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GCRI · 量子技術

耐量子計算機暗号

Post-quantum cryptography replaces public-key algorithms that a future quantum computer could break with new classical algorithms designed to resist it. NIST has published standards, protocols are being updated, and organisations face a long migration across software, hardware and certificates. This page sets out the new algorithms, how migration is planned and measured, and what evidence serves the organisations and agencies carrying it out.

01登録

Post quantum cryptography on the record.

02質問

Post quantum cryptography: how the risk develops.

Transition security and algorithm standards. The dossier below sets out how the risk develops, what is measured, where the data come from, how it is modelled and who decides.

メカニズム

New hard problems

Post-quantum algorithms rely on mathematical problems, such as those on lattices or hash functions, for which no efficient quantum attack is known.

メカニズム

Larger keys and signatures

Many post-quantum schemes use larger keys or signatures than current ones, affecting bandwidth, storage and constrained devices.

メカニズム

Hybrid modes hedge risk

Combining a classical and a post-quantum algorithm keeps security if one is later broken, a common choice during transition.

メカニズム

Agility eases future change

システム designed to swap algorithms easily reduce the cost of this migration and the next one.

03監視

耐量子計算機暗号への移行トラッカー。

このテーマを追跡するためにチームが使う画面:その指標、状態、決定。名前は例であり、値はイメージです。

ポスト量子移行追跡ツール

Post quantum cryptography · Crypto inventory · Wave 3

リスクにさらされた長期保存データGCRI・量子技術

移住

  1. 目録暗号すべて
  2. 優先順位をつけるデータの寿命
  3. 選択する標準アルゴリズム
  4. ハイブリッド展開従来型と PQC
  5. 試験相互運用性
  6. 切り替え退役

優先度別のシステム

アーカイブの署名RSA-204829ML-DSA ハイブリッド試験運用
VPN ゲートウェイECDH8ML-KEM ハイブリッド計画中
決済 HSMRSA-307211ベンダーのロードマップ阻害中
Web TLSECDHE2ハイブリッド鍵交換完了

進捗

棚卸し済み、%74 of 100 requiredハイブリッド導入済み、%19 of 50 required退役、%5 of 25 required
Post-quantum migration tracker: the screen’s structure, terms and states for Post quantum cryptography.例示の名称と説明用の値です。設計であり、記録でも稼働中のシステムでもありません。
04分野を横断して

Every domain that keeps secrets for decades must migrate.

05手法とエビデンス

How post quantum cryptography is modelled, measured and tested.

モデル、その仮定、データ、不確実性を、科学者やエンジニアが確認する形で示します。構造は公表された手法に従っています。描かれた値は例示であり、知見ではありません。

システム・モデル

The couplings between the systems in post quantum cryptography: signs of influence, a reinforcing and a balancing loop, and cross-links where stress jumps.

++−+量子サイバーコミュニティ経済R 自己強化B バランス
Causal loop diagram from the page’s systems; signs show the direction of influence. Illustrative structure for a system dynamics or network model, not estimated couplings.
FAIR 原則・GO FAIR と FORCE11W3C PROV・World Wide Web Consortium不確実性の一貫した扱いに関するガイダンス・IPCCCEOS 解析即応データ・地球観測衛星委員会
06指標

何を、どの程度うまく測定しているか。

各指標には、その単位、更新頻度、背後にある出典の種類、値が持つことになるエビデンスのラベルが付いています。値は表示しません:プログラムが自らの権限のもとで値を提供します。

指標単位周期出典の種類ラベル
Standardised post-quantum algorithms件数per standard releaseNIST and other standards bodies公表統計
Protocols with post-quantum support specified件数評価ごとIETF and other standards公表統計
Web traffic using post-quantum key agreementpercent of connections月次Network measurements観測
Organisations with migration planspercent of surveyed organisationsper surveySurveys報告値
Cryptanalysis results against candidate schemescount of significant attacksレビューごとCryptographic literature報告値
Validated implementations件数年次Cryptographic module validation lists公表統計
07出典

エビデンスの出所。

名前の明示された公開データセットと機関の記録。それぞれにライセンス区分があります。合意に基づく出典は、その条件のもとでのみ使用し、再公開することはありません。

出典提供するものライセンス区分
NIST post-quantum cryptography project and FIPS 203, 204 and 205Standards, documentation and additional selectionsPublic domain, US government
IETF post-quantum and hybrid protocol workIntegration into TLS, SSH and other protocolsOpen, IETF Trust terms
National cyber agency migration guidanceTimelines and prioritiesPublic, terms per agency
Open Quantum Safe projectOpen-source implementations for testingOpen source, MIT licence
Cloudflare Radar and similar measurementsAdoption in web trafficPublic, terms per provider (to check)
08決定

誰が決め、エビデンスが何に役立つか。

Quantum Technologies prepares evidence. The decisions below are taken by the authorities named, under their own rules, and never by the platform.

