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GCRI · Technologies quantiques

Cryptographie post-quantique

Post-quantum cryptography replaces public-key algorithms that a future quantum computer could break with new classical algorithms designed to resist it. NIST has published standards, protocols are being updated, and organisations face a long migration across software, hardware and certificates. This page sets out the new algorithms, how migration is planned and measured, and what evidence serves the organisations and agencies carrying it out.

01Registre

Post quantum cryptography on the record.

02La question

Post quantum cryptography: how the risk develops.

Transition security and algorithm standards. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

Mécanisme

New hard problems

Post-quantum algorithms rely on mathematical problems, such as those on lattices or hash functions, for which no efficient quantum attack is known.

Mécanisme

Larger keys and signatures

Many post-quantum schemes use larger keys or signatures than current ones, affecting bandwidth, storage and constrained devices.

Mécanisme

Hybrid modes hedge risk

Combining a classical and a post-quantum algorithm keeps security if one is later broken, a common choice during transition.

Mécanisme

Agility eases future change

systèmes designed to swap algorithms easily reduce the cost of this migration and the next one.

03Suivi

Suivi de la migration post-quantique.

L'écran qu'une équipe utiliserait pour suivre ce sujet : ses mesures, ses états et ses décisions. Les noms sont des exemples et les valeurs sont illustratives.

Suivi de la migration post-quantique

Post quantum cryptography · Crypto inventory · Wave 3

Données à longue durée de vie menacéesGCRI · Technologies quantiques

Migration

  1. Inventairetoute la cryptographie
  2. Hiérarchiserdurée de vie des données
  3. Sélectionneralgorithmes standard
  4. Déploiement hybrideclassique et PQC
  5. Testerinteropérabilité
  6. Basculerretirer

Systèmes par priorité

Signature des archivesRSA-204829ML-DSA hybridePilotage
Passerelle VPNECDH8ML-KEM hybridePrévu
HSM de paiementRSA-307211Feuille de route du fournisseurBloqué
TLS webECDHE2Échange de clés hybrideTerminé

Progression

Inventoriés, %74 of 100 requiredHybride déployé, %19 of 50 requiredRetirés, %5 of 25 required
Post-quantum migration tracker: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Post quantum cryptography.Noms donnés à titre d'exemple et valeurs illustratives ; une conception, non un enregistrement ni un système en service.
04À travers les domaines

Every domain that keeps secrets for decades must migrate.

05Méthodes et preuves

How post quantum cryptography is modelled, measured and tested.

Le modèle, ses hypothèses, ses données et son incertitude, sous la forme qu'un scientifique ou un ingénieur vérifierait. Les structures suivent des méthodes publiées. Les valeurs représentées sont illustratives, ce ne sont pas des résultats.

Modèle de système

The couplings between the systems in post quantum cryptography: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+QuantiqueCyberCommunautésÉconomieR renforçanteB équilibrage
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
Principes directeurs FAIR · GO FAIR et FORCE11W3C PROV · World Wide Web ConsortiumOrientations sur le traitement cohérent des incertitudes · GIECCEOS Analysis Ready Data · Comité sur les satellites d'observation de la Terre
06Indicateurs

Ce qui est mesuré, et avec quelle qualité.

Chaque indicateur porte son unité, sa périodicité, le type de source qui le sous-tend et l'étiquette de preuve que porterait une valeur. Aucune valeur n'est affichée : un programme les fournit sous sa propre autorité.

IndicateurUnitéFréquenceType de sourceÉtiquette
Standardised post-quantum algorithmsnombreper standard releaseNIST and other standards bodiesStatistiques publiées
Protocols with post-quantum support specifiednombrepar évaluationIETF and other standardsStatistiques publiées
Web traffic using post-quantum key agreementpercent of connectionsmensuelNetwork measurementsOBSERVÉ
Organisations with migration planspercent of surveyed organisationsper surveySurveysDÉCLARÉ
Cryptanalysis results against candidate schemescount of significant attackspar examenCryptographic literatureDÉCLARÉ
Validated implementationsnombreannuelCryptographic module validation listsStatistiques publiées
07Sources

D'où proviennent les données probantes.

Jeux de données publics et registres institutionnels nommés, chacun avec sa catégorie de licence. Les sources fournies dans le cadre d'accords ne sont utilisées que selon leurs conditions et ne sont jamais republiées.

