GCRI · 空间与地球观测
时空证据
Satellite images become evidence only after calibration, atmospheric correction, georeferencing, cloud masking and validation. Long records need consistency across sensors and decades. This page sets out how raw observations become analysis-ready data and validated products, how accuracy is assessed and reported, and what evidence serves the users who rely on maps and time series built from space.
Spatial temporal evidence: how the risk develops.
Ground truth, resolution and uncertainty. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Corrections turn signals into measurements
Radiometric and atmospheric correction convert recorded signals into surface reflectance or backscatter. Errors in correction propagate into every derived product.
Geolocation must match
Images must align precisely with each other and with maps. Misregistration of even a pixel creates false change along edges.
Records span many sensors
Long time series combine sensors with different characteristics. Harmonisation is needed so that change reflects the ground, not the instrument.
Validation needs ground truth
Classified maps and estimates must be checked against independent reference data, and accuracy reported with confidence intervals.
北极的对地观测。
Land cover, night lights and population density over the Arctic, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
交互式地图需要JavaScript;图层列表和来源见下文。
图层 3
本页的对地观测
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星图像
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-14
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 卫星图像。卫星或模型栅格数据,按提供方发布的原样呈现。云层、条带缺口和反演误差会造成缺口和噪声;数值是指标,而非某地的测量值。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 模型生成(GIBS 发布的最新年份)
- 来源
- MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1)(NASA LP DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LP DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每年;卫星分类;GIBS 发布的最新年份
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2024-01-01
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示年份的卫星土地覆盖类别,含农田;该分类存在已知误差,并非农场登记册。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测
- 来源
- VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2)(NASA LAADS DAAC)
- 提供方
- NASA LAADS DAAC
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星辐射亮度,已校正月光和大气影响
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-12
- 处理结果
- 约 500 米网格
- 不确定性
- 所示日期的卫星夜间辐射亮度;灯光是用电和停电的替代指标,并非对供应或获得电力情况的测量。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层造成缺口)
- 来源
- MODIS Terra EVI(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星指数;云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 截至所示日期 8 天的卫星植被指数,是栖息地状况指标;不衡量物种或生物多样性。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 估计值
- 来源
- 世界网格化人口 v4.11(NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN))
- 提供方
- NASA SEDAC(哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN)
- 许可协议
- CC BY 4.0
- 年份版本
- null;基于人口普查的估算,静态(2020)
- 处理结果
- 约 1 公里网格
- 不确定性
- 基于人口普查的 2020 年每平方公里人口估算,作为风险暴露背景展示;不是受任何危害影响的人数。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
关于本图层
- 证据
- 观测(云层造成缺口)
