GCRI · Water Nexus
Shared river basins
Many of the world’s largest rivers, lakes and aquifers cross national borders, and a large share of the world’s people live in shared basins. A dam, a diversion or a drought upstream changes what arrives downstream. This page sets out how shared basins are observed, how the evidence is made comparable across borders, and what joint institutions need before they can decide.
Shared river basins on the record.
Shared river basins: how the risk develops.
Transboundary evidence and institutions. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.
Upstream use, downstream effect
Storage changes timing, abstraction changes volume, and both change the sediment and nutrient loads that deltas and fisheries depend on.
Asymmetric information
Each riparian measures its own reach with its own methods. Evidence that is not comparable across the border cannot settle a dispute; it feeds one.
Climate shifts the baseline
Treaties written for a historical flow regime meet a changed one. Allocation rules fixed in volumes fail when the volume is no longer there.
Joint institutions
Basin commissions work when they hold a shared data platform, agreed methods and a procedure for notification. The evidence is the institution’s first product.
Water now in the Nile Basin.
Flood water, rain and root-zone soil moisture over the Nile Basin, from NASA GIBS. Each layer carries its own date.
The interactive map needs JavaScript; the layer list and sources are below.
Layers 3
Water now, for this page
About this layer
- Evidence
- Observed (clouds leave gaps)
- Source
- VIIRS Global Flood Product (NASA LANCE)
- Provider
- NASA LANCE
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-14
- Resolution
- about 250 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite detection; clouds leave gaps. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Estimated
- Source
- GPM IMERG (NASA GES DISC)
- Provider
- NASA GES DISC
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite estimate, near real time
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-12
- Resolution
- about 2 km grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite estimate, near real time. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Modelled
- Source
- SMAP Level 4 (NASA NSIDC DAAC)
- Provider
- NASA NSIDC DAAC
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- daily; Model with satellite data assimilated
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-11
- Resolution
- about 2 km grid
- Uncertainty
- Model with satellite data assimilated. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Observed
- Source
- VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance (NASA LANCE)
- Provider
- NASA LANCE
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- daily; Satellite image
- Newest at build
- 2026-10-14
- Resolution
- about 250 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite image. Satellite or model raster as the provider publishes it. Clouds, swath gaps and retrieval error leave gaps and noise; values are indicators, not measurements at a place.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Estimated
- Source
- Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University))
- Provider
- NASA SEDAC (CIESIN, Columbia University)
- Licence
- CC BY 4.0
- Vintage
- null; Census-based estimate, static (2020)
- Resolution
- about 1 km grid
- Uncertainty
- Census-based estimate of people per square kilometre in 2020, shown as exposure context; not a count of people affected by any hazard.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
About this layer
- Evidence
- Modelled (latest year GIBS publishes)
- Source
- MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1) (NASA LP DAAC)
- Provider
- NASA LP DAAC
- Licence
- NASA open data
- Vintage
- yearly; Satellite classification; latest year GIBS publishes
- Newest at build
- 2024-01-01
- Resolution
- about 500 m grid
- Uncertainty
- Satellite land cover classes for the year shown, including croplands; a classification with known errors, not a farm register.
- Reached through
- gibs.earthdata.nasa.gov, only after you allow the live map
Keyboard, with the map focused
Hold Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll to zoom
Latest available
NASA GIBS / EOSDIS · ASTER GDEM (METI, NASA) · Blue Marble (NASA) · © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) · Natural Earth
Loading the latest NASA imagery.
Drag to move. Ctrl or ⌘ and scroll, pinch or the buttons to zoom; hover for the values under the pointer; reset returns to the region.
Water now, framed on the Nile Basin.Satellite and model products as NASA publishes them, each with its own date. They are indicators, not assessments of any place.
