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التشفير ما بعد الكمي

Post-quantum cryptography replaces public-key algorithms that a future quantum computer could break with new classical algorithms designed to resist it. NIST has published standards, protocols are being updated, and organisations face a long migration across software, hardware and certificates. This page sets out the new algorithms, how migration is planned and measured, and what evidence serves the organisations and agencies carrying it out.

02السؤال

Post quantum cryptography: how the risk develops.

Transition security and algorithm standards. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

الآلية

New hard problems

Post-quantum algorithms rely on mathematical problems, such as those on lattices or hash functions, for which no efficient quantum attack is known.

الآلية

Larger keys and signatures

Many post-quantum schemes use larger keys or signatures than current ones, affecting bandwidth, storage and constrained devices.

الآلية

Hybrid modes hedge risk

Combining a classical and a post-quantum algorithm keeps security if one is later broken, a common choice during transition.

الآلية

Agility eases future change

النظم designed to swap algorithms easily reduce the cost of this migration and the next one.

03الرصد

متتبع الانتقال إلى ما بعد الكم.

الشاشة التي قد يستخدمها فريق لمتابعة هذا الموضوع: مقاييسه وحالاته وقراراته. والأسماء أمثلة والقيم توضيحية.

متتبع الانتقال إلى ما بعد الكم

Post quantum cryptography · Crypto inventory · Wave 3

بيانات طويلة العمر معرّضة للخطرGCRI · التقنيات الكمية

الانتقال

  1. الجردكل التشفير
  2. تحديد الأولوياتعمر البيانات
  3. اختيارالخوارزميات القياسية
  4. نشر هجينالكلاسيكي وPQC
  5. الاختبارقابلية التشغيل البيني
  6. التحويلإيقاف التشغيل

النظم بحسب الأولوية

توقيع الأرشيفRSA-204829هجين ⁨ML-DSA⁩تجريب
بوابة ⁨VPN⁩ECDH8هجين ⁨ML-KEM⁩مخطَّط
وحدة ⁨HSM⁩ للمدفوعاتRSA-307211خريطة طريق الموردمعطّل
Web TLSECDHE2تبادل المفاتيح الهجينتم

التقدم

المجرود، %74 of 100 requiredالهجين المنشور، %19 of 50 requiredالمتقاعد، %5 of 25 required
Post-quantum migration tracker: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Post quantum cryptography.أسماء مثالية وقيم توضيحية؛ تصميم وليس سجلًا ولا نظامًا حيًا.
04عبر المجالات

Every domain that keeps secrets for decades must migrate.

05الأساليب والأدلة

How post quantum cryptography is modelled, measured and tested.

النموذج وافتراضاته وبياناته وعدم اليقين فيه، بالصورة التي يفحصها بها عالم أو مهندس. وتتبع البنى أساليب منشورة. والقيم المرسومة توضيحية، وليست نتائج.

نموذج النظام

The couplings between the systems in post quantum cryptography: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+التكنولوجيا الكميةالفضاء السيبرانيالمجتمعاتالاقتصاد⁨R⁩ معزِّزة⁨B⁩ موازِنة
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
مبادئ FAIR التوجيهية · GO FAIR وFORCE11⁨W3C PROV⁩ · اتحاد الشبكة العالميةإرشادات بشأن المعالجة المتسقة لأوجه عدم اليقين · الهيئة الحكومية الدولية المعنية بتغير المناخبيانات CEOS الجاهزة للتحليل · لجنة سواتل رصد الأرض
06المؤشرات الفرعية

ما الذي يُقاس، ومدى جودة قياسه.

يحمل كل مؤشر وحدته ووتيرته ونوع المصدر الذي يستند إليه ووسم الأدلة الذي ستحمله القيمة. ولا تُعرض أي قيم: فالبرنامج يقدّمها بموجب سلطته الخاصة.

المؤشرالوحدةوتيرة الإصدارنوع المصدرالوسم
Standardised post-quantum algorithmsالعددper standard releaseNIST and other standards bodiesالإحصاءات المنشورة
Protocols with post-quantum support specifiedالعددلكل تقييمIETF and other standardsالإحصاءات المنشورة
Web traffic using post-quantum key agreementpercent of connectionsشهريNetwork measurementsمرصود
Organisations with migration planspercent of surveyed organisationsper surveySurveysمُبلَّغ عنه
Cryptanalysis results against candidate schemescount of significant attacksلكل مراجعةCryptographic literatureمُبلَّغ عنه
Validated implementationsالعددسنويCryptographic module validation listsالإحصاءات المنشورة
07المصادر

من أين تأتي الأدلة.

