Data appendix
The indicator set with its sources, the source registers, the licences of every kind of material and the formats of the edition.
Contents
- ·Edition home
- ·Executive summary
- 1Robots are infrastructure and a test of institutions
- 2Key findings
- 3Systems and sectors at baseline
- 4Risks and capability
- 5Humanoid pilots meet a missing safety standard
- 6Readings from the other desks
- 7The 2027 agenda
- 8Systems in depth
- AMethodology
- BData appendix
- CReferences and record
- ·Complete edition, for print
B.1The indicator set
| Indicator | Value | Unit | Year | State | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial robots installed | >600 | thousand | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| Growth in installations | 11 | % | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| Operational stock of industrial robots | 5 | million | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| Installations in China | 354 | thousand | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| China share of installations | 59 | % | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| Installations in the United States | 38.5 | thousand | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| Installations in Japan | 36.2 | thousand | 2025 | Reported | 1 |
| Installations in 2024 | 542 | thousand | 2024 | Reported | 2 |
| IFR forecast for 2026 | 655 | thousand | 2026 plan | Scenario | 1 |
| Robot density, South Korea | 1,220 | per 10,000 employees | 2024 | Reported | 3 |
| Robot density, global average | 132 | per 10,000 employees | 2024 | Reported | 3 |
| Robot types in Open X-Embodiment | 22 | robot types | 2023 | Reported | 8 |
| Humanoid installations, analyst estimate | ≈16 | thousand | 2025 | Reported | 13 |
| Amazon robots deployed, company statement | 1 | million | 2025 | Reported | 14 |
| Injury crashes per mile against human drivers | −81 | % | 2021 to 2024 | Reported | 5 |
| UN votes in favour of A/RES/80/57 | 164 | votes | 2025 | Reported | 18 |
B.2Global source register
The governed source set behind this edition. Each source keeps its authority, coverage, cadence and role; categories describe origin, not truth.
Domains bound by the register
- INF
- AIC
- TRD
- MIN
- GOV
- FIN
- DAT
- ENE
- HLT
- WAT
| Source | Category | Coverage | Period | Cadence | Role |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IFR World Robotics 2026 release1 | industry federation | world | 2025 | annual | installations |
| IFR World Robotics 2025 release2 | industry federation | world | 2024 | annual | installations |
| IFR robot density release3 | industry federation | world | 2024 | annual | density |
| Waymo safety hub4 | operator | four US cities | 2026 | quarterly | road vehicle safety |
| IIHS study5 | insurance-institute research | four US cities | 2021 to 2024 | one-off | road vehicle safety |
| Open X-Embodiment8 | preprint server | research | 2023 | one-off | robot data |
| Counterpoint release13 | analyst | world | 2025 | annual | humanoids |
| EU-OSHA machinery page17 | EU agency | EU | 2025 | continuous | rules |
| UN vote record18 | intergovernmental body | world | 2025 | annual | weapons policy |
| NBER working paper20 | research institute | United States | 1990 to 2007 | one-off | labour |
B.3Regional reading, robotics across ten clusters
Regional plates follow with the regional editions. This page gives the regional reading of robot infrastructure and exposure in table form and ranks no region.
| Region | Principal hazards | Systems most exposed | Baseline evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| North America | driverless services; warehouse fleets; humanoid pilots | road safety, labour | IIHS5; IFR1 |
| South America | early national programmes | labour | regional evidence (not bound) |
| Europe | machinery regulation; AI Act | safety rules | EU-OSHA17; European Commission16 |
| Eurasia | research programmes; export controls | research, supply | regional evidence (not bound) |
| Middle East and North Africa | early deployments | logistics | regional evidence (not bound) |
| Africa | skills and access | workforce | regional evidence (not bound) |
| South Asia | growing industrial markets | labour, skills | regional evidence (not bound) |
| East Asia | most installations; humanoid production; magnet supply | supply, fleets | IFR1; Counterpoint13 |
| ASEAN | high density in one city-state | fleets, skills | IFR3 |
| Oceania-Pacific | research programmes | research, workforce | regional evidence (not bound) |
B.4Cluster card: actuator and magnet supply chain
- supply chain
- actuators
- rare earth magnets
- single point
- Systems in view
- actuators, motors, humanoid and legged platforms
- Defining events
- rare earth export licensing from April 202521
- Couplings
- MIN → INF magnets; TRD → MIN export controls
- Capability evidence
- alternative designs mentioned in trade press; none documented at scale here
- Gaps
- magnet volumes by platform; stocks; alternatives
- Agenda items
- R-02 · R-03
A company chief executive said that arm actuators of a humanoid robot use permanent magnets [21].