- 来源
- MODIS Terra NDVI(NASA LANCE)
- 提供方
- NASA LANCE
- 许可协议
- NASA 开放数据
- 年份版本
- 每日;卫星指数;云层造成缺口
- 构建时的最新内容
- 2026-10-13
- 处理结果
- 约 250 米网格
- 不确定性
- 截至所示日期 8 天的卫星绿度指数;是作物和牧草状况的指标,不是产量估算,也不是粮食安全预警。
- 经由以下途径到达
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov,仅在您允许实时地图后访问
键盘操作,地图获得焦点时
按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动以缩放
最新可用
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap贡献者 (ODbL) · Natural Earth
正在加载最新的NASA影像。
拖动以移动。按住 Ctrl 或 ⌘ 并滚动、双指缩放或使用按钮缩放;悬停可查看指针下的数值;重置可返回该区域。
地球观测,以北极为取景。NASA 发布的卫星和模型产品,各带自己的日期。它们是指标,而非对任何地点的评估。
数据:NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap 贡献者 · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT来源与许可
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS 近实时产品(洪水、地表温度、积雪覆盖、校正反射率),NASA LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- MODIS 陆地产品(植被指数、总初级生产力、土地覆盖),NASA LP DAAC 和 LANCE;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- VIIRS Black Marble 夜间灯光,NASA 戈达德航天中心;由 NASA Level-1 与大气档案和分发系统(LAADS DAAC)分发;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). 采用 CC BY 4.0 许可。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- ASTER GDEM 是 METI 和 NASA 的产品(ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003,NASA LP DAAC);影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。引用格式:NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA 开放数据
- 使用 Natural Earth 制作。免费矢量和栅格地图数据,见 naturalearthdata.com。 公有领域
- © OpenStreetMap 贡献者(ODbL),经由 NASA GIBS(海岸线、边界、道路和地名)。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 ODbL
- Blue Marble,NASA Earth Observatory;影像来自 NASA GIBS。颜色依据已发布的色标重绘;显示处的数值已按六边形网格平均(经修改)。 NASA 开放数据
- 地球仪和平面地图上的背景信息:海岸线、边界、道路和地名来自 NASA GIBS 参考图层(OpenStreetMap 数据,ODbL,© OpenStreetMap contributors);Blue Marble 影像可作为可选底图;3D 地形和高程读数来自 ASTER GDEM 高程色彩指数(5 m 至 200 m 分级,为便于辨识而作了夸张处理)。边界按已发布的样式绘制,不代表对任何领土的立场。
- 实时事件:NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker(EONET);事件仅供参考,并保留其原始来源链接。
- 实时:NASA EONET。事件仅供参考,不是主管机构的预警。
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- 过去一年的每日气温和日照(NASA POWER):这些数据来自 NASA 兰利研究中心(LaRC)POWER 项目,该项目由 NASA 地球科学/应用科学计划资助。
- 天气数据来自 Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), 依据 CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 授权。
- 可选图层(图层列表中有 11 个来源:实时、预报、观测和背景)开启时会在地图上和此处显示其提供方署名;预报是模型输出,派生指数是估计值。
图层与日期
- 真彩色:VIIRS NOAA-20 校正反射率,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 土地覆盖类型(IGBP),年度:MODIS Terra 和 Aqua 土地覆盖(MCD12Q1),NASA LP DAAC · 2024
- 夜间灯光,每日:VIIRS Black Marble(VNP46A2),NASA LAADS DAAC · 2026年10月12日
- 增强型植被指数,滚动 8 天:MODIS Terra EVI,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
- 人口密度,2020 年:人口:哥伦比亚大学 CIESIN,世界网格化人口 v4.11(2018),NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · 静态
- 植被绿度(NDVI),滚动 8 天:MODIS Terra NDVI,NASA LANCE · 2026年10月13日
Space-based evidence must be accurate to be useful to any domain.
方法为 方法与技术系列. Olofsson and colleagues (2014) set good practice for area and accuracy; products would carry STAC and NS-3b metadata under the proposed Nexus Standards.
- Reference samples for accuracy assessment.
- Method comparisons on the same area.