SourcesCe qu'elle apporteCatégorie de licence
NIST post-quantum cryptography project and FIPS 203, 204 and 205Standards, documentation and additional selectionsPublic domain, US government
IETF post-quantum and hybrid protocol workIntegration into TLS, SSH and other protocolsOpen, IETF Trust terms
National cyber agency migration guidanceTimelines and prioritiesPublic, terms per agency
Open Quantum Safe projectOpen-source implementations for testingOpen source, MIT licence
Cloudflare Radar and similar measurementsAdoption in web trafficPublic, terms per provider (to check)
08Décisions

Qui décide, et à quoi servent les données probantes.

Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

Qui décideLa questionDonnées probantes servies par cette page
Organisations and security teamsQuels systèmes to migrate first and howPlanning guides; performance comparisons
Organismes de normalisationWhich algorithms and parameters to standardiseCryptanalysis evidence
VendorsWhen and how to ship post-quantum supportAdoption and protocol evidence

Résultats que produit ce thème

  • Migration planning guides with inventory and prioritisation steps
  • Performance comparisons of standard algorithms
  • Adoption tracking summaries
  • Evidence notes on cryptanalysis of new schemes
09Questions essentielles

Ce que se demandent les experts.

Migration questions start with an inventory.

  • Where does an organisation use public-key cryptography, in which systèmes, protocols, devices and suppliers?
  • Which data must remain confidential long enough to be at risk from future decryption?
  • Which post-quantum algorithms are standardised, and what are their performance and size trade-offs?
  • Should systems combine classical and post-quantum algorithms during the transition?
  • Can systems change algorithms easily in future, a property known as crypto-agility?
10Mécanismes

Mécanismes et facteurs.

Today’s public-key cryptography rests on mathematical problems, such as factoring large numbers, that are hard for classical computers but could be solved efficiently by a large quantum computer running known algorithms. Symmetric encryption and hash functions are much less affected and can be strengthened by using longer keys. The urgent problem is therefore key exchange and digital signatures.

Two pressures drive timing. The harvest-now, decrypt-later threat means confidential data intercepted today could be read once a capable machine exists. Migration time is long: cryptography is embedded in hardware, firmware, protocols and supply chains, and some devices stay in service for decades. If the time data must stay secret plus the time migration takes exceeds the time until a capable quantum computer exists, data is already at risk.

11Méthodes et données

Comment c'est étudié, et où les méthodes s'arrêtent.

Méthode ou donnéesCe qu'il montreLimites
Cryptographic inventory and discovery toolsWhere vulnerable algorithms are usedEmbedded and third-party cryptography is easily missed
Cryptanalysis of candidate algorithmsConfidence in algorithm securityNew algorithms have less analysis history; some candidates were broken during evaluation
Performance and interoperability testingKey sizes, speed and protocol fitResults vary with hardware and implementation
Risk-based migration planningPriorities by data lifetime and system criticalityDepends on uncertain quantum timelines
12Méthodes

Comment c'est étudié, et ce que les méthodes ne peuvent pas dire.

13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

Les organismes et documents à l'aune desquels cette page se lit. Les statuts et éditions changent ; chaque lien mène à l'organisme émetteur.

15Questions

Questions et réponses.

What did NIST standardise?
In FIPS 203, 204 and 205, a lattice-based key encapsulation mechanism (ML-KEM), a lattice-based signature (ML-DSA) and a hash-based signature (SLH-DSA), with further algorithms in progress.
Is post-quantum cryptography quantum technology?
No. It runs on ordinary computers. It is designed to resist attacks by quantum computers.
Why use hybrid schemes?
Because combining classical and post-quantum algorithms keeps a connection secure if either is later found weak, hedging the risk of new schemes.
Do we need quantum computers to use post-quantum cryptography?
No. Post-quantum algorithms run on ordinary computers and devices. They are designed to be hard to break even for a future quantum computer.
What is a hybrid approach?
Combining a classical and a post-quantum algorithm so that security holds if either remains unbroken. It is used by some during the transition while confidence in new algorithms grows.
Is the platform’s Universe mission theme on migration readiness active?
The registry lists post-quantum migration readiness as a candidate mission theme for this platform. Mission selection is decided by The Global Risks Forum (GRF) within its instruments, and nothing is active until it is on the record.
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Rapports is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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