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GCRI · Tecnologías cuánticas

Criptografía poscuántica

Post-quantum cryptography replaces public-key algorithms that a future quantum computer could break with new classical algorithms designed to resist it. NIST has published standards, protocols are being updated, and organisations face a long migration across software, hardware and certificates. This page sets out the new algorithms, how migration is planned and measured, and what evidence serves the organisations and agencies carrying it out.

01Registro

Post quantum cryptography on the record.

02La pregunta

Post quantum cryptography: how the risk develops.

Transition security and algorithm standards. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mecanismo

New hard problems

Post-quantum algorithms rely on mathematical problems, such as those on lattices or hash functions, for which no efficient quantum attack is known.

Mecanismo

Larger keys and signatures

Many post-quantum schemes use larger keys or signatures than current ones, affecting bandwidth, storage and constrained devices.

Mecanismo

Hybrid modes hedge risk

Combining a classical and a post-quantum algorithm keeps security if one is later broken, a common choice during transition.

Mecanismo

Agility eases future change

sistemas designed to swap algorithms easily reduce the cost of this migration and the next one.

03Seguimiento

Seguimiento de la migración poscuántica.

La pantalla que utilizaría un equipo para seguir esta materia: sus mediciones, estados y decisiones. Los nombres son ejemplos y los valores son ilustrativos.

Seguimiento de la migración poscuántica

Post quantum cryptography · Crypto inventory · Wave 3

Datos de larga vida en riesgoGCRI · Tecnologías cuánticas

Migración

  1. Inventariotoda la criptografía
  2. Priorizarvida útil de los datos
  3. Seleccionaralgoritmos estándar
  4. Despliegue híbridoclásica y PQC
  5. Probarinteroperabilidad
  6. Puesta en producciónretirar

Sistemas por prioridad

Firma de archivosRSA-204829ML-DSA híbridoPiloto
Pasarela VPNECDH8ML-KEM híbridoPrevisto
HSM de pagosRSA-307211Hoja de ruta del proveedorBloqueado
TLS webECDHE2Intercambio de claves híbridoHecho

Progreso

Inventariados, %74 of 100 requiredHíbrido implantado, %19 of 50 requiredRetirados, %5 of 25 required
Post-quantum migration tracker: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Post quantum cryptography.Nombres de ejemplo y valores ilustrativos; un diseño, no un registro ni un sistema en vivo.
04En todos los dominios

Every domain that keeps secrets for decades must migrate.

05Métodos y evidencia

How post quantum cryptography is modelled, measured and tested.

El modelo, sus supuestos, sus datos y su incertidumbre, en la forma en que un científico o un ingeniero los comprobaría. Las estructuras siguen métodos publicados. Los valores representados son ilustrativos, no hallazgos.

Modelo de sistema

The couplings between the systems in post quantum cryptography: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+CuánticaCiberComunidadesEconomíaR de refuerzoB equilibrio
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Principios rectores FAIR · GO FAIR y FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientación para un tratamiento coherente de las incertidumbres · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comité sobre Satélites de Observación de la Tierra
06Indicadores

Qué se mide y con qué calidad.

Cada indicador lleva su unidad, su periodicidad, el tipo de fuente que lo respalda y la etiqueta de evidencia que llevaría un valor. No se muestran valores: un programa los aporta bajo su propia autoridad.

IndicadorUnidadCadenciaTipo de fuenteEtiqueta
Standardised post-quantum algorithmsrecuentoper standard releaseNIST and other standards bodiesEstadísticas publicadas
Protocols with post-quantum support specifiedrecuentopor evaluaciónIETF and other standardsEstadísticas publicadas
Web traffic using post-quantum key agreementpercent of connectionsmensualNetwork measurementsOBSERVADO
Organisations with migration planspercent of surveyed organisationsper surveySurveysNOTIFICADO
Cryptanalysis results against candidate schemescount of significant attackspor revisiónCryptographic literatureNOTIFICADO
Validated implementationsrecuentoanualCryptographic module validation listsEstadísticas publicadas
07Fuentes

De dónde procede la evidencia.

Conjuntos de datos públicos y registros institucionales identificados, cada uno con su tipo de licencia. Las fuentes obtenidas por acuerdo solo se utilizan conforme a sus condiciones y nunca se republican.

