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GCRI · Tecnologie quantistiche

Crittografia post-quantistica

Post-quantum cryptography replaces public-key algorithms that a future quantum computer could break with new classical algorithms designed to resist it. NIST has published standards, protocols are being updated, and organisations face a long migration across software, hardware and certificates. This page sets out the new algorithms, how migration is planned and measured, and what evidence serves the organisations and agencies carrying it out.

01Registrare

Post quantum cryptography on the record.

02La domanda

Post quantum cryptography: how the risk develops.

Transition security and algorithm standards. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Meccanismo

New hard problems

Post-quantum algorithms rely on mathematical problems, such as those on lattices or hash functions, for which no efficient quantum attack is known.

Meccanismo

Larger keys and signatures

Many post-quantum schemes use larger keys or signatures than current ones, affecting bandwidth, storage and constrained devices.

Meccanismo

Hybrid modes hedge risk

Combining a classical and a post-quantum algorithm keeps security if one is later broken, a common choice during transition.

Meccanismo

Agility eases future change

sistemi designed to swap algorithms easily reduce the cost of this migration and the next one.

03Monitoraggio

Monitoraggio della migrazione post-quantistica.

La schermata che un gruppo utilizzerebbe per seguire questo tema: misure, stati e decisioni. I nomi sono esempi e i valori sono illustrativi.

Monitoraggio della migrazione post-quantistica

Post quantum cryptography · Crypto inventory · Wave 3

Dati di lunga durata a rischioGCRI · Tecnologie quantistiche

Migrazione

  1. Inventariotutta la crittografia
  2. Dare prioritàdurata di vita dei dati
  3. Selezionarealgoritmi standard
  4. Distribuzione ibridaclassica e PQC
  5. Testareinteroperabilità
  6. Passaggio in produzionedismettere

Sistemi per priorità

Firma degli archiviRSA-204829ML-DSA ibridoSperimentazione pilota
Gateway VPNECDH8ML-KEM ibridoPianificato
HSM dei pagamentiRSA-307211Roadmap del fornitoreBloccato
TLS webECDHE2Scambio di chiavi ibridoFatto

Avanzamento

Inventariati, %74 of 100 requiredIbrido implementato, %19 of 50 requiredRitirati, %5 of 25 required
Post-quantum migration tracker: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Post quantum cryptography.Nomi di esempio e valori illustrativi; un progetto, non un registro né un sistema attivo.
04Tra i domini

Every domain that keeps secrets for decades must migrate.

05Metodi ed evidenze

How post quantum cryptography is modelled, measured and tested.

Il modello, le sue ipotesi, i suoi dati e la sua incertezza, nella forma in cui uno scienziato o un ingegnere li verificherebbe. Le strutture seguono metodi pubblicati. I valori rappresentati sono illustrativi, non risultati.

Modello di sistema

The couplings between the systems in post quantum cryptography: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+QuantisticaCyberComunitàEconomiaR di rinforzoB bilanciamento
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Principi guida FAIR · GO FAIR e FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumGuidance on consistent treatment of uncertainties · IPCCCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comitato sui satelliti per l'osservazione della Terra
06Indicatori

Cosa viene misurato e con quale accuratezza.

Ogni indicatore riporta la sua unità, la sua cadenza, il tipo di fonte su cui si basa e l'etichetta di evidenza che un valore riporterebbe. Non sono mostrati valori: un programma li fornisce sotto la propria autorità.

IndicatoreUnitàCadenzaTipo di fonteEtichetta
Standardised post-quantum algorithmsconteggioper standard releaseNIST and other standards bodiesStatistiche pubblicate
Protocols with post-quantum support specifiedconteggioper valutazioneIETF and other standardsStatistiche pubblicate
Web traffic using post-quantum key agreementpercent of connectionsmensileNetwork measurementsOSSERVATO
Organisations with migration planspercent of surveyed organisationsper surveySurveysRIPORTATO
Cryptanalysis results against candidate schemescount of significant attacksper revisioneCryptographic literatureRIPORTATO
Validated implementationsconteggioannualeCryptographic module validation listsStatistiche pubblicate
07Fonti

Da dove provengono le evidenze.

Set di dati pubblici e registri istituzionali specifici, ciascuno con la sua classe di licenza. Le fonti soggette ad accordo sono utilizzate solo alle relative condizioni e mai ripubblicate.