مجموعات بيانات عامة مسمّاة وسجلات مؤسسية، لكلٍّ منها فئة ترخيصها. ولا تُستخدم المصادر المتاحة بموجب اتفاق إلا وفق شروطها، ولا يُعاد نشرها أبدًا.

المصدرما يقدّمهفئة الترخيص
NIST post-quantum cryptography project and FIPS 203, 204 and 205Standards, documentation and additional selectionsPublic domain, US government
IETF post-quantum and hybrid protocol workIntegration into TLS, SSH and other protocolsOpen, IETF Trust terms
National cyber agency migration guidanceTimelines and prioritiesPublic, terms per agency
Open Quantum Safe projectOpen-source implementations for testingOpen source, MIT licence
Cloudflare Radar and similar measurementsAdoption in web trafficPublic, terms per provider (to check)
08القرارات

من يقرر، وما الذي تخدمه الأدلة.

Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

من يقررالسؤالالأدلة التي تخدمها هذه الصفحة
Organisations and security teamsأي النظم to migrate first and howPlanning guides; performance comparisons
هيئات المعاييرWhich algorithms and parameters to standardiseCryptanalysis evidence
VendorsWhen and how to ship post-quantum supportAdoption and protocol evidence

المخرجات التي يُنتجها هذا الموضوع

  • Migration planning guides with inventory and prioritisation steps
  • Performance comparisons of standard algorithms
  • Adoption tracking summaries
  • Evidence notes on cryptanalysis of new schemes
09الأسئلة الجوهرية

ما يسأل عنه الخبراء.

Migration questions start with an inventory.

  • Where does an organisation use public-key cryptography, in which النظم, protocols, devices and suppliers?
  • Which data must remain confidential long enough to be at risk from future decryption?
  • Which post-quantum algorithms are standardised, and what are their performance and size trade-offs?
  • Should systems combine classical and post-quantum algorithms during the transition?
  • Can systems change algorithms easily in future, a property known as crypto-agility?
10الآليات

الآليات والمحرّكات.

Today’s public-key cryptography rests on mathematical problems, such as factoring large numbers, that are hard for classical computers but could be solved efficiently by a large quantum computer running known algorithms. Symmetric encryption and hash functions are much less affected and can be strengthened by using longer keys. The urgent problem is therefore key exchange and digital signatures.

Two pressures drive timing. The harvest-now, decrypt-later threat means confidential data intercepted today could be read once a capable machine exists. Migration time is long: cryptography is embedded in hardware, firmware, protocols and supply chains, and some devices stay in service for decades. If the time data must stay secret plus the time migration takes exceeds the time until a capable quantum computer exists, data is already at risk.

11المناهج والبيانات

كيف يُدرس، وأين تتوقف المناهج.

المنهج أو البياناتما يُظهرهالحدود
Cryptographic inventory and discovery toolsWhere vulnerable algorithms are usedEmbedded and third-party cryptography is easily missed
Cryptanalysis of candidate algorithmsConfidence in algorithm securityNew algorithms have less analysis history; some candidates were broken during evaluation
Performance and interoperability testingKey sizes, speed and protocol fitResults vary with hardware and implementation
Risk-based migration planningPriorities by data lifetime and system criticalityDepends on uncertain quantum timelines
13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

الهيئات والوثائق التي تُقرأ هذه الصفحة في ضوئها. وتتغير الحالات والإصدارات؛ ويقود كل رابط إلى الهيئة المُصدِرة.

15أسئلة

أسئلة وأجوبة.

What did NIST standardise?
In FIPS 203, 204 and 205, a lattice-based key encapsulation mechanism (ML-KEM), a lattice-based signature (ML-DSA) and a hash-based signature (SLH-DSA), with further algorithms in progress.
Is post-quantum cryptography quantum technology?
No. It runs on ordinary computers. It is designed to resist attacks by quantum computers.
Why use hybrid schemes?
Because combining classical and post-quantum algorithms keeps a connection secure if either is later found weak, hedging the risk of new schemes.
Do we need quantum computers to use post-quantum cryptography?
No. Post-quantum algorithms run on ordinary computers and devices. They are designed to be hard to break even for a future quantum computer.
What is a hybrid approach?
Combining a classical and a post-quantum algorithm so that security holds if either remains unbroken. It is used by some during the transition while confidence in new algorithms grows.
Is the platform’s Universe mission theme on migration readiness active?
The registry lists post-quantum migration readiness as a candidate mission theme for this platform. Mission selection is decided by The Global Risks Forum (GRF) within its instruments, and nothing is active until it is on the record.
التقاريرساهم

ساهم بأدلة من هذه الصفحة.

التقارير is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

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