FuenteLo que aportaTipo de licencia
NIST post-quantum cryptography project and FIPS 203, 204 and 205Standards, documentation and additional selectionsPublic domain, US government
IETF post-quantum and hybrid protocol workIntegration into TLS, SSH and other protocolsOpen, IETF Trust terms
National cyber agency migration guidanceTimelines and prioritiesPublic, terms per agency
Open Quantum Safe projectOpen-source implementations for testingOpen source, MIT licence
Cloudflare Radar and similar measurementsAdoption in web trafficPublic, terms per provider (to check)
08Decisiones

Quién decide y a qué sirve la evidencia.

Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Quién decideLa preguntaEvidencia a la que sirve esta página
Organisations and security teamsQué sistemas to migrate first and howPlanning guides; performance comparisons
Organismos de normalizaciónWhich algorithms and parameters to standardiseCryptanalysis evidence
VendorsWhen and how to ship post-quantum supportAdoption and protocol evidence

Productos que genera este tema

  • Migration planning guides with inventory and prioritisation steps
  • Performance comparisons of standard algorithms
  • Adoption tracking summaries
  • Evidence notes on cryptanalysis of new schemes
09Cuestiones centrales

Lo que se preguntan los expertos.

Migration questions start with an inventory.

  • Where does an organisation use public-key cryptography, in which sistemas, protocols, devices and suppliers?
  • Which data must remain confidential long enough to be at risk from future decryption?
  • Which post-quantum algorithms are standardised, and what are their performance and size trade-offs?
  • Should systems combine classical and post-quantum algorithms during the transition?
  • Can systems change algorithms easily in future, a property known as crypto-agility?
10Mecanismos

Mecanismos y factores impulsores.

Today’s public-key cryptography rests on mathematical problems, such as factoring large numbers, that are hard for classical computers but could be solved efficiently by a large quantum computer running known algorithms. Symmetric encryption and hash functions are much less affected and can be strengthened by using longer keys. The urgent problem is therefore key exchange and digital signatures.

Two pressures drive timing. The harvest-now, decrypt-later threat means confidential data intercepted today could be read once a capable machine exists. Migration time is long: cryptography is embedded in hardware, firmware, protocols and supply chains, and some devices stay in service for decades. If the time data must stay secret plus the time migration takes exceeds the time until a capable quantum computer exists, data is already at risk.

11Métodos y datos

Cómo se estudia y dónde terminan los métodos.

Método o datosLo que muestraLímites
Cryptographic inventory and discovery toolsWhere vulnerable algorithms are usedEmbedded and third-party cryptography is easily missed
Cryptanalysis of candidate algorithmsConfidence in algorithm securityNew algorithms have less analysis history; some candidates were broken during evaluation
Performance and interoperability testingKey sizes, speed and protocol fitResults vary with hardware and implementation
Risk-based migration planningPriorities by data lifetime and system criticalityDepends on uncertain quantum timelines
12Métodos

Cómo se estudia y lo que los métodos no pueden decir.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Los organismos y documentos con los que se lee esta página. El estado y las ediciones cambian; cada enlace lleva al organismo emisor.

15Preguntas

Preguntas y respuestas.

What did NIST standardise?
In FIPS 203, 204 and 205, a lattice-based key encapsulation mechanism (ML-KEM), a lattice-based signature (ML-DSA) and a hash-based signature (SLH-DSA), with further algorithms in progress.
Is post-quantum cryptography quantum technology?
No. It runs on ordinary computers. It is designed to resist attacks by quantum computers.
Why use hybrid schemes?
Because combining classical and post-quantum algorithms keeps a connection secure if either is later found weak, hedging the risk of new schemes.
Do we need quantum computers to use post-quantum cryptography?
No. Post-quantum algorithms run on ordinary computers and devices. They are designed to be hard to break even for a future quantum computer.
What is a hybrid approach?
Combining a classical and a post-quantum algorithm so that security holds if either remains unbroken. It is used by some during the transition while confidence in new algorithms grows.
Is the platform’s Universe mission theme on migration readiness active?
The registry lists post-quantum migration readiness as a candidate mission theme for this platform. Mission selection is decided by The Global Risks Forum (GRF) within its instruments, and nothing is active until it is on the record.
serie ReportsContribuir

Aporte evidencia desde esta página.

serie Reports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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Tecnologías cuánticas

Aporte un método, un conjunto de datos o una pregunta.

La información y las consultas están abiertas hoy. Una consulta recibe una referencia e indica el siguiente paso; las solicitudes, pagos, asignaciones de cómputo y registros solo se abren cuando existen su equipo, sus condiciones y la capacidad de revisión.