Draft, not yet released. In stewardship review. Not indexed until the first approved release.

Readings from the other desks

The climate technology baseline is read through each steward’s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks’ own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.

16 min read0 figures8 tables39 notesNR-XTECH-CLIMATETECH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE

Contents
  1. ·Edition home
  2. ·Executive summary
  3. 1Climate technology is infrastructure with a measurement problem
  4. 2Key findings
  5. 3Systems and sectors at baseline
  6. 4Risks and capability
  7. 5Planned storage outruns delivered storage
  8. 6Readings from the other desks
    1. 6.1 The other desks’ editions of this subject
    2. 6.2 Three lenses
    3. 6.3 Standards, Academy and steward contributions
    4. 6.4 GCRI reading: the model card
    5. 6.5 Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays
    6. 6.6 Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 climate technology readiness pack
    7. 6.7 Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch
    8. 6.8 Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments
  9. 7The 2027 agenda
  10. 8Systems in depth
  11. AMethodology
  12. BData appendix
  13. CReferences and record
  14. ·Complete edition, for print

6.1The other desks’ editions of this subject

Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.

DeskEditionStateIdentifier
GCRI Systems EvidenceNo edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycleNot in this cycle
GRF Public DeliberationOutside this desk’s remitNot in remit
GRA Capital ReadinessOutside this desk’s remitNot in remit
Standards ProgressNo edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycleNot in this cycle
Academy CapabilityNo edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycleNot in this cycle
Index MeasurementOutside this desk’s remitNot in remit

6.2Three lenses

One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.

GCRI · KEY T

Technical Truth

The evidence supports reading climate technology as infrastructure with a measurement problem. Clean power is scaling, capture is small, and removal is almost all conventional. Evidence is strongest for climate state and removal inventory, and weakest for energy, water and delivered storage.

CLI-001 · CLI-007 · CLI-008 · SYS-012

GRF · KEY M

Public Meaning

For most people the story arrives as a headline about a plant or a pledge. The baseline asks that public debate separate design capacity from capture, plans from delivery, and company statements from measured results.

INF-005 · INF-009 · CLI-008

GRA · KEY F

Capital Meaning

Readiness implications only. Carbon pricing raised more than USD 107 billion in 2025 and removal purchases are small and young1320. These show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an approval.

FIN-010 · INF-006

NEXUS

Synthesis

Climate technology is well described by climate state and thinly measured as a system. The 2027 programme should bind storage delivery, publish a comparable footprint and reconcile removal registries.

SYS-012 · C-01 · C-02

6.3Standards, Academy and steward contributions

How the Nexus Standards drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for climate technology. The standards are a preparatory working draft (2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.

Table 6.1The quarterly rhythm every edition follows
QuarterEditionQuestionBoundary
Q1State and AgendaWhat matters this year, and what is the starting position?observed baseline stays distinct from planned work
Q2Evidence and BuildWhat new evidence and capability exist?a configured capability is not a validated result
Q3Stress Test and ReadinessWhat do scenarios and tests show?simulated loss or performance is not observed impact
Q4Annual Synthesis and RenewalWhat changed in the year, and what renews?release follows review, not event publicity deadlines
Table 6.2Who contributes what each quarter
Steward or bodyRoleContribution route
The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI Canada)Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T)science and practice communities · GCRI gateway
The Global Risks Forum (GRF)leadership, dialogue and the Universe programme; public meaning (key M)policy, Universe and national adoption · GRF gateway
The Global Risks Alliance (GRA)finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F)finance and insurance · GRA gateway
Nexus Standardspreparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methodsStandards site · working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI
Risk Academylearning pathways tied to the agenda questionsAcademy gateway · learning by review
Nexus Standards and Academytechnology chapter inputs: GCRI evidence, NXS standards, RA capabilitytechnology editorial board

Standards drafts used in this edition

  • Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary
  • Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects
  • Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech

Standards calendar to watch

  • Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026
  • Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027
  • Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition

6.4GCRI reading: the model card

GCRI’s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. Annex A, methodology

6.5Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays

Four signed essays by the Reports editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.

Climate technology is built from plants, ships, wells and grids. Treating it as infrastructure puts power, water, materials, permits and people on the table next to the devices.

EDITORIAL ESSAY · 01

Infrastructure first

Design capacity and actual capture differ, and plans differ from delivery. This edition labels each and asks for a common registry basis before totals are compared.

EDITORIAL ESSAY · 02

Capacity is not capture

Almost all removal today is conventional and land based. Novel methods are tiny, growing fast and far from the scale in pathways.

EDITORIAL ESSAY · 03

Removal is mostly land

Carbon prices, border measures and credit quality rules decide what is paid for. They are uneven, and they are moving.