对地观测任务与产品。
团队跟踪该主题时会使用的界面:其指标、状态与决策。名称为示例,数值仅作示意。
对地观测任务规划与产品
Spatial temporal evidence · Flood basin AOI · Activation ACT-531
过境该区域的次数
next 6 passes
采集
| P-1 | 雷达 | n/a | 已处理 |
| P-2 | 光学 | 79 | 多云 |
| P-3 | 雷达 | n/a | 下行传输中 |
| P-4 | 光学 | 22 | 已排期 |
产品链
- 任务AOI
- 获取雷达
- 下行链路站点 2
- 流程ARD
- 绘制洪水图变化
- 验证样本
- 交付用户代理
衡量什么,以及衡量得如何。
每个指标都注明其单位、频率、背后的来源类型以及数值将附带的证据标签。此处不显示数值:数值由计划依据其自身权限提供。
| 指标 | 单位 | 节奏 | 来源类型 | 标签 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall map accuracy | percent with confidence interval | per product | Accuracy assessment against reference data | 估算 |
| Class-specific user’s and producer’s accuracy | percent | per class | 精度评估 | 估算 |
| Geolocation error | metres | per product | Geometric validation | 观测 |
| Products meeting analysis-ready data specification | 计数 | 每次评估 | CEOS ARD assessments | 已发布统计 |
| Reference samples per class | 计数 | 每次评估 | Validation design | 已声明 |
| Time series gaps | percent of expected observations missing | per location | Archive analysis | 观测 |
Model spatial temporal evidence as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile 气候风险标准: the hazards it names, the 系统 and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
灾害
- 海平面上升
- Coastal flood (在下游引发)
- 风暴潮 (在下游引发)
- High-tide flooding (set off downstream)
- Coastal erosion (set off downstream)
- Saltwater intrusion (set off downstream)
- Estuary flood (set off downstream)
- Coastal habitat squeeze (set off downstream)
- Wetland loss (set off downstream)
- Mangrove loss (set off downstream)
- Groundwater flood (set off downstream)
- Climate-driven migration and relocation (set off downstream)
- 大规模流离失所(在下游引发)
控制措施
NS-0章程与原则NS-1维持社会运转的 UNI 与制品目录(语法 v0.2:领域、部门、区域和环境分段)NS-3风险记录 UNI(语法、旧编码对照、分配机构)NS-3b数据集与产品元数据规范(STAC、DCAT、PROV-O)NS-9情境 UNI(部署、实例、计划实例)NS-11验证与监测(证据、证明、零信任符合性观测)NS-14符合性及与外部标准的对照NRS-H65危害类别:超越行星边界(NHS-1 planet.boundary)NRS-H62危害类别:复合与多危害事件(NHS-1 sys.compound)NRS-H71危害类别:深时与宇宙灾难(NHS-1 planet.deep-time)NRS-H79危害类别:精神卫生危机(NHS-1 health.mental)NRS-H75危害类别:气候敏感性疾病(NHS-1 health.climate-sensitive)NRS-H7危害类别:大尺度环流异常(NHS-1 atmo.climate-mode)
观测
- ERA5 再分析(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
- CMIP6 气候预估(Copernicus Climate Data Store)(仅列作参考)
- NGFS Scenario Explorer(仅列作参考)
- INFORM Risk Index(仅列作参考)
- 每100,000人中因灾害死亡、失踪和直接受影响的人数
- Total greenhouse gas emissions per year
- 灾害造成的直接经济损失与全球国内生产总值之比
示例地理范围
- 太平洋岛国:150 个六边形网格
- 今夜夜间灯光与停电(VIIRS 昼夜波段),NASA GIBS
- 穿透云层的地表水,30 m(OPERA DSWx-S1 雷达),NASA GIBS
- 过去半小时降雨率(IMERG),NASA GIBS
- Vegetation disturbance alerts, 30 m (OPERA DIST-ALERT), NASA GIBS
证据来自何处。
具名公共数据集与机构记录,各自注明许可类别。依协议获得的来源仅按其条款使用,绝不再次发布。
| 来源 | 它提供什么 | 许可类别 |
|---|---|---|
| CEOS Analysis Ready Data specifications and assessments | Processing requirements and product status | Public, CEOS terms |
| Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (NASA) | Consistent surface reflectance from both missions | Open, NASA data policy |
| Good practice guidance on accuracy assessment, such as Olofsson and others | Methods for estimating area and accuracy | Licence per publication |
| Digital Earth Africa and Digital Earth Australia | Analysis-ready data cubes and validated products | 开放,CC BY 4.0 |
| CEOS Working Group on Calibration and Validation resources | Calibration and validation protocols and test sites | Public, CEOS terms |
How spatial temporal evidence is modelled, measured and tested.
模型、其假设、数据和不确定性,以科学家或工程师会核查的形式呈现。结构遵循已发表的方法。所取数值仅为示意,不是研究发现。
地球观测链
How a satellite or sensor record becomes evidence on spatial temporal evidence, and where each step adds uncertainty.
