, London. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  20. 26UNVERIFIED, not opened: Executive Order 14292, Improving the Safety and Security of Biological Research, 5 May 2025 (90 days to revise or replace the framework), taken from search-result summaries; a fetch of an explainer page was refused by the fetch tool. The White House, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  21. 31UNVERIFIED, not opened: International Gene Synthesis Consortium (ed.), Harmonized Screening Protocol, cited from memory. IGSC. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  22. 32UNVERIFIED, not opened: UK Government (ed.), screening guidance on synthetic nucleic acids, 2024, cited from memory. Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, London. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back

Cite this annex

Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Annex B: Data appendix. In Exponential Technology Report 2026: Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-XTECH-SYNBIO-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI).

Every citation form of the whole report, BibTeX and RIS included, is on the edition home. Cite this report

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