EDITORIAL ESSAY · 04

Rules and prices decide

6.6Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 climate technology readiness pack

The registers that open the 2027 global cycle. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.

Table 6.32027 climate technology readiness pack
ItemRegisterState at baselineFirst 2027 entry
E1Climate technology risk state deltabaseline set by this editionchanges against the baseline
E2WEFH+B state deltafive global system readings setindicator updates and freshness
E3Agenda and Portfolio movementeight agenda items · 6 proposed objectsadmission decisions
E4Federation delivery registernational chapters in preparationnational chapters
E5Consortium capability registernational consortia formingfirst contributions
E6Leadership questions and challengesnone yetfirst challenge log
E7Foundry technical statenational environments preparedfirst federation cut
E8Publication candidatestwelve findings carried forwardPUBLISH · HOLD dispositions
E9Universe readinessone candidate missionadmission and role spine
E10Correction registernonefirst federation-wide cycle

Publication dispositions

  • Publish
  • Hold
  • Needs evidence
  • Restricted
  • Superseded

6.7Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch

Instruments and published guidance that shape the systems in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one’s compliance.

  • IN FORCE
  • PUBLISHED
  • DRAFT
  • PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY
Table 6.4Standards and regulatory watch
InstrumentBodyScopeStatusRelevance
IFRS S2 climate-related disclosures18ISSBglobalPUBLISHED 2023 · AMENDED 2025disclosure
EU carbon border mechanism17European CommissionEUIN FORCE 2026border pricing
EU removal and carbon farming framework2240European CommissionEUPUBLISHED 2024removal rules
Core Carbon Principles15ICVCMglobalPUBLISHED · VOLUNTARYcredit quality
Corporate Net-Zero Standard24SBTiglobalPUBLISHED · VOLUNTARYtargets
GHG Protocol Corporate Standard23GHG ProtocolglobalPUBLISHED · VOLUNTARYaccounting
ISO 14068-136ISOglobalPUBLISHED · VOLUNTARYcarbon neutrality
ISO 14064-243ISOglobalPUBLISHED · VOLUNTARYproject quantification
Class VI well rules19US EPAUSIN FORCEstorage permits
Section 45Q tax credit37US CongressUSIN FORCEcapture incentive

Changed since 2024

  • The EU carbon border mechanism entered its definitive period on 1 January 202617
  • The ISSB issued amendments to greenhouse gas emissions disclosures in December 202518
  • The SBTi published version 2.0 of its Corporate Net-Zero Standard, with new submissions aligned to it from 1 February 202824

To watch in 2027

  • Quality and accounting rules for international credits under the EU 2040 target2838
  • Methodology acts under the EU removal framework2240
  • Annual reviews of the Core Carbon Principles15

6.8Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments

The review behind this edition covers climate technology assessments, peer-reviewed science and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Systematic reviews for each agenda item begin in 2027.

Review protocol

Question
What does the published evidence establish about climate technologies and carbon management as infrastructure and its couplings?
Sources searched
peer-reviewed journals and assessments; agencies and standards bodies; frameworks; operator pages and market dashboards
Window
releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026
Selection
sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition
Next step
systematic reviews for agenda items 01 to 05 in 2027
Table 6.5Peer-reviewed science and assessments
ReferenceTypeYearRoleUsed for
State of CDR third edition1assessment report2026supportsremoval inventory and gap
Global Carbon Budget 20242journal article2025supportsbudget and emissions
IPCC AR6 Working Group III33assessment report2022frameworkmitigation pathways
IPCC AR6 Synthesis Report34assessment report2023frameworkcarbon budgets
IPCC Special Report on 1.5 degrees C41assessment report2018frameworkremoval in pathways
Fuss et al.42journal article2018contextcosts and potentials
Table 6.6Institutional reports and dashboards
ReferenceIssuerYearRoleUsed for
Global Carbon Budget 2025 news page3project news page2025supportsprojection and budget
Copernicus annual summary12agency news page2026supportstemperature 2025
NOAA global monitoring page16agency data page2026supportsCO2 concentration
Ember electricity reviews45think-tank reports2025 to 2026supportspower generation
UNEP Emissions Gap Report 202532UN report2025contextwarming projections
WMO State of the Global Climate 202539UN agency report2026contextclimate indicators
Table 6.7Standards, policy and frameworks
ReferenceIssuerYearRoleUsed for
EU carbon border mechanism page17European Commission2026supportsdefinitive period
EU removal and carbon farming page22European Commission2026contextremoval framework
Regulation (EU) 2024/301240EU law2024contextremoval framework text
IFRS S2 page18ISSB2025contextdisclosure
Core Carbon Principles15ICVCM2026contextcredit quality
Paris Agreement44UNFCCC2015frameworktemperature goal
Table 6.8Operators, markets and field overviews
ReferenceIssuerYearRoleUsed for
Global CCS Institute status page67institute2025 to 2026supportscapture projects
Brevik facility profile8institute2026supportscement capture
Heidelberg Materials release9company2025contextvendor statement
Northern Lights page10operator2025contextstorage capacity
STRATOS release and trade report1129company and trade press2025 to 2026contextvendor statement
Frontier page and CDR.fyi2021buyer group and dashboard2026contextremoval market