- 01 · 获取轨道、传感器和重访周期不确定性:云层和轨道造成的缺口
- 02 · 校准辐射和几何不确定性:传感器漂移
- 03 · 更正大气与地形不确定性:气溶胶和坡度假设
- 04 · 检索或分类变量或类别不确定性:模型和训练误差
- 05 · 验证对照地面实况不确定性:样本设计与规模
- 06 · 发布附误差线和沿袭信息不确定性:明确说明,从不隐藏
由谁决定,以及证据服务于什么。
Space and Earth Observation prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| 谁来决定 | 问题 | 本页面服务的证据 |
|---|---|---|
| Mapping and statistics agencies | Whether EO-derived statistics meet quality needs | Accuracy assessments; quality statements |
| Data providers | How to process and document products | ARD pipelines; harmonisation methods |
| Users of EO maps | How much confidence to place in a product | Quality statements with intervals |
该主题产生的产出
- Accuracy assessment designs with stratified sampling
- Analysis-ready data pipelines
- Harmonisation methods for multi-sensor records
- Product quality statements
专家提出的问题。
Evidence specialists ask what a product can support and with what confidence.
- How was the product validated, against what reference data, and in which regions and seasons?
- What is the smallest feature or shortest event the product can reliably detect?
- How is uncertainty expressed for each pixel, region or estimate, and does it reach users?
- How do classification errors affect area estimates and trends derived from maps?
- When are satellite estimates fit for a decision, and when is additional ground evidence needed?
Where error comes from.
Error enters at every stage: sensor noise and calibration, atmospheric correction, geolocation, the algorithm that converts measurements into a variable, and the classification rules that turn continuous signals into categories. A pixel often mixes several land covers. Temporal sampling can miss short events, such as a flood peak that passes between overpasses. Validation data may come from places and seasons that differ from where the product is used.
A well-established finding in remote sensing is that simply counting classified pixels can give biased area estimates. Statistically rigorous approaches combine a map with a probability sample of reference observations to estimate area and its confidence interval. The same principle applies widely: evidence from space is strongest when paired with designed ground sampling.
证据如何构建,以及止于何处。
- 01
精度评估
Comparing products with independent reference data using sampling designs from 空间统计. Reference data has its own errors.
- 02
Uncertainty propagation
Carrying error from inputs to outputs. Correlated errors are often ignored, understating uncertainty.
- 03
Ground observation
Field surveys, in-situ sensors and citizen observations. They are sparse and unevenly distributed.
- 04
Scale analysis
Testing how results change with resolution using 地理空间信息系统. Aggregation can hide local extremes.
Where this page’s references lead.
阅读本页时所对照的机构和文件。状态和版本会变化;每个链接都指向发布机构。
问题与解答。
What is analysis-ready data?
How accurate are satellite maps?
Why combine Landsat and Sentinel-2?
Why not simply count pixels to measure area?
What is ground truth?
Should every map show uncertainty?
从本页贡献证据。
报告 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.
- 电子邮件网关 GW-GCRI从本页发送证据、更正、案例、方法、审查、翻译或概况投稿。它会带上本页标签送达,由负责的编辑接收。
- Zenodo开放存缴存缴并提交到社区用您的 ORCID iD 在 Zenodo 上发布您自己的记录,然后提交到那里的 Reports 社区。由策展人审核;DOI 仍归您所有。
- 报告GCRI查看所有贡献方式贡献类型、各自的评审方式、您获得的署名、许可协议,以及绝不接受的内容。
切勿发送个人数据、敏感基础设施细节或您无权分享的任何内容。贡献在使用前会经过审查;发送贡献不赋予署名权或编辑权,赞助也绝不能换取研究结论。
法律文件。
本网站上的地图、数据和图表仅作为背景和一般信息展示。它们不是建议、预测或预警;信息的局限见免责声明和数据说明。