誰が決定するか質問このページが提供するエビデンス
Organisations and security teamsどの システム to migrate first and howPlanning guides; performance comparisons
標準化団体Which algorithms and parameters to standardiseCryptanalysis evidence
VendorsWhen and how to ship post-quantum supportAdoption and protocol evidence

このトピックが生み出す成果物

  • Migration planning guides with inventory and prioritisation steps
  • Performance comparisons of standard algorithms
  • Adoption tracking summaries
  • Evidence notes on cryptanalysis of new schemes
09中核となる問い

専門家が問うこと。

Migration questions start with an inventory.

  • Where does an organisation use public-key cryptography, in which システム, protocols, devices and suppliers?
  • Which data must remain confidential long enough to be at risk from future decryption?
  • Which post-quantum algorithms are standardised, and what are their performance and size trade-offs?
  • Should systems combine classical and post-quantum algorithms during the transition?
  • Can systems change algorithms easily in future, a property known as crypto-agility?
10メカニズム

メカニズムと要因。

Today’s public-key cryptography rests on mathematical problems, such as factoring large numbers, that are hard for classical computers but could be solved efficiently by a large quantum computer running known algorithms. Symmetric encryption and hash functions are much less affected and can be strengthened by using longer keys. The urgent problem is therefore key exchange and digital signatures.

Two pressures drive timing. The harvest-now, decrypt-later threat means confidential data intercepted today could be read once a capable machine exists. Migration time is long: cryptography is embedded in hardware, firmware, protocols and supply chains, and some devices stay in service for decades. If the time data must stay secret plus the time migration takes exceeds the time until a capable quantum computer exists, data is already at risk.

11手法とデータ

どのように研究され、手法がどこで止まるか。

手法またはデータ表示内容限界
Cryptographic inventory and discovery toolsWhere vulnerable algorithms are usedEmbedded and third-party cryptography is easily missed
Cryptanalysis of candidate algorithmsConfidence in algorithm securityNew algorithms have less analysis history; some candidates were broken during evaluation
Performance and interoperability testingKey sizes, speed and protocol fitResults vary with hardware and implementation
Risk-based migration planningPriorities by data lifetime and system criticalityDepends on uncertain quantum timelines
12手法

どのように研究され、手法が言えないことは何か。

  1. サイバーセキュリティと暗号暗号目録 · 移行の優先順位づけ · QKD 実装のレビューここでの適用
  2. 量子コンピューティング、センシング、通信比較可能なベンチマーク · 技術成熟度の評価 · セキュリティへの影響の追跡ここでの適用
  3. 確率と統計忠実度の推定 · 優位性の主張の検証 · 特許と投資のデータの分析ここでの適用
13Where this page’s references

Where this page’s references lead.

このページの読解の基準となる機関と文書。状態と版は変わります。各リンクは発行機関へ移動します。

15質問

質問と回答。

What did NIST standardise?
In FIPS 203, 204 and 205, a lattice-based key encapsulation mechanism (ML-KEM), a lattice-based signature (ML-DSA) and a hash-based signature (SLH-DSA), with further algorithms in progress.
Is post-quantum cryptography quantum technology?
No. It runs on ordinary computers. It is designed to resist attacks by quantum computers.
Why use hybrid schemes?
Because combining classical and post-quantum algorithms keeps a connection secure if either is later found weak, hedging the risk of new schemes.
Do we need quantum computers to use post-quantum cryptography?
No. Post-quantum algorithms run on ordinary computers and devices. They are designed to be hard to break even for a future quantum computer.
What is a hybrid approach?
Combining a classical and a post-quantum algorithm so that security holds if either remains unbroken. It is used by some during the transition while confidence in new algorithms grows.
Is the platform’s Universe mission theme on migration readiness active?
The registry lists post-quantum migration readiness as a candidate mission theme for this platform. Mission selection is decided by The Global Risks Forum (GRF) within its instruments, and nothing is active until it is on the record.
報告書貢献する

このページからエビデンスを提供する。

報告書 is the Consortium’s quarterly publication. What you know about this subject can become evidence, a case or a correction in the next edition, credited to you and published under CC BY 4.0 where it is your own work.

GCRI量子技術指数関数的テクノロジーフォーサイト・アウトルック
量子技術

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