Where the evidence agrees

  • The climate is warming and the budget for 1.5 degrees C is short123
  • Clean power is scaling fast5
  • Novel removal is far smaller than the need1

Where it is unsettled

  • How much durable removal and storage will actually be delivered by 203016
  • How capture capacity, capture and removal should be counted on a common basis621
  • How large the energy and water footprint of capture will be at scale1

Notes

Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references

  1. 13World Bank (ed.), Direct carbon pricing covers nearly one third of global emissions (press release on State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2026, 19 May 2026; about 29% coverage; revenue above USD 107 billion in 2025; 87 instruments; average price near USD 21 per tonne). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  2. 20Frontier Climate (ed.), Frontier home page (advance market commitment of USD 1.8 billion of permanent carbon removal by 2040; buyer group page, weak evidence for market size). Frontier Climate, San Francisco. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  3. 18IFRS Foundation (ed.), IFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures (navigator page; issued June 2023; effective for periods from 1 January 2024; amendments to greenhouse gas emissions disclosures issued December 2025). IFRS Foundation, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  4. 17European Commission (ed.), Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (page; transitional phase 2023 to 2025; definitive period from 1 January 2026; six sectors). Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  5. 22European Commission (ed.), Carbon removals and carbon farming (policy page; framework names methodologies and schemes; no criteria or dates on the page). Directorate-General for Climate Action, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  6. 40UNVERIFIED, not opened: Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 establishing a Union framework for permanent carbon removals, carbon farming and carbon storage in products, cited from memory; the text page returned empty content. Official Journal of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  7. 15Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market (ed.), Core Carbon Principles (page; ten principles in three groups; no credit categories listed on the page). ICVCM, London. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  8. 24Science Based Targets initiative (ed.), Corporate Net-Zero Standard (page; versions 1.3.1 and 2.0; target validation under version 2.0 from the first quarter of 2027; all new submissions aligned to version 2.0 from 1 February 2028). SBTi, London. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  9. 23World Resources Institute and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (eds.), GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard (page; 2004 edition, revised 2015 with the Scope 2 Guidance). GHG Protocol, Washington. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  10. 36UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO (ed.), ISO 14068-1:2023 Climate change management, transition to net zero, carbon neutrality, cited from memory; the page returned an access error. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  11. 43UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO (ed.), ISO 14064-2:2019 Greenhouse gases, specification for quantification, monitoring and reporting of project emission reductions or removal enhancements, cited from memory. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  12. 19US Environmental Protection Agency (ed.), Class VI wells used for geologic sequestration of CO2 (page updated 18 August 2026; no permit counts on the page). US EPA, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  13. 37UNVERIFIED, not opened: Congressional Research Service (ed.), The Section 45Q tax credit for carbon sequestration, cited from memory without credit values; the page returned an access error. US Congress, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  14. 28UNVERIFIED, not opened: Regulation (EU) 2026/667 amending the European Climate Law for a 2040 target of a 90% net reduction with up to 5% international credits from 2036, taken from search-result summaries that did not confirm adoption dates. Official Journal of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  15. 38UNVERIFIED, not opened: Council of the European Union (ed.), press release on the provisional agreement on the 2040 climate target of 10 December 2025, cited without figures; the page returned an access error. Council of the European Union, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  16. 1Smith, S.M. et al. (eds.), The State of Carbon Dioxide Removal, third edition (report and data portal, 2 June 2026; total removal 2.2 GtCO2 per year; novel removal about 2 MtCO2 per year; pledge gaps of 0.3, 1.2 and 5.2 GtCO2 per year in 2030, 2035 and 2050). Opened as the downloaded PDF. University of Oxford and partners, Oxford. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  17. 2Friedlingstein, P. et al., Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth System Science Data 17, 965 to 1039, 2025 (abstract page: fossil CO2 about 37.4 GtCO2 in 2024; 235 GtCO2 remaining for 1.5 degrees C from the start of 2025). Copernicus Publications, Gottingen. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  18. 33UNVERIFIED, not opened: IPCC (ed.), Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change, Working Group III contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report, cited from memory without figures. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  19. 34UNVERIFIED, not opened: IPCC (ed.), Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report, Sixth Assessment Report, cited from memory without figures; the page returned an access error. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  20. 