Data: NASA GIBS · ASTER GDEM · Blue Marble · © OpenStreetMap contributors · Natural Earth · NASA EONET · NASA GPM IMERG Early · NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERTSources and licences
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- VIIRS near-real-time products (flood, land surface temperature, snow cover, corrected reflectance), NASA LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- GPM IMERG precipitation, NASA Precipitation Processing System; distributed by the NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- SMAP Level 4 soil moisture and snow mass, NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office; distributed by the NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center DAAC; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University. 2018. Gridded Population of the World, Version 4 (GPWv4): Population Density, Revision 11. NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). doi:10.7927/H49C6VHW. CC BY 4.0
- MODIS land products (vegetation indices, gross primary production, land cover), NASA LP DAAC and LANCE; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- ASTER GDEM is a product of METI and NASA (ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003, NASA LP DAAC); imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). Cite as: NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Spacesystems and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team (2019). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003. doi:10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003. NASA open data
- Made with Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data @ naturalearthdata.com. Public domain
- © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL), via NASA GIBS (coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names). Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). ODbL
- Blue Marble, NASA Earth Observatory; imagery via NASA GIBS. Colours redrawn from the published colour map; values averaged into hexagonal cells where shown (modified). NASA open data
- Context on the globe and flat map: coastlines, boundaries, roads and place names from NASA GIBS reference layers (OpenStreetMap data, ODbL, © OpenStreetMap contributors); Blue Marble imagery as an optional base; 3D terrain and the elevation read-out from the ASTER GDEM elevation colour index (5 m to 200 m classes, exaggerated for legibility). Boundaries are drawn as published and imply no position on any territory.
- Live events: NASA Earth Observatory Natural Event Tracker (EONET); events are indicative and keep their original source links.
- Live: NASA EONET Events are indicative, not authority warnings.
- Live: NASA GPM IMERG Early. We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- Observed (EO): NASA JPL OPERA DIST-ALERT (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026). We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- NASA GIBS: We acknowledge the use of imagery provided by services from NASA’s Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS), part of NASA’s Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS).
- River discharge forecast, 30 days with range (GloFAS via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Emergency Management Service information 2026; not a flood warning.
- Past year, daily temperature (ERA5 via Open-Meteo): Contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2026.
- Past year, daily temperature and sunshine (NASA POWER): These data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) POWER Project funded through the NASA Earth Science/Applied Science Program..
- Weather data by Open-Meteo.com (https://open-meteo.com/), licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
- Optional layers (14 sources in the layer list: live, forecast, observed and context) print their provider credit on the map and here when switched on; forecasts are model output and derived indices are estimates.
Layers and dates
- Flood water, 3-day composite: VIIRS Global Flood Product, NASA LANCE · 14 Oct 2026
- Precipitation rate, daily mean: GPM IMERG, NASA GES DISC · 12 Oct 2026
- Root-zone soil moisture, 0 to 100 cm: SMAP Level 4, NASA NSIDC DAAC · 11 Oct 2026
- True colour: VIIRS NOAA-20 corrected reflectance, NASA LANCE · 13 Oct 2026
- Population density, 2020: Population: CIESIN, Columbia University, Gridded Population of the World v4.11 (2018), NASA SEDAC, CC BY 4.0 · static
- Land cover type (IGBP), yearly: MODIS Terra and Aqua land cover (MCD12Q1), NASA LP DAAC · 2024
Why a shared basin couples countries as well as sectors.
| Domain | How it couples here | What to watch |
|---|---|---|
| Energy | Upstream dams change the timing of flow for downstream irrigation and fisheries. See hydropower and water. | Reservoir operating rules shared between riparian states |
| Food | Downstream deltas depend on flow and sediment for farming and fisheries. | Sediment delivery and salinity intrusion in deltas |
| Health | Water quality and disease risks cross borders with the river. | Joint water quality monitoring stations |
| Biodiversity | Migratory fish and floodplain ecosystems need basin-wide flow regimes. See wetlands and freshwater. | Fish passage and environmental flow agreements |
Two global conventions frame cooperation: the UN Watercourses Convention of 1997, in force since 2014, and the UNECE Water Convention of 1992, open to all UN member states since 2016. SDG indicator 6.5.2 measures the share of transboundary basin area covered by an operational arrangement.
Shared basin data exchange.
The screen a team would use to follow this subject: its measures, states and decisions. Names are examples and values are illustrative.
