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GCRI · Futuro del lavoro e delle competenze

Automazione e lavoro

Automation, robotics and AI take over some tasks, assist others and create new ones. Whether this displaces workers, raises productivity and wages or does both depends on the tasks involved, how firms deploy technology and how institutions support transitions. This page sets out how automation affects jobs, how exposure and impact are measured, and what evidence serves the policymakers, employers and unions responsible.

01Registrare

Automation and jobs on the record.

02La domanda

Automation and jobs: how the risk develops.

AI/robotics impact and job redesign. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Meccanismo

Tasks, not whole jobs

Most occupations combine tasks that can be automated with tasks that cannot. Automation reshapes jobs more often than it eliminates them outright.

Meccanismo

Displacement and reinstatement

Technology displaces labour from some tasks and creates new tasks that need people. Net effects depend on the balance between the two.

Meccanismo

Productivity gains may not reach wages

If gains accrue mainly to capital owners, automation can raise output while wages stagnate for exposed workers.

Meccanismo

Transitions are costly for individuals

Displaced workers often face long unemployment or lower pay in new jobs, especially older workers and those in declining regions.

03Metodi ed evidenze

How automation and jobs is modelled, measured and tested.

Il modello, le sue ipotesi, i suoi dati e la sua incertezza, nella forma in cui uno scienziato o un ingegnere li verificherebbe. Le strutture seguono metodi pubblicati. I valori rappresentati sono illustrativi, non risultati.

Modello di sistema

The couplings between the systems in automation and jobs: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−++LavoroSocietàIntelligenza artificialeComunitàEconomiaR di rinforzoB bilanciamento
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Principi guida FAIR · GO FAIR e FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumGuidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comitato sui satelliti per l'osservazione della Terra
05Indicatori

Cosa viene misurato e con quale accuratezza.

Ogni indicatore riporta la sua unità, la sua cadenza, il tipo di fonte su cui si basa e l'etichetta di evidenza che un valore riporterebbe. Non sono mostrati valori: un programma li fornisce sotto la propria autorità.

IndicatoreUnitàCadenzaTipo di fonteEtichetta
Employment in occupations with high automation exposurepercent of employmentper valutazioneTask-based exposure studiesSTIMATO
Firms using AI or robotspercent of firmsper surveyBusiness surveysRIPORTATO
Displaced worker re-employment ratepercent re-employed within a yearper surveyDisplaced worker surveysRIPORTATO
Wage change after displacementpercentper surveyLinked employer-employee dataSTIMATO
Labour share of incomepercentuale del PILannualeConti nazionaliSTIMATO
New job titles emergingconteggioannualeOccupational classification updates and job postingsOSSERVATO
06Fonti

Da dove provengono le evidenze.

Set di dati pubblici e registri istituzionali specifici, ciascuno con la sua classe di licenza. Le fonti soggette ad accordo sono utilizzate solo alle relative condizioni e mai ripubblicate.

FonteCosa fornisceClasse di licenza
ILO global studies on generative AI exposureOccupational exposure estimates by country and genderPublic, ILO terms
OECD studies on automation and AI in the labour marketEvidence on exposure and adoptionPublic, OECD terms
US Bureau of Labor Statistics Displaced Worker SurveyOutcomes of displaced workersPublic domain, US government
O*NET occupational task databaseTask content of occupations used in exposure studiesAperto, CC BY 4.0
Eurostat enterprise AI and robot use statisticsAdoption by firmsOpen, Eurostat reuse policy
07Decisioni

Chi decide, e a cosa servono le evidenze.

Future of Work and Skills prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Chi decideLa domandaEvidenze fornite da questa pagina
Labour ministriesWhich workers and regions need transition supportExposure profiles; displacement evidence
Employers and unionsHow to introduce technology and share gainsAdoption and wage evidence
Training providersWhich skills to build for new tasksEmerging task evidence

Output prodotti da questo argomento

  • Task-based exposure profiles by occupation and group
  • Displacement and re-employment analyses
  • Evaluation designs for transition programmes
  • Evidence notes for social dialogue on technology
08Questioni centrali

What researchers ask about automation.

  • Which tasks can current AI and robots perform reliably and at acceptable cost?
  • When does technology substitute for workers and when does it complement them?
  • How are productivity gains shared between firms, workers and consumers?
  • How can jobs be redesigned so people keep meaningful, skilled work?
09Meccanismi

Displacement, productivity and new work.

Automation has a displacement effect, as machines take over tasks, and a productivity effect, as lower costs raise demand and employment elsewhere. Historically, new tasks and occupations have also emerged, reinstating demand for labour. The balance between these forces determines the net effect on employment and wages.

Industrial robots mainly automate physical, repetitive tasks in manufacturing and logistics. Generative AI reaches cognitive tasks such as drafting, summarising and coding. Evidence from early workplace studies suggests AI assistance can raise productivity, sometimes most for less experienced workers, but effects vary widely by task and implementation. What employers choose to automate, and how, matters as much as technical capability.

10Metodi e dati

Evidence on automation and its limits.

  1. 01

    Task exposure measures

    Matching technology capabilities to occupational task descriptions, informed by intelligenza artificiale e apprendimento automatico and robotics and automation. Measures depend on judgements about capability that age quickly.

  2. 02

    Robot adoption studies

    Linking robot installations to local employment and wages with econometria. Results differ between countries and periods.

  3. 03

    Workplace experiments

    Randomised or natural experiments in firms adopting AI, using scienze sociali e comportamentali. Short-run effects may not reflect long-run change.

  4. 04

    Job redesign case studies

    How organisations reorganise work around new tools. Case studies illustrate possibilities rather than averages.

12Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Gli organismi e i documenti alla luce dei quali si legge questa pagina. Stato ed edizioni cambiano; ogni link porta all'organismo emittente.

14Domande

Domande e risposte.

Will automation cause mass unemployment?
Historically, technology has changed jobs more than it has reduced total employment, but transitions are costly for affected workers. Effects of AI are still uncertain.
What is task-based analysis?
Analysing the effect of technology on work through the specific tasks that make up occupations, rather than treating jobs as wholes.
Who is most exposed to automation?
It depends on the technology. Routine manual tasks were most exposed to robots; generative AI exposes clerical and some professional tasks more.
Is automation exposure the same as job loss?
No. Exposure means some tasks in a job could be automated. Whether jobs are lost depends on costs, demand, regulation and how employers reorganise work.
Does AI help or hurt less experienced workers?
Some early studies find the largest productivity gains for less experienced workers in specific tasks. Whether that persists and translates into pay is not yet known.
Can job redesign prevent displacement?
It can preserve and improve many jobs, especially where workers are involved in the redesign, but it cannot offset every displacement. Transition support remains necessary.
Does the platform advise firms on automation?
No. It publishes research and case studies that firms, unions and governments can use.
RapportiContribuisci

Contribuisci con evidenze da questa pagina.

Rapporti is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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