41UNVERIFIED, not opened: IPCC (ed.), Global Warming of 1.5 degrees C, special report, 2018, cited from memory without figures. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  21. 42UNVERIFIED, not opened: Fuss, S. et al., Negative emissions, Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects, Environmental Research Letters 13, 063002, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  22. 3Global Carbon Project (ed.), Global Carbon Budget 2025 release (news page dated 13 November 2025; fossil CO2 up 1.1% in 2025; total emissions 42.2 GtCO2; remaining 1.5 degrees C budget 170 GtCO2; CO2 425.7 ppm). Global Carbon Project, Tsukuba. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  23. 12Copernicus Climate Change Service and ECMWF (eds.), 2025 was the third-warmest year on record (news item, 14 January 2026; 1.47 degrees C above pre-industrial; 2023 to 2025 average above 1.5 degrees C). ECMWF, Reading. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  24. 16NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (ed.), Trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide (page; Mauna Loa monthly mean 426.07 ppm for September 2026 and 424.37 ppm for September 2025). NOAA, Boulder. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  25. 4Ember (ed.), Global Electricity Review 2025 (2024 data: solar 6.9% and wind 8.1% of electricity; low-carbon share 40.9%; solar generation up 29%; fossil generation up 1.4%). Ember, London. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  26. 5Ember (ed.), Global Electricity Review 2026 (2025 data: solar generation 2,778 TWh, up 636 TWh or 30%; fossil generation down 38 TWh; renewables 33.8% of generation). Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  27. 32UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNEP (ed.), Emissions Gap Report 2025, cited without figures; the page returned an access error. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  28. 39UNVERIFIED, not opened: WMO (ed.), State of the Global Climate 2025, cited without figures; the page returned a not-found error. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  29. 44UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations, Paris Agreement, adopted 12 December 2015, cited from memory; the page returned empty content. UNFCCC, Bonn. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  30. 6Global CCS Institute (ed.), Global Status of CCS 2026 (status page: 113 commercial CCS projects in operation and 68 Mtpa operating capture capacity as at 31 July 2026; capacity is not the same as actual annual capture). Global CCS Institute, Melbourne. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  31. 7Global CCS Institute (ed.), Global Status of CCS 2025 media release (9 October 2025; 77 operational facilities, up 54% from 50; 47 projects under construction with 44 Mtpa; 513 Mtpa operating and in development). Global CCS Institute, Melbourne. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  32. 8Global CCS Institute (ed.), Brevik CCS Facility Profile (2026; operation began June 2025; capture capacity 400,000 tonnes per year; Northern Lights phase 1 1.5 Mtpa operational, phase 2 5 Mtpa under construction; capital cost and abatement cost are secondary figures cited in the profile and are not used). Global CCS Institute, Melbourne. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  33. 9Heidelberg Materials (ed.), World premiere at Heidelberg Materials: opening of CCS facility in Norway (company release, 18 June 2025; about 400,000 tonnes of CO2 per year, 50% of plant emissions). Company statement, weak evidence. Heidelberg Materials, Heidelberg. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  34. 10Northern Lights JV (ed.), About the Longship project (operator page; phase 1 storage up to 1.5 million tonnes of CO2 per year; owners Equinor, Shell and TotalEnergies). Operator statement, weak evidence. Northern Lights JV, Stavanger. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  35. 11Occidental and 1PointFive (eds.), Occidental and 1PointFive secure Class VI permits for the STRATOS direct air capture facility (company release, 7 April 2025; capacity up to 500,000 tonnes per year; stated on track to begin operations in 2025). Company statement, weak evidence. 1PointFive, Houston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  36. 29UNVERIFIED, not opened: Oil and Gas Journal (ed.), report that Occidental and 1PointFive expect the STRATOS direct air capture plant online in the second quarter of 2026, taken from a search-result summary without a visible date. Trade press, weak evidence. PennWell, Tulsa. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  37. 21CDR.fyi (ed.), CDR.fyi public dashboard (headline metrics: 50.6 million tonnes contracted, 1.7 million tonnes delivered, weighted average price USD 340 per tonne; no as-of date on the page; dashboard, weak evidence). CDR.fyi, online. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  38. 25Equinor (ed.), Sleipner (operator page; CO2 removal from produced gas since 1996; more than 19 million tonnes stored by the end of 2020; Utsira formation). Operator statement. Equinor, Stavanger. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
  39. 26UNVERIFIED, not opened: IRENA (ed.), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026 (692 GW added in 2025; 5,149 GW total; solar about 511 GW), taken from search-result summaries; the agency page returned an access error. International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back

Cite this chapter

Valadbaygi, S. (Ed.). (2026). Chapter 6: Readings from the other desks. In Exponential Technology Report 2026: Climate Technologies and Carbon Management (Baseline Edition 2026, Report No. NR-XTECH-CLIMATETECH-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE) [Draft under review]. The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI).

Every citation form of the whole report, BibTeX and RIS included, is on the edition home. Cite this report

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