FonteCosa fornisceClasse di licenza
NIST post-quantum cryptography project and FIPS 203, 204 and 205Standards, documentation and additional selectionsPublic domain, US government
IETF post-quantum and hybrid protocol workIntegration into TLS, SSH and other protocolsOpen, IETF Trust terms
National cyber agency migration guidanceTimelines and prioritiesPublic, terms per agency
Open Quantum Safe projectOpen-source implementations for testingOpen source, MIT licence
Cloudflare Radar and similar measurementsAdoption in web trafficPublic, terms per provider (to check)
08Decisioni

Chi decide, e a cosa servono le evidenze.

Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Chi decideLa domandaEvidenze fornite da questa pagina
Organisations and security teamsQuali sistemi to migrate first and howPlanning guides; performance comparisons
Enti di normazioneWhich algorithms and parameters to standardiseCryptanalysis evidence
VendorsWhen and how to ship post-quantum supportAdoption and protocol evidence

Output prodotti da questo argomento

  • Migration planning guides with inventory and prioritisation steps
  • Performance comparisons of standard algorithms
  • Adoption tracking summaries
  • Evidence notes on cryptanalysis of new schemes
09Questioni centrali

Cosa si chiedono gli esperti.

Migration questions start with an inventory.

  • Where does an organisation use public-key cryptography, in which sistemi, protocols, devices and suppliers?
  • Which data must remain confidential long enough to be at risk from future decryption?
  • Which post-quantum algorithms are standardised, and what are their performance and size trade-offs?
  • Should systems combine classical and post-quantum algorithms during the transition?
  • Can systems change algorithms easily in future, a property known as crypto-agility?
10Meccanismi

Meccanismi e fattori.

Today’s public-key cryptography rests on mathematical problems, such as factoring large numbers, that are hard for classical computers but could be solved efficiently by a large quantum computer running known algorithms. Symmetric encryption and hash functions are much less affected and can be strengthened by using longer keys. The urgent problem is therefore key exchange and digital signatures.

Two pressures drive timing. The harvest-now, decrypt-later threat means confidential data intercepted today could be read once a capable machine exists. Migration time is long: cryptography is embedded in hardware, firmware, protocols and supply chains, and some devices stay in service for decades. If the time data must stay secret plus the time migration takes exceeds the time until a capable quantum computer exists, data is already at risk.

11Metodi e dati

Come viene studiato, e dove si fermano i metodi.

Metodo o datiCosa mostraLimiti
Cryptographic inventory and discovery toolsWhere vulnerable algorithms are usedEmbedded and third-party cryptography is easily missed
Cryptanalysis of candidate algorithmsConfidence in algorithm securityNew algorithms have less analysis history; some candidates were broken during evaluation
Performance and interoperability testingKey sizes, speed and protocol fitResults vary with hardware and implementation
Risk-based migration planningPriorities by data lifetime and system criticalityDepends on uncertain quantum timelines
12Metodi

Come viene studiato, e cosa i metodi non possono dire.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Gli organismi e i documenti alla luce dei quali si legge questa pagina. Stato ed edizioni cambiano; ogni link porta all'organismo emittente.

15Domande

Domande e risposte.

What did NIST standardise?
In FIPS 203, 204 and 205, a lattice-based key encapsulation mechanism (ML-KEM), a lattice-based signature (ML-DSA) and a hash-based signature (SLH-DSA), with further algorithms in progress.
Is post-quantum cryptography quantum technology?
No. It runs on ordinary computers. It is designed to resist attacks by quantum computers.
Why use hybrid schemes?
Because combining classical and post-quantum algorithms keeps a connection secure if either is later found weak, hedging the risk of new schemes.
Do we need quantum computers to use post-quantum cryptography?
No. Post-quantum algorithms run on ordinary computers and devices. They are designed to be hard to break even for a future quantum computer.
What is a hybrid approach?
Combining a classical and a post-quantum algorithm so that security holds if either remains unbroken. It is used by some during the transition while confidence in new algorithms grows.
Is the platform’s Universe mission theme on migration readiness active?
The registry lists post-quantum migration readiness as a candidate mission theme for this platform. Mission selection is decided by The Global Risks Forum (GRF) within its instruments, and nothing is active until it is on the record.
RapportiContribuisci

Contribuisci con evidenze da questa pagina.

Rapporti is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRITecnologie quantisticheTecnologia esponenzialeProspettive Foresight
Tecnologie quantistiche

Porta un metodo, un set di dati o una domanda.

Informazioni e richieste sono aperte oggi. Una richiesta riceve un riferimento e indica il passo successivo; candidature, pagamenti, assegnazioni di calcolo e registrazioni si aprono solo quando esistono il team, le condizioni e la capacità di revisione.