Shared basin data exchange
Shared river basins · Shared basin · Riparian states A, B, C
Joint fact-finding
- Data protocolagreed
- Gauge harmonisationdone
- Joint modelrunning
- Scenario setdraft
- Commission review
- Publication
Data exchange status
per agreement annex
| Border gauge 1 | A | Daily | On time |
| Border gauge 2 | B | Daily | On time |
| Dam release log | C | Weekly | On time |
| Water quality set | B | Monthly | Missing |
Flow at border points
- State A
- State B
- State C
Notifications under the agreement
- N-1Planned release change, reservoir C2Prior notice period running10 d
- N-2New abstraction scheme, State AConsultation open15 d
Basin evidence, regional reports and shared data.
Basin studies are designed for the Regional Systems series. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) takes no position in any water dispute and allocates no water; that belongs to the riparian states and their basin organisations. Data shared between states keeps its originating agency and terms, catalogued under the proposed Nexus Standards.
- Basin organisation data products offered for joint analysis.
- Historical treaty and agreement records with their sources.
- Corrections where a basin is described inaccurately.
Route a storm through a river network.
Rain becomes runoff by the curve number method, drains each sub-catchment through a linear reservoir and travels down the main stem by Muskingum routing; play it to watch the flood wave move and flatten. Teaching model with stated illustrative values, not a prediction. The map on this page shows The Nile Basin; the model itself is not tied to a place.
Controls
- Storm rainfall depth
- 120 mm
- Storm duration
- 12 h
- Curve number (soil and land cover)
- 78
- Catchment area
- 800 km²
- Reaches on the main stem
- 5
- Travel time per reach (Muskingum K)
- 6.0 h
- Muskingum X (storage weighting)
- 0.20
- Channel capacity per unit area
- 300 L/s per km²
Readouts
- Peak discharge at the outlet
- 452 m³/s
- Time to peak
- 21.6 h
- Attenuation by the channel
- 61%
- Hours over capacity
- 26.4 h
- Runoff coefficient
- 52%
Numbers, methods and sources
| Hour | Outlet (m³/s) | Unrouted (m³/s) | Upper reach (m³/s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2.4 | 0.0 | 678.9 | 0.0 |
| 12.0 | 308.3 | 1,151.4 | 181.8 |
| 21.6 | 452.4 | 35.1 | 73.7 |
| 31.2 | 363.3 | 1.1 | 11.1 |
| 40.8 | 198.8 | 0.0 | 1.5 |
| 50.4 | 79.3 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
| 60.0 | 25.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 69.6 | 6.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 79.2 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 88.8 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 98.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 108.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 117.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 127.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| 136.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Methods
- Curve number runoff USDA Soil Conservation Service (1972), National Engineering Handbook, Section 4: Hydrology
- Linear reservoir Nash (1957), The form of the instantaneous unit hydrograph, IAHS 45
- Muskingum channel routing McCarthy (1938); Cunge (1969), Journal of Hydraulic Research 7
- Uncertainty fan (parameter Monte Carlo) Spiegelhalter, Pearson and Short (2011), Visualising uncertainty about the future, Science 333
- One-at-a-time sensitivity (tornado) Saltelli and others (2008), Global Sensitivity Analysis: The Primer, Wiley
Data
The model runs on the teaching values set by the controls. To calibrate it for a place, read it against these admitted layers and series, which this page’s map can draw:
- Rivers Natural Earth
- Lakes and reservoirs Natural Earth
- Cities Natural Earth
- Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG) NASA GPM IMERG Early · register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
- River discharge forecast, 30 days with range (GloFAS via Open-Meteo) Open-Meteo.com (CC BY 4.0), Copernicus GloFAS · register open-meteo.public-pages
- Surface soil moisture (SMAP) NASA SMAP · register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
- Surface water, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-HLS) NASA JPL OPERA DSWx-HLS (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2026) · register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
- Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar) NASA JPL OPERA DSWx-S1 (contains modified Copernicus Sentinel-1 data 2026) · register nasa.gibs.context-live-layers
Across the six pillars, led by Nexus Consortium
- Experiments Labs
- Built in Water Nexus in Foundry
- Tested at Water Nexus in Universe
- Codified in Water and Food Systems in Standards
- Published in Water Nexus in Reports
- Taught in Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences in Academy
What is measured, and how well.
Each indicator carries its unit, its cadence, the kind of source behind it and the evidence label a value would carry. No values are shown: a programme supplies them under its own authority.
| Indicator | Unit | Cadence | Source type | Label |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Border-crossing flow | cubic metres per second | daily | Gauges at agreed points | Published statistics |
| Reservoir storage in the basin | cubic kilometres | monthly | Operator reports, satellite altimetry and extent | ESTIMATED |
| Sediment load | tonnes per year | annual | Sampling, turbidity proxies | ESTIMATED |
| Delta salinity intrusion length | kilometres | dry season | Station salinity, models | OBSERVED |
| Basin precipitation by country | millimetres per month | monthly | Gauge and satellite rainfall | ESTIMATED |
| Environmental flow compliance | percent of months meeting the agreed flow | annual | Gauges against the agreed regime | Published statistics |
Model shared river basins as a system. Run the cascade.
Assembled from the Nexus Standards area profile Water utilities and basins: the hazards it names, the systems and sectors that carry the loss, the controls that dampen it and the data that observe it. Choose the components, pick an initiating hazard and step through the cascade. The Map view places the run on an example geography with open data. Every coupling weight is a stated assumption you can change. A teaching model, not a forecast, an assessment or a certification. To model a place of your own choosing, open the full System Builder.
Hazards
- Dam failure
- River flood (set off downstream)
- Flash flood (set off downstream)
- Mass displacement (set off downstream)
- Widespread power outage (set off downstream)
- Water supply shortfall (set off downstream)
Systems and couplings
- Water utilities and basins
- Energy utilities and grids Coupling
- Health systems Coupling
- Agriculture and land use Coupling
- Cities and the built environment Coupling
Controls
NS-0Constitution and principlesNS-3Risk record UNIs (grammar, legacy crosswalk, allocation authority)NS-9Contextual UNIs (deployments, instances, programme instances)NS-10Policies and clauses (machine-readable obligations: definition, binding, evaluation and enforcement)NS-11Verification and monitoring (evidence, attestations, zero-trust conformance observation)NRS-N1Water risk and resilienceNRS-U28Universe platform profile: Water NexusNRS-H85Hazard family: Water and wastewater system failure (NHS-1 infra.water-systems)NRS-H53Hazard family: Cyber-physical disruption (NHS-1 cyber.cyber-physical)NRS-H48Hazard family: Utility and communication network outage (NHS-1 infra.utilities)NRS-H84Hazard family: Energy system instability and shortfall (NHS-1 infra.energy)
Observation
- Aqueduct 4.0 Water Risk Atlas (listed for reference)
- AQUASTAT (listed for reference)
- World Development Indicators (listed for reference)
- GloFAS global flood forecasts (listed for reference)
- Proportion of population using safely managed drinking water services
- Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources
- Proportion of transboundary basin area with an operational arrangement for water cooperation
- Number of disruptions to basic services attributed to disasters
- People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population)
Example geography
- The Ganges and Brahmaputra Basin: 178 hexagonal cells
- Night lights tonight, outages (VIIRS Day/Night Band), NASA GIBS
- Surface water through cloud, 30 m (OPERA DSWx-S1 radar), NASA GIBS
- Rain rate, last half hour (IMERG), NASA GIBS
- Surface soil moisture (SMAP), NASA GIBS
Where the evidence comes from.
Named public datasets and institutional records, each with its licence class. Sources by agreement are used only under their terms and never republished.
| Source | What it gives | Licence class |
|---|---|---|
| River basin organisations | Agreed gauge records, notifications, joint assessments | Terms per organisation |
| Satellite altimetry (Copernicus, NASA) | River and reservoir levels where gauges are absent or unshared | Free and open, attribution |
| JRC Global Surface Water | Reservoir extent change over decades | Free and open, attribution |
| Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database (Oregon State University) | Treaties and events in shared basins | Terms per database |
| CHIRPS and ERA5 | Basin rainfall independent of any single riparian | Public domain; free and open |
The sector signature of shared river basins.
The sectors shared river basins touches and how strongly they depend on each other: what a study has to observe and model together.
Signature
Water and its partners
Water gives irrigation to food (0.8), cooling water and hydropower to energy (0.6) and environmental flows to biodiversity (0.6).
