Readings from the other desks
The climate technology baseline is read through each steward’s lens, then once as a whole. Each lens is a projection of reviewed findings, not a separate argument. The other desks’ own editions of this subject are listed first, as cross-references, not copies.
Contents
- ·Edition home
- ·Executive summary
- 1Climate technology is infrastructure with a measurement problem
- 2Key findings
- 3Systems and sectors at baseline
- 4Risks and capability
- 5Planned storage outruns delivered storage
- 6Readings from the other desks
- 6.1 The other desks’ editions of this subject
- 6.2 Three lenses
- 6.3 Standards, Academy and steward contributions
- 6.4 GCRI reading: the model card
- 6.5 Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays
- 6.6 Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 climate technology readiness pack
- 6.7 Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch
- 6.8 Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments
- 7The 2027 agenda
- 8Systems in depth
- AMethodology
- BData appendix
- CReferences and record
- ·Complete edition, for print
6.1The other desks’ editions of this subject
Federation: each desk writes its own edition for the subjects in its remit. Until a desk releases, its edition shows its frame and the reading this edition printed for it.
| Desk | Edition | State | Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|
| GCRI Systems Evidence | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| GRF Public Deliberation | Outside this desk’s remit | Not in remit | |
| GRA Capital Readiness | Outside this desk’s remit | Not in remit | |
| Standards Progress | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| Academy Capability | No edition of this subject at this desk in the 2026 Baseline cycle | Not in this cycle | |
| Index Measurement | Outside this desk’s remit | Not in remit |
6.2Three lenses
One edition, read by each steward. The lens of this site comes first.
GCRI · KEY T
Technical Truth
The evidence supports reading climate technology as infrastructure with a measurement problem. Clean power is scaling, capture is small, and removal is almost all conventional. Evidence is strongest for climate state and removal inventory, and weakest for energy, water and delivered storage.
CLI-001 · CLI-007 · CLI-008 · SYS-012
GRF · KEY M
Public Meaning
For most people the story arrives as a headline about a plant or a pledge. The baseline asks that public debate separate design capacity from capture, plans from delivery, and company statements from measured results.
INF-005 · INF-009 · CLI-008
GRA · KEY F
Capital Meaning
Readiness implications only. Carbon pricing raised more than USD 107 billion in 2025 and removal purchases are small and young1320. These show where finance-readiness evidence will matter. Nothing here is advice, a rating or an approval.
FIN-010 · INF-006
NEXUS
Synthesis
Climate technology is well described by climate state and thinly measured as a system. The 2027 programme should bind storage delivery, publish a comparable footprint and reconcile removal registries.
SYS-012 · C-01 · C-02
6.3Standards, Academy and steward contributions
How the Nexus Standards drafts, the Risk Academy and the three stewards feed each quarterly edition for climate technology. The standards are a preparatory working draft (2026) and are cited as drafts, never as adopted standards.
| Quarter | Edition | Question | Boundary |
|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | State and Agenda | What matters this year, and what is the starting position? | observed baseline stays distinct from planned work |
| Q2 | Evidence and Build | What new evidence and capability exist? | a configured capability is not a validated result |
| Q3 | Stress Test and Readiness | What do scenarios and tests show? | simulated loss or performance is not observed impact |
| Q4 | Annual Synthesis and Renewal | What changed in the year, and what renews? | release follows review, not event publicity deadlines |
| Steward or body | Role | Contribution route |
|---|---|---|
| The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI Canada) | Lead Institution and Consortium Secretariat; publisher of record; technical truth (key T) | science and practice communities · GCRI gateway |
| The Global Risks Forum (GRF) | leadership, dialogue and the Universe programme; public meaning (key M) | policy, Universe and national adoption · GRF gateway |
| The Global Risks Alliance (GRA) | finance, insurance and development readiness; capital meaning (key F) | finance and insurance · GRA gateway |
| Nexus Standards | preparatory drafts on vocabulary, hazards, indicators and methods | Standards site · working groups HAZ, IND, MTH, FIN, AI |
| Risk Academy | learning pathways tied to the agenda questions | Academy gateway · learning by review |
| Nexus Standards and Academy | technology chapter inputs: GCRI evidence, NXS standards, RA capability | technology editorial board |
Standards drafts used in this edition
- Risk vocabulary NRS-C1 (424 terms) for terms in the glossary
- Hazard atlas NHS-1 1.1.0 (905 hazards in 120 families) for risk objects
- Seven risk classes: global, catastrophic, existential, emerging, planetary, exponential, frontier-tech
Standards calendar to watch
- Founding calls from 20 October 2026; working groups meet from 5 November 2026
- Inaugural Global Standards Council session, 12 January 2027
- Quarterly reviews in March, June, September and December, aligned with each edition
6.4GCRI reading: the model card
GCRI’s reading of this edition is its model card: what the national model is, what it computes and where it stops. It is printed in full in Annex A, with the methods it belongs to. Annex A, methodology
6.5Global Risks Forum reading: editorial essays
Four signed essays by the Reports editorial team set out the positions this edition takes. They are interpretation, labelled as such; the evidence they draw on is in the findings register.
Climate technology is built from plants, ships, wells and grids. Treating it as infrastructure puts power, water, materials, permits and people on the table next to the devices.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 01
Infrastructure first
Design capacity and actual capture differ, and plans differ from delivery. This edition labels each and asks for a common registry basis before totals are compared.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 02
Capacity is not capture
Almost all removal today is conventional and land based. Novel methods are tiny, growing fast and far from the scale in pathways.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 03
Removal is mostly land
Carbon prices, border measures and credit quality rules decide what is paid for. They are uneven, and they are moving.
EDITORIAL ESSAY · 04
Rules and prices decide
6.6Global Risks Alliance reading: 2027 climate technology readiness pack
The registers that open the 2027 global cycle. At baseline each is initialised from this edition.
| Item | Register | State at baseline | First 2027 entry |
|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | Climate technology risk state delta | baseline set by this edition | changes against the baseline |
| E2 | WEFH+B state delta | five global system readings set | indicator updates and freshness |
| E3 | Agenda and Portfolio movement | eight agenda items · 6 proposed objects | admission decisions |
| E4 | Federation delivery register | national chapters in preparation | national chapters |
| E5 | Consortium capability register | national consortia forming | first contributions |
| E6 | Leadership questions and challenges | none yet | first challenge log |
| E7 | Foundry technical state | national environments prepared | first federation cut |
| E8 | Publication candidates | twelve findings carried forward | PUBLISH · HOLD dispositions |
| E9 | Universe readiness | one candidate mission | admission and role spine |
| E10 | Correction register | none | first federation-wide cycle |
Publication dispositions
- Publish
- Hold
- Needs evidence
- Restricted
- Superseded
6.7Nexus Standards reading: standards and regulatory watch
Instruments and published guidance that shape the systems in this edition, by status on the retrieval date. The edition assesses no one’s compliance.
- IN FORCE
- PUBLISHED
- DRAFT
- PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY
| Instrument | Body | Scope | Status | Relevance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IFRS S2 climate-related disclosures18 | ISSB | global | PUBLISHED 2023 · AMENDED 2025 | disclosure |
| EU carbon border mechanism17 | European Commission | EU | IN FORCE 2026 | border pricing |
| EU removal and carbon farming framework2240 | European Commission | EU | PUBLISHED 2024 | removal rules |
| Core Carbon Principles15 | ICVCM | global | PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY | credit quality |
| Corporate Net-Zero Standard24 | SBTi | global | PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY | targets |
| GHG Protocol Corporate Standard23 | GHG Protocol | global | PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY | accounting |
| ISO 14068-136 | ISO | global | PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY | carbon neutrality |
| ISO 14064-243 | ISO | global | PUBLISHED · VOLUNTARY | project quantification |
| Class VI well rules19 | US EPA | US | IN FORCE | storage permits |
| Section 45Q tax credit37 | US Congress | US | IN FORCE | capture incentive |
Changed since 2024
6.8Risk Academy reading: literature and evidence review, science and assessments
The review behind this edition covers climate technology assessments, peer-reviewed science and the institutional reports that bind its findings. Systematic reviews for each agenda item begin in 2027.
Review protocol
- Question
- What does the published evidence establish about climate technologies and carbon management as infrastructure and its couplings?
- Sources searched
- peer-reviewed journals and assessments; agencies and standards bodies; frameworks; operator pages and market dashboards
- Window
- releases available at evidence close, 30 September 2026
- Selection
- sources that bind or contextualise a finding in this edition
- Next step
- systematic reviews for agenda items 01 to 05 in 2027
| Reference | Type | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| State of CDR third edition1 | assessment report | 2026 | supports | removal inventory and gap |
| Global Carbon Budget 20242 | journal article | 2025 | supports | budget and emissions |
| IPCC AR6 Working Group III33 | assessment report | 2022 | framework | mitigation pathways |
| IPCC AR6 Synthesis Report34 | assessment report | 2023 | framework | carbon budgets |
| IPCC Special Report on 1.5 degrees C41 | assessment report | 2018 | framework | removal in pathways |
| Fuss et al.42 | journal article | 2018 | context | costs and potentials |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global Carbon Budget 2025 news page3 | project news page | 2025 | supports | projection and budget |
| Copernicus annual summary12 | agency news page | 2026 | supports | temperature 2025 |
| NOAA global monitoring page16 | agency data page | 2026 | supports | CO2 concentration |
| Ember electricity reviews45 | think-tank reports | 2025 to 2026 | supports | power generation |
| UNEP Emissions Gap Report 202532 | UN report | 2025 | context | warming projections |
| WMO State of the Global Climate 202539 | UN agency report | 2026 | context | climate indicators |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EU carbon border mechanism page17 | European Commission | 2026 | supports | definitive period |
| EU removal and carbon farming page22 | European Commission | 2026 | context | removal framework |
| Regulation (EU) 2024/301240 | EU law | 2024 | context | removal framework text |
| IFRS S2 page18 | ISSB | 2025 | context | disclosure |
| Core Carbon Principles15 | ICVCM | 2026 | context | credit quality |
| Paris Agreement44 | UNFCCC | 2015 | framework | temperature goal |
| Reference | Issuer | Year | Role | Used for |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global CCS Institute status page67 | institute | 2025 to 2026 | supports | capture projects |
| Brevik facility profile8 | institute | 2026 | supports | cement capture |
| Heidelberg Materials release9 | company | 2025 | context | vendor statement |
| Northern Lights page10 | operator | 2025 | context | storage capacity |
| STRATOS release and trade report1129 | company and trade press | 2025 to 2026 | context | vendor statement |
| Frontier page and CDR.fyi2021 | buyer group and dashboard | 2026 | context | removal market |
Where the evidence agrees
Notes
Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references
- 13World Bank (ed.), Direct carbon pricing covers nearly one third of global emissions (press release on State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2026, 19 May 2026; about 29% coverage; revenue above USD 107 billion in 2025; 87 instruments; average price near USD 21 per tonne). World Bank, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 20Frontier Climate (ed.), Frontier home page (advance market commitment of USD 1.8 billion of permanent carbon removal by 2040; buyer group page, weak evidence for market size). Frontier Climate, San Francisco. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 18IFRS Foundation (ed.), IFRS S2 Climate-related Disclosures (navigator page; issued June 2023; effective for periods from 1 January 2024; amendments to greenhouse gas emissions disclosures issued December 2025). IFRS Foundation, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 17European Commission (ed.), Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (page; transitional phase 2023 to 2025; definitive period from 1 January 2026; six sectors). Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 22European Commission (ed.), Carbon removals and carbon farming (policy page; framework names methodologies and schemes; no criteria or dates on the page). Directorate-General for Climate Action, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 40UNVERIFIED, not opened: Regulation (EU) 2024/3012 establishing a Union framework for permanent carbon removals, carbon farming and carbon storage in products, cited from memory; the text page returned empty content. Official Journal of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 15Integrity Council for the Voluntary Carbon Market (ed.), Core Carbon Principles (page; ten principles in three groups; no credit categories listed on the page). ICVCM, London. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 24Science Based Targets initiative (ed.), Corporate Net-Zero Standard (page; versions 1.3.1 and 2.0; target validation under version 2.0 from the first quarter of 2027; all new submissions aligned to version 2.0 from 1 February 2028). SBTi, London. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 23World Resources Institute and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (eds.), GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard (page; 2004 edition, revised 2015 with the Scope 2 Guidance). GHG Protocol, Washington. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 36UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO (ed.), ISO 14068-1:2023 Climate change management, transition to net zero, carbon neutrality, cited from memory; the page returned an access error. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 43UNVERIFIED, not opened: ISO (ed.), ISO 14064-2:2019 Greenhouse gases, specification for quantification, monitoring and reporting of project emission reductions or removal enhancements, cited from memory. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. Observation year 2019. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 19US Environmental Protection Agency (ed.), Class VI wells used for geologic sequestration of CO2 (page updated 18 August 2026; no permit counts on the page). US EPA, Washington. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 37UNVERIFIED, not opened: Congressional Research Service (ed.), The Section 45Q tax credit for carbon sequestration, cited from memory without credit values; the page returned an access error. US Congress, Washington. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 28UNVERIFIED, not opened: Regulation (EU) 2026/667 amending the European Climate Law for a 2040 target of a 90% net reduction with up to 5% international credits from 2036, taken from search-result summaries that did not confirm adoption dates. Official Journal of the European Union, Luxembourg. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 38UNVERIFIED, not opened: Council of the European Union (ed.), press release on the provisional agreement on the 2040 climate target of 10 December 2025, cited without figures; the page returned an access error. Council of the European Union, Brussels. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 1Smith, S.M. et al. (eds.), The State of Carbon Dioxide Removal, third edition (report and data portal, 2 June 2026; total removal 2.2 GtCO2 per year; novel removal about 2 MtCO2 per year; pledge gaps of 0.3, 1.2 and 5.2 GtCO2 per year in 2030, 2035 and 2050). Opened as the downloaded PDF. University of Oxford and partners, Oxford. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 2Friedlingstein, P. et al., Global Carbon Budget 2024, Earth System Science Data 17, 965 to 1039, 2025 (abstract page: fossil CO2 about 37.4 GtCO2 in 2024; 235 GtCO2 remaining for 1.5 degrees C from the start of 2025). Copernicus Publications, Gottingen. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 33UNVERIFIED, not opened: IPCC (ed.), Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change, Working Group III contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report, cited from memory without figures. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva. Observation year 2022. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 34UNVERIFIED, not opened: IPCC (ed.), Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report, Sixth Assessment Report, cited from memory without figures; the page returned an access error. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 41UNVERIFIED, not opened: IPCC (ed.), Global Warming of 1.5 degrees C, special report, 2018, cited from memory without figures. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 42UNVERIFIED, not opened: Fuss, S. et al., Negative emissions, Part 2: Costs, potentials and side effects, Environmental Research Letters 13, 063002, 2018, cited from memory. Observation year 2018. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 3Global Carbon Project (ed.), Global Carbon Budget 2025 release (news page dated 13 November 2025; fossil CO2 up 1.1% in 2025; total emissions 42.2 GtCO2; remaining 1.5 degrees C budget 170 GtCO2; CO2 425.7 ppm). Global Carbon Project, Tsukuba. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 12Copernicus Climate Change Service and ECMWF (eds.), 2025 was the third-warmest year on record (news item, 14 January 2026; 1.47 degrees C above pre-industrial; 2023 to 2025 average above 1.5 degrees C). ECMWF, Reading. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 16NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (ed.), Trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide (page; Mauna Loa monthly mean 426.07 ppm for September 2026 and 424.37 ppm for September 2025). NOAA, Boulder. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 4Ember (ed.), Global Electricity Review 2025 (2024 data: solar 6.9% and wind 8.1% of electricity; low-carbon share 40.9%; solar generation up 29%; fossil generation up 1.4%). Ember, London. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 5Ember (ed.), Global Electricity Review 2026 (2025 data: solar generation 2,778 TWh, up 636 TWh or 30%; fossil generation down 38 TWh; renewables 33.8% of generation). Ember, London. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 32UNVERIFIED, not opened: UNEP (ed.), Emissions Gap Report 2025, cited without figures; the page returned an access error. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 39UNVERIFIED, not opened: WMO (ed.), State of the Global Climate 2025, cited without figures; the page returned a not-found error. World Meteorological Organization, Geneva. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 44UNVERIFIED, not opened: United Nations, Paris Agreement, adopted 12 December 2015, cited from memory; the page returned empty content. UNFCCC, Bonn. Observation year 2015. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 6Global CCS Institute (ed.), Global Status of CCS 2026 (status page: 113 commercial CCS projects in operation and 68 Mtpa operating capture capacity as at 31 July 2026; capacity is not the same as actual annual capture). Global CCS Institute, Melbourne. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 7Global CCS Institute (ed.), Global Status of CCS 2025 media release (9 October 2025; 77 operational facilities, up 54% from 50; 47 projects under construction with 44 Mtpa; 513 Mtpa operating and in development). Global CCS Institute, Melbourne. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 8Global CCS Institute (ed.), Brevik CCS Facility Profile (2026; operation began June 2025; capture capacity 400,000 tonnes per year; Northern Lights phase 1 1.5 Mtpa operational, phase 2 5 Mtpa under construction; capital cost and abatement cost are secondary figures cited in the profile and are not used). Global CCS Institute, Melbourne. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 9Heidelberg Materials (ed.), World premiere at Heidelberg Materials: opening of CCS facility in Norway (company release, 18 June 2025; about 400,000 tonnes of CO2 per year, 50% of plant emissions). Company statement, weak evidence. Heidelberg Materials, Heidelberg. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 10Northern Lights JV (ed.), About the Longship project (operator page; phase 1 storage up to 1.5 million tonnes of CO2 per year; owners Equinor, Shell and TotalEnergies). Operator statement, weak evidence. Northern Lights JV, Stavanger. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 11Occidental and 1PointFive (eds.), Occidental and 1PointFive secure Class VI permits for the STRATOS direct air capture facility (company release, 7 April 2025; capacity up to 500,000 tonnes per year; stated on track to begin operations in 2025). Company statement, weak evidence. 1PointFive, Houston. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 29UNVERIFIED, not opened: Oil and Gas Journal (ed.), report that Occidental and 1PointFive expect the STRATOS direct air capture plant online in the second quarter of 2026, taken from a search-result summary without a visible date. Trade press, weak evidence. PennWell, Tulsa. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 21CDR.fyi (ed.), CDR.fyi public dashboard (headline metrics: 50.6 million tonnes contracted, 1.7 million tonnes delivered, weighted average price USD 340 per tonne; no as-of date on the page; dashboard, weak evidence). CDR.fyi, online. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 25Equinor (ed.), Sleipner (operator page; CO2 removal from produced gas since 1996; more than 19 million tonnes stored by the end of 2020; Utsira formation). Operator statement. Equinor, Stavanger. Observation year 2020. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 26UNVERIFIED, not opened: IRENA (ed.), Renewable Capacity Statistics 2026 (692 GW added in 2025; 5,149 GW total; solar about 511 GW), taken from search-result summaries; the agency page returned an access error. International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