SUPPLY
Permanent magnets in actuators
China required export licences for seven rare earth elements and magnets from April 2025 [21] [41].
POLICY
Licensing of seven elements
Whether other platforms avoid these magnets is not documented in the sources read [39] [40].
RESPONSE
Alternatives
B.5How countries appear in the robotics edition
Countries enter the robotics edition through the readiness chapters of their own national editions, on one card grammar. They are read against peer distributions and thresholds, never ranked.
| Card field | What it shows | Source |
|---|---|---|
| WEFH+B state | each core system against peer distribution bands | national edition |
| Couplings | the national dependency matrix | national edition |
| Risk objects | the national risk portfolio | national edition |
| Capability rungs | the national capability ladder | national edition |
| Evidence age | oldest and newest source dates | national source register |
Editions in the 2026 Baseline programme
26national
countries and unions
10regional
clusters
16global
flagship and sector
20frontier
technology reports
How to read a country card
- Each system is shown against the distribution of its peers, with thresholds where they exist
- Couplings and risk objects come from the country’s own national edition
- Capability rungs record evidence, not a judgement of institutions
- Evidence age is printed, so older national data are visible as such
| Wave | Countries and unions | State |
|---|---|---|
| W0 | Canada | ISSUED |
| W1 | United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, European Union, Switzerland | PLANNED |
| W2 | Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Türkiye, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Senegal, Kenya, African Union, India, China, Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia | PLANNED |
B.6Licences
| Material | Licence |
|---|---|
| Text | CC BY 4.0 |
| Data | on the licence of each source; Nexus tables CC BY 4.0 |
| Figures | Nexus figures CC BY 4.0; third-party as credited |
| Maps | boundary source and licence printed on each plate |
| Metadata | CC0 1.0, as Zenodo publishes it |
| Third-party data, figures and text | The source’s own licence, credited where it is used; never relicensed |
| Nexus-authored text, tables and figures: CC BY 4.0 (SPDX CC-BY-4.0). Map plates print their boundary source and licence. | |
B.7Formats and provenance
| Format | Kind | State | What it is | Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Web edition | HTML | On this site | Draft in stewardship review; every value resolves to its source. | NR-XTECH-ROBOTICS-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 |
| Print edition | At release | A4 portrait · screen, print and archival PDF, signed with the web edition at release. | NR-XTECH-ROBOTICS-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-v1.0.0 | |
| Indicator data | CSV · JSON | On this site | 16 indicators with unit, year, status and source; the machine-readable copy ships with the evidence bundle at release. | NR-XTECH-ROBOTICS-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE data release v1 |
| Figures | SVG · PNG | On this site | 4 on the web edition: headline figure, figure 1.3, coupling instrument, capability ladder. | FIG-XTECH-ROBOTICS-GLOBAL-2026-BASELINE-* |
| Slides | Not recorded | No slide deck is recorded for this edition. | ||
| Evidence brief | HTML · PDF | Not recorded | No evidence brief is recorded for this edition. | |
| Dataset with DOI | DataCite | At release | Concept and version DOI are minted at deposit; none is recorded yet. |
Provenance
- Edition pack
- The edition’s content pack (JSON), from which the print and web editions are built
- Evidence cut
- DC-XTECH-ROBOTICS-GLOBAL-2026-B0, closed 30 September 2026
- Reproducibility
- sourced values cited; analytical values reproducible from stated parameters
- Self-check
- 14 of 23 at evidence close; a fail on any item blocks release
- Review
- five passes scheduled before release (in Annex C)
- Publisher of record
- The Global Centre for Risk and Innovation (GCRI) for the Nexus Consortium
- Corrections
- Registry correction pathway; upheld corrections are published as notices with a new version
Notes
Numbers are the edition’s reference numbers, so a note reads the same in every chapter. The full list, with every source and its licence, is in Annex C. Annex C, references