W · E · I · F · H · B
- Sectors
- 4 of 6
- Relations
- 6 of 15
- Coupling
- 0.43 share of total
Strongest relations in play
- Food → Biodiversity · land conversion0.6
- Water → Energy · cooling water and hydropower0.6
- Water → Food · irrigation0.8
- Water → Biodiversity · environmental flows0.6
Who decides, and what the evidence serves.
Water Nexus prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.
| Who decides | The question | Evidence this page serves |
|---|---|---|
| Basin commissions and riparian ministries | Whether a planned dam or diversion changes flows beyond the agreed regime | Independent storage and flow estimates, scenario sets with the regime as reference |
| Delta authorities | When dry-season intrusion threatens drinking water and crops, and what releases would relieve it | Salinity intrusion length against upstream storage and release schedules |
| Development finance institutions | Whether a project’s basin-wide effects are evidenced before financing | Basin accounts and scenarios with labels; readiness questions prepared with the Global Risks Alliance (GRA) |
Outputs this topic produces
- Comparable basin-wide water accounts
- Independent flow and storage estimates where records are not shared
- Scenario sets for allocation under changed regimes
- Notification-ready evidence packs
How shared river basins is modelled, measured and tested.
The model, its assumptions, its data and its uncertainty, in the form a scientist or engineer would check. Structures follow published methods. The values drawn are illustrative, not findings.
System model
The couplings between the systems in shared river basins: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.
What basin scientists ask.
- How do upstream abstraction, storage and land use affect downstream flow and quality?
- What data exist on each side of a border, and are they compatible?
- How can evidence be produced that all riparian parties can examine and accept as a common basis?
- How will climate change alter flows that existing agreements assume?
How upstream and downstream connect.
Dams and reservoirs change the timing of flow, storing wet-season water for dry-season use or power generation. Irrigation withdrawals reduce flow and return water of lower quality. Sediment trapped behind dams starves downstream deltas, which can then subside and suffer salinisation.
Agreements often allocate fixed volumes or proportions based on historical records. When climate change alters the flow regime, those allocations can become impossible to meet, and disputes turn on whose data and models are right. Shared, transparent evidence does not resolve disputes, but it narrows them.
Building a shared evidence base.
- 01
Joint monitoring
Coordinated gauging and water quality sampling with agreed methods. Data sharing may be limited by national security or commercial considerations.
- 02
Independent observation
Earth observation provides consistent observations of reservoirs, river width, irrigation and snow across borders, with lower precision than ground data.
- 03
Basin models
Whole-basin models used to test scenarios of development and climate, with uncertainty quantification. Their credibility depends on transparent assumptions accepted by all parties.
How it is studied, and what the methods cannot say.
- 01Hydrology and water scienceRainfall-runoff modelling of a basin · Water balance accountingApplied here
- 02Earth observation and remote sensingFlood extent from radar · Surface water and reservoir monitoringApplied here
- 03Geospatial information systemsExposure mapping · Catchment and basin delineation · Public-safe basin mapsApplied here
- 04Forecasting and time-series analysisFlood forecasting by reach · Seasonal drought outlooks · Inflow forecasts for reservoirsApplied here
- 05Uncertainty quantification and model validationEnsemble and parameter uncertainty · Propagation through the cascade · Evidence labellingApplied here
Where this page’s references lead.
The bodies and documents this page is read against. Status and editions change; each link goes to the issuing body.
- Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (United Nations, 1997; in force 2014)
- Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (UNECE, 1992; open to all UN member states since 2016)
- SDG indicator 6.5.2 progress reports on transboundary water cooperation (UNECE and UNESCO, 2018, 2021 and 2024)
- Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database (Oregon State University)
- Lehner, Verdin and Jarvis, New global hydrography derived from spaceborne elevation data (HydroSHEDS), Eos 89 (2008)
Where this page leads across the Consortium.
Questions and answers.
Can satellites replace shared gauges?
Does Water Nexus mediate disputes?
Why are flow volumes a weak basis for treaties?
Does Water Nexus mediate water disputes?
Can satellite data settle disagreements about flow?
What makes transboundary evidence credible?
Are basin data published openly?
Contribute evidence from this page.
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