- 1International Federation of Robotics (ed.), Five Million Robots now Operate in Factories Globally (World Robotics 2026 press release, Frankfurt, 24 September 2026; installations of more than 600,000 in 2025, up 11%; China 354,000; stock 5 million; forecast 655,000 in 2026 and 806,000 in 2029). International Federation of Robotics, Frankfurt. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 2International Federation of Robotics (ed.), Global Robot Demand in Factories Doubles Over 10 Years (World Robotics 2025 press release, Frankfurt, 25 September 2025; installations 542,000 in 2024; stock 4,664,000; forecast about 575,000 for 2025). International Federation of Robotics, Frankfurt. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 3International Federation of Robotics (ed.), Robot Density Surges in Europe, Asia and Americas (press release, 8 April 2026; 2024 density: South Korea 1,220, Singapore 818, China 166, global average 132 robots per 10,000 employees). International Federation of Robotics, Frankfurt. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 8Open X-Embodiment Collaboration, Open X-Embodiment: Robotic Learning Datasets and RT-X Models, arXiv:2310.08864, submitted 13 October 2023, revised 14 May 2025 (22 robots, 21 institutions). arXiv, Ithaca. Observation year 2023. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 13Counterpoint Research (ed.), Global Humanoid Robot Installations Reach 16,000 Units in 2025 as Mass Production Picks Pace (release of 14 January 2026; China above 80%; the page does not describe the method). Analyst estimate, weak evidence. Counterpoint Research, Hong Kong. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 14Amazon (ed.), announcement of its one millionth robot and the DeepFleet coordination model (company page; more than 300 facilities; 10% travel-time improvement stated as a projection; the page gives no date, coverage places it in July 2025). Company statement, weak evidence. Amazon, Seattle. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 5Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (ed.), Waymo’s driverless cars crash less often than people (news release, 23 July 2026; about 50 million driverless miles, 2021 to 2024; 68% lower crash involvement; 81% fewer injury crashes per mile; four cities). IIHS, Arlington. Observation year 2024. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 18United Nations General Assembly, resolution A/RES/80/57, Lethal autonomous weapons systems, adopted 1 December 2025 (164 in favour, 6 against, 7 abstentions), vote record page. United Nations, New York. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 4Waymo (ed.), Safety Impact hub (page read November 2026; 271.3 million rider-only miles through June 2026; about 95% fewer serious-injury-or-worse crashes than a human benchmark). Company-reported analysis, weak evidence. Waymo, Mountain View. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 17European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (ed.), Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 on machinery, legislation page (applies from 20 January 2027; replaces Directive 2006/42/EC; aims to cover autonomous mobile machinery and artificial-intelligence safety modules). EU-OSHA, Bilbao. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 20Acemoglu, D. and Restrepo, P., Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets, NBER Working Paper 23285, March 2017 (US adoption 1990 to 2007). National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge. Observation year 2017. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 16European Commission (ed.), AI Act, regulatory framework page (entered into force 1 August 2024; high-risk dates revised by an omnibus in force 27 July 2026; AI-based safety components of products such as surgical robots treated as high-risk). Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Brussels. Observation year 2026. Accessed 2026-11-03.back
- 21Adamas Intelligence (ed.), Musk on rare earth export restrictions: Optimus was affected (article of 24 April 2025; Tesla first-quarter 2025 earnings call; arm actuators use permanent magnets). Trade analysis reporting a company statement, weak evidence. Adamas Intelligence, Toronto. Observation year 2025. Accessed